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Framing of Environment in English and Tamil Newspapers in India

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Framing of Environment in English and Tamil Newspapers in India Vol. 9(1),pp. 1-9, January 2017 DOI: 10.5897/JMCS2016.0536 Article Number: AE99E9262205 Journal of Media and Communication ISSN: 2141-2545 Copyright ©2017 Studies Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournlas.org/JMCS Full Length Research Paper Framing of environment in English and Tamil newspapers in India Nirmala Thirumalaiah* and Arul Aram Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai-600025, India. Received 7 October, 2016; Accepted 9 December, 2016 Media coverage of environmental issues helps the readers to understand the concepts that shape their beliefs and perspectives. Media professionals play a vital role on how the public perceives environmental issues. The media does the diverse framing of reality of environmental issues. The study aims to find how the English and Tamil newspapers in India have covered environmental issues and identify the differences among the newspapers based on region and language. Two English (The Hindu and The Times of India) and two regional language newspapers (the Dina Thanthi and the Dinamani) were selected for the study based on circulation and credibility. The print newspapers published in the calendar years 2014 and 2015 were analyzed to find the framing of environmental i ssues. The study found that the scientific (28%) and politics (23%) frames were the most prominent in the newspaper coverage. It also found that environment news stories were more of national (41%) and international (38%) than local (20%). The result suggests that the newspapers, especially in Tamil, should devote more space to the newer environmental issues, probably linking them with climate change as well. Sensitive reporting of environmental issues may help people to understand the complexity of the problems better. Key words: Environment, newspapers, climate change, pollution, framing, journalists. INTRODUCTION India has experienced rapid industrialization resulting in paved the way for the creation of the Ministry of major threats to environment. For instance, a chemical Environment. gas (methyl isocyanate) leak from a pesticide plant in In the West, the environmental movement had arisen to Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh in 1984 killed thousands of protect endangered animal species and natural habitats. people. The mishap was due to poor industrial regulations. In India, however, it arose out of the imperative of human After the disaster, environmental awareness and activism survival. This was an environmentalism of the poor, which in India increased significantly. As a result, the married the concern of social justice on the one hand with Environment Protection Act was enacted in 1986, which sustainability on the other. It argued that present patterns *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Authors agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License 2 J. Media Commun. Stud. of resource use disadvantaged local communities and regional language press which reaches the grassroots in devastated the natural environment (Guha, 2013). informing and communicating environmental issues. The Emissions from vehicles, factories, homes, and power research on Tamil newspapers is limited, so this study is plants degrade the environment. A recent report by the a significant contribution in understanding the World Health Organisation (WHO) ranked several Indian construction of environmental problems in Tamil cities, including New Delhi, among top 20 most polluted newspapers. cities globally (The Times of India, 2015). The present study aims to analyze environmental Water pollution is a major concern in India because it is issues reported in the English and Tamil newspapers and not only destroying the ecosystem but also the leading to identify the differences among the newspapers based cause of diseases and deaths. Almost 70% of surface on region and language. The objectives of the study are: water resources and groundwater reserves are contaminated by biological, toxic, organic, and inorganic 1. To examine how leading English and Tamil pollutants. These resources are unsafe for human newspapers in the Tamil Nadu province of India have consumption as well as for other activities, such as framed environmental issues irrigation and industrial needs. The degraded water 2. To analyze prominent frames used in environmental quality can contribute to water scarcity as it limits its stories in the newspapers availability for both human use and for the ecosystem 3. To compare and contrast the English and Tamil (Murty and Kumar, 2011). newspapers in the coverage of environmental stories. Environmental communication helps people to understand the importance of preserving resources, to reduce the harmful impacts of human-made alterations, Environmental problems and newspaper coverage to be aware of the consequences of human activities, and to identify remedies. The role of media and Media coverage of environmental issues helps the communication are vital in defining the environment and readers to understand the concepts that shape their environmental issues or problems. The public get most of beliefs and perspectives. Media professionals play a vital the information in a mediated form. The news media is role in how the public perceives environmental issues. “important agents in the production, reproduction, and The media does the diverse framing of reality of transformation of the meaning” (Carvalho, 2010). environmental issues. It is often the journalists who cover Chipko movement is a huge protest in the early 1970s general stories and write on environment as well. They against deforestation by women hugging trees to stop lack knowledge about the complex issues involved in them from being cut. The protest was led by Chandni environment and this leads to confused writing. Prasad Bhatt and Sunderlal Bahuguna, where a group of Environmental news is influenced by advertising women opposed the felling of trees. Thousands of people pressure, editorial policy and ownership, news cultures across India supported this green movement. In the and the limitations of time and space (Anderson, 1997). 1980s, a hydroelectric project in Silent Valley in Kerala Environmental news items are used as filler items in was stopped, saving an evergreen forest. It was by a the absence of something more urgent (Adam, 2000). A continuous protest by people and environmentalists. At study by Boykoff and Boykoff (2007) examined climate that time, newspaper coverage was noticeable and a science communication in the print and television media local daily The Express carried editorials that constitute a in the US from 1988 to 2004 and found that the news deliberate and strong tilt towards saving Silent Valley. It media plays a key role in shaping the climate change carried a feature explaining the importance of rainforests information and the increase in coverage was attributed in layman‟s terms. A protest by Narmada Bachao to politics than nature science and climate talks. A study Andolan against the construction of dams got sufficient by Calderón et al. (2015) in Spanish-speaking online media space. Today, the media hardly covers such media during COP16 (Cancun, 2010) and COP17 issues. The media is more concerned about business (Durban-2011) found that the principal sources are rather than human rights (Bunsha, 2010). politicians and it discussed that there exists a The quantity of environmental coverage in newspapers „nationalistic domestication‟ and that media coverage has been increasing in recent times. Newspapers report does not respond to local needs. environmental issues in different ways. For example, According to Pompper (2004), the mainstream English newspapers use more space to report newspapers used frames that relied heavily on environmental problems compared to Tamil newspapers. government and industrial sources where voices of the So differences in environmental coverage are expected common people were suppressed. A study by Kostarella between English and Tamil newspapers. Previous et al. (2013) found that there is reduced reliability in the studies have focused on English newspapers which are Greek media with regard to the quality of environmental nationally circulated, but only the regional language press information. Francis (2014) did a content analysis of four reaches the grassroots which give more access to lay newspapers in Kerala – the Malayala Manorama, the voices as sources. Thus there is a need to analyze the Mathru Bhoomi, The Hindu and The New Indian Express. Thirumalaiah and Aram 3 He found that the crime stories dominated all the providing knowledge on climate change issues in sampled newspapers and agriculture stories were Bangladesh is difficult because of the low literacy rate. It covered least. Boykoff (2010) indicated that climate has been found that the media represents government change stories in the English language Indian print media policy makers and environmental activists extensively, coverage peaked around the time of summits in and the voices of scientists and lay people are under- Copenhagen and Cancun. represented. Limited journalistic capacity and Many studies have focused on how environmental dependency on western media are the major issues in newspapers are being framed. Framing is impediments to climate change in Bangladesh. widely used by the researchers in analyzing the news articles. Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) analyzed Dutch newspapers and identified generic frames based on METHODOLOGY
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