UMA HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DO CINEMA DE ANIMAÇÃO Florianópolis 2019

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UMA HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DO CINEMA DE ANIMAÇÃO Florianópolis 2019 NAYARA RÉGIS FRANZ FANTASIA: UMA HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DO CINEMA DE ANIMAÇÃO Dissertação submetida ao programa de pós-graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de mestre em História Cultural. Área de concentração: Sociedade, Política e Cultura no Mundo Contemporâneo. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alexandre Busko Valim. Florianópolis 2019 Fantasia reúne o melhor e o pior dos estúdios Disney, e assim, juntamente com momentos soberbos de animação e música, há outros não tão afortunados que manifestam o joio endêmico da empresa. (José Moscardó Guillén)1 1 Cf. GUILLÉN, José Moscardó. El Cine de Animación en más de 100 largometrajes. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1997, p. 25. RESUMO Esta pesquisa dialoga com o período da Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando o empresário e cineasta Walter Elias Disney (1901-1966), mais conhecido como Walt Disney, lançou os seus primeiros longas- metragens no mercado cinematográfico. Entre todos os audiovisuais do período, consideramos Fantasia (1940) uma animação interessante para a análise histórica. Se, atualmente, a obra é conhecida como um dos filmes ‘clássicos’ do estúdio, à época de seu lançamento Fantasia resultou em um fracasso de bilheteria para a companhia. Ao mesmo tempo, em decorrência dos esforços de guerra, Walt Disney estabeleceu parcerias com o governo estadunidense, e encaminhou as suas produções para uma finalidade diplomática específica: a Política de Boa Vizinhança. Inserido nessa conjuntura, o lançamento de Fantasia no Brasil em 1941 ocorreu como um evento político, e contrariando a estreia estadunidense, transformou-se em um significativo sucesso. Assim, a trajetória de Fantasia envolve informações sobre o modo de produção de sua época, e também se apresenta como parte da história das relações entre os Estados Unidos e o Brasil durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Esta dissertação se fundamenta, então, em uma História Social do Cinema de Animação, sendo que o principal objeto de análise é Fantasia. Desse modo, à medida que construímos ensaios sobre os processos de produção e recepção da animação referida, também procuramos compreender questões acerca das respectivas conjunturas históricas em que os eventos estiveram envolvidos. Palavras-chave: História. Política de Boa Vizinhança. Cinema de Animação. ABSTRACT This research dialogues with the period of World War II, when businessman and filmmaker Walter Elias Disney (1901-1966), better known as Walt Disney, released his first feature films on the film market. Among all the audiovisuals of the period, we consider Fantasia (1940) an interesting animation for historical analysis. If, currently, the work is known as one of the studio's 'classic' films, at the time of its Fantasia release resulted in a box office failure for the company. At the same time, as a result of war efforts, Walt Disney established partnerships with the american government, and directed its productions to a specific diplomatic goal: the Good Neighbor Policy. Inserted in this conjuncture, the launch of Fantasia in Brazil in 1941 occurred as a political event, and contrary to the american debut, has turned into a significant success. Thus, Fantasia's trajectory involves information about the mode of production of his time, and also presents itself as part of the history of the relations between the United States and Brazil during Second World War. This dissertation is based, then, in a Social History of the Cinema of Animation, being that the main object of analysis is Fantasy. Thus, as we construct essays on the processes of production and reception of the referred animation, we also try to understand questions about the respective historical conjunctures in which the events were involved. Keywords: History. Good Neighbor Policy. Animation Cinema. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .........................................................................................13 1. O CAMINHO PARA FANTASIA: O PROCESSO DE INDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO DOS ESTÚDIOS DISNEY .............................29 1.1. O CINEMA DE ANIMAÇÃO E O IMAGINÁRIO DE WALT DISNEY ......................................................................................................30 1.2. EMERGÊNCIAS: MICKEY MOUSE E A IMPORTÂNCIA DA MÚSICA PARA OS ESTÚDIOS DISNEY ................................................35 1.3. SILLY SYMPHONIES: AS PRIMEIRAS EXPERIMENTAÇÕES. .....54 1.4. O REALISMO......................................................................................61 1.5. OS BASTIDORES ...............................................................................75 2. FANTASIA: UMA ANÁLISE DE PRODUÇÃO À RECEPÇÃO .....87 2.1. SOBRE A ANÁLISE DE PRODUÇÃO ..............................................88 2.2. A HISTÓRIA DE PRODUÇÃO DE FANTASIA .................................90 2.3. A ANÁLISE FÍLMICA ..................................................................... 102 2.3.1. TOCATA E FUGA EM RÉ MENOR ............................................. 106 2.3.2. SUÍTE DO QUEBRA NOZES ........................................................ 112 2.3.3. O APRENDIZ DE FEITICEIRO .................................................... 118 2.3.4. SAGRAÇÃO DA PRIMAVERA .................................................... 125 2.3.5. O INTERVALO E A TRILHA SONORA ...................................... 131 2.3.6. SINFONIA PASTORAL ................................................................. 134 2.3.7. DANÇA DAS HORAS ................................................................... 145 2.3.8. NOITE NO MONTE CALVO E AVE MARIA ............................. 149 2.4. A RECEPÇÃO DE FANTASIA: O FRACASSO DE BILHETERIA NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS ........................................................................ 157 2.4.1. OS RELANÇAMENTOS DE FANTASIA ...................................... 171 3. ESTADOS UNIDOS, BRASIL, E CINEMA: COMO WALT DISNEY SE TORNOU UM EMBAIXADOR DA POLÍTICA DE BOA VIZINHANÇA ............................................................................... 175 3.1. A POLÍTICA DE BOA VIZINHANÇA, A HEGEMONIA E O IMAGINÁRIO ESTADUNIDENSE ........................................................ 177 3.2. O OFFICE E O CINEMA .................................................................. 183 3.3. CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE CINEMA E PROPAGANDA ............. 192 3.4. ESTADO NOVO: A POLÍTICA DE BARGANHA, A PROPAGANDA E A CENSURA ............................................................. 200 3.5. O CINEMA DO OFFICE NO BRASIL ............................................ 206 3.6. A GREVE NOS ESTÚDIOS DISNEY .............................................. 212 3.7. FANTASIA E A DIPLOMACIA: WALT DISNEY EM TURNÊ PELA AMÉRICA LATINA ...................................................................... 217 4. A RECEPÇÃO DE FANTASIA NO BRASIL: O PRIMEIRO SUCESSO ENTRE AS ANIMAÇÕES DA POLÍTICA DE BOA VIZINHANÇA ........................................................................................ 229 4.1. A IMPRENSA DURANTE O ESTADO NOVO .............................. 231 4.2. WALT DISNEY E A HOSPITALIDADE BRASILEIRA ................ 240 4.3. A RECEPÇÃO DE FANTASIA NO BRASIL .................................... 254 4.4. DE VOLTA AOS ESTÚDIOS DISNEY: O CINEMA DE ANIMAÇÃO PRODUZIDO PARA A POLÍTICA DE BOA VIZINHANÇA E PARA O ESFORÇO DE GUERRA ............................ 284 4.5. CONCLUSÕES ACERCA DO PAPEL DE WALT DISNEY E DA POLÍTICA DE BOA VIZINHANÇA NO BRASIL ................................. 294 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ................................................................. 303 FONTES E REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS .................................. 309 13 INTRODUÇÃO Durante as primeiras décadas do século XX, o cinema foi um dos meios de cultura mais influentes dos Estados Unidos, recebendo o seu apoio principal das classes marginalizadas da sociedade estadunidense e, ao mesmo tempo, obtendo respeito e admiração de acadêmicos, intelectuais, literários e jornalistas, que viam nos cineastas os “detentores do poder de criar os mitos e sonhos da nação”2. Na mesma época também houve o desenvolvimento do cinema de animação hollywoodiano, que se adaptou aos seus modos de produção, e igualmente passou a representar o American Dream3 e a fazer referência ao cinema especificamente estadunidense4. Os primeiros longas- metragens de animação estrearam no período da Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando esse cinema conquistou espaço de exibição também na América Latina. Foi em meio a esse contexto que emergiu Fantasia, uma animação em musical que estreou oficialmente em 1940, como uma das obras de maior importância da carreira de Walt Disney. Sendo apenas o terceiro longa-metragem lançado pelo empresário, Fantasia foi um produto das primeiras experimentações realizadas pelos estúdios que compõem a Walt Disney Productions. Fantasia foi uma produção caríssima para a sua época, demandou quase três anos de intensiva produção, e foi o primeiro filme protagonizado pelo personagem Mickey Mouse. Embora não tenha sido produzida com esse objetivo, Fantasia foi, ainda, uma das animações que participaram dos projetos da Good Neighbor Police (Política de Boa Vizinhança) com vistas à aproximação entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos, no momento da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ao estudar a trajetória de Fantasia, encontramos, assim, duas confluências de acontecimentos quanto à animação. A primeira refere-se à história da própria obra, ou seja, de como ela surgiu, por que e por quem ela foi realizada, e como ela foi recebida nos Estados Unidos. E a segunda diz respeito à Fantasia na condição de instrumento da Política
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