The Turkish Transformation and CelaI Bayar by Ba~ak Ozoral Institute of the Islamic Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec 31 August 2004 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of M.A. © Ba~ak ()zora12004 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-494-12753-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-494-12753-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. 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While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada The Turkish Transformation and CelaI Bayar by Ba~ak Ozoral Institute of Islamic Studies M.A. Copy 1 The Turkish Transformation and CelaI Bayar by Ba~ak Ozoral Institute ofIslamic Studies M.A. Copy 2 The Turkish Transformation and CelaI Bayar by Ba~ak Ozoral Institute ofIslamic Studies M.A. Copy 3 ABSTRACT Author : Ba~ak Ozoral Title : The Turkish Transformation and CelaI Bayar Department : Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University Degree : Master of Arts This thesis is a study of one of the most important national statesmen, politicians, and economists in the history of Turkish republic: CelaI Bayar. It will analyze his impact on the Turkish revolution and the evolution of the nation's politics. CelaI Bayar, Turkey's third president did not fit the mold of his country's top politicians of the day. He was essentially different from aIl the other key players of his generation in terms of his background, education, experience, career path, and even length of life. Those who have written about him have for the most part been either uncritical admirers or bitter enemies. Though he held, in tum, the positions of Minister of the Economy, Prime Minister and President (he was the first civilian to hold this part) during one of the most critical periods in Turkish political history. Thus, he was overshadowed by his predecessors Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and ismet inonü. Yet his very uniqueness makes him an apt subject for study. CelaI Bayar deserves our attention because he undertook crucial responsibilities and duties in the social and economic transformation of Turkey. In an era of strong state poli ci es that made up for the weakness of the social classes, Bayar was the founder of the nation's mixed economy. During the Turkish revolution and the subsequent formation of a united Turkish society, he devoted himselfto the development of the national economy. Throughout his political career he exercised a decisive influence over the evolution ofthe country's politics, economy, society, and foreign relations. Despite his importance, there is a general dearth of academic studies in English about him-a situation that this study seeks to correct. 111 RÉsUMÉ Auteur : Ba~ak Ozoral Titre : La transformation turque et CelaI Bayar Département : Institut d'études islamiques, Université McGill Grade : Maîtrise ès arts Cette thèse étudie 1'un des plus importants hommes d'état, politiciens et économistes de l'histoire de la République turque: CelaI Bayar. Elle examine son impact sur la révolution turque et sur 1'évolution politique de son pays. Bayar, le troisième président, ne .conformait pas au modèle des politiciens saillants de son jour. Il se différait essentiellement des autres joueurs clefs de sa génération pour ce qui est de sa formation, son éducation, sa carrière et même la durée de sa vie. Ceux qui ont écrit sur lui ont été, pour la plupart, ou des admirateurs peu exigeants ou des ennemis implacables. Or, même s'il a détenu les postes de ministre de l'économie, premier ministre et président (le premier civil à tenir cette place), pendant l'un des périodes les plus critiques de l'histoire de la Turquie, il a été éclipsé par ses prédécesseurs Mustafa Kemal Atatürk et Îsmet Înonü. Ainsi~ son caractère unique le rend très convenable comme sujet d'étude. CelaI Bayar mérite notre attention parce qu'il a pris en main des responsabilités et des . devoirs critiques à la transformation sociale et économique de la Turquie. Dans une période de politiques d'état qui rachetaient la faiblesse des différents secteurs, Bayar est devenu le fondateur de l'économie mixte de la nation. Pendant la révolution et la formation d'une société turque unie, il s'est dévoué au développement de l'économie nationale. Pendant toute sa carrière politique il a exercé une influence décisive sur 1'évolution de la politique, l'économie, la société et les relations étrangères du pays. Mais malgré son importance, il y a une pénurie relative de documentation sur lui - une pénurie que vise à combler le présent travail. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study could never been completed without the help of a great many people, to all of whom l would like to express my gratitude. Above all, l would like to extend my deepest gratitude to Prof. A. Üner Turgay, my advisor and thesis supervisor whose patience, vaIuabIe suggestions and criticism were crucial to completion ofthis study. l would also Iike to thank the staff of the Library of the Institute of Islamic Studies, especially Salwa Ferahian and Wayne St. Thomas, for helping me to find the materials for my research. Mf. Steve Miller, who patiently edited the English in this thesis, also deserves my thanks. 1 am also grateful to my Iovely friend Hasher Ahmed Majoka, for the time and effort he spent in editing this work. 1 dedicate this work to my father Muammer Ekti who encouraged me to be a Iifelong student. l thank my mother and sister and my mother-and father- in:- Iaw who gave much of their love and energy to care for my newborn baby throughout my thesis research. Finally, l would like to express my deepest gratitude to my husband, ~efik Ozoral . His love, encouragement and support were an important contribution to the successful completion of this work. v T ABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract. ............................................................................................ iii , Rèsumè ................................................................... ,........................... iv Acknowledgement. ................................................................................ v Table of Contents .................................................................................. vi Abbreviations ....................................................................................... viii Note on Transcription ............................................................................ .ix Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: èelal Bayar in the Turkish War oflndependence ..... ........................... 6 The Historical Background .............................................................. 6 Origins andPolitical Career of Bayar .................................................. 12 • The Years of Kuvay-i Milliye: Bayar's New Title: Galip Hodja ...... 18 • Bayar in Ottoman Parliament ....................................................................................... 20 • Government of Ankara: the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ........................................................................ 22 • Ethem, the Circassian ......................................................................................................... 24 • The Treaty ofLuasanne ....................................................... 26 Chapter Two: Turkish Republic and the Rise of Celai Bayar. ............. ... ....... ...... 30 Establishment of the j$ Bank (Business Bank) ................................ ; ...... 30 Bayar, the Minister of Economy ........................................................ 33 • The Great Depression and its Impact on the Turkish Economy ................................................................. 33 Prime Minister Bayar ................................................................... 44 VI Chapter Three: The Experiment of Democracy ...............................................