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Home , Castilleja linariifolia, Clarkia pulchella, Eriogonum vimineum, Frasera albicaulis, Glossopetalon spinescens, Ivesia rhypara

Jean Findley Vale District BLM, 100 Street, Vale, OR 97918

Main canyon of Leslie Gulch. Photo by Bob Alward, BLM Vale District.

ith violent explosions, the feet deep (Kittleman 1973). From its immense thickness, spewed hot volcanic gases, volcanic ash, and uniformity, and relative resistance to weathering were wrought Wlarge chunks of volcanic rock in a molten froth more impressive cliffs, outcrops, and spires. Columnar rhyolite dikes, than 1,000 feet thick over several thousand square miles. Thus intrusions even more resistant to the ravages of wind and water began the formation of the rosy golden cliffs of Leslie Gulch 15 than the , contrast with the soft hues of the million years ago, with a rhyolite pyroclastic flow. As the deposit vegetation. cooled and lithified into rock, trapped gases created pockets. These “Gulch,” a quintessential Western term for the arid drainages cavities and differential weathering of the Leslie Gulch Ash Flow in this harsh land, gives little indication of Leslie Gulch’s violent Tuff created spectacular, almost eerie, landforms that include past or the botanical treasures hidden among the fantastic rock “honeycombs” and skyline windows. formations of this colorful canyon. Designated an Area of Critical Subsequent uplift, faulting and erosion further enhanced the Environmental Concern (ACEC) for its ash-dependent rare striking geologic formations and canyon vistas. Multiple ash layers species, spectacular scenery, and habitat for bighorn flaunt a variety of colors ranging from yellow to green and many sheep, Leslie Gulch lies in extreme . Its gulch drains shades of red, often streaked with blacks and browns. In some into approximately 50 miles south of Ontario, places the tuff, a part of the Succor Creek formation, is 2,000 Oregon, and 60 miles southwest of Boise, . The 11,673

Kalmiopsis Volume 11, 2004 3 acre area was designated as a special management area in 1983 by Climate the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), a designation carried forward into the agency’s recent Southeastern Oregon Resource Typical of the Great Basin, the climate at Leslie Gulch is one of Management Plan (2002). The ACEC is managed under a extremes. Winter temperatures often plummet well below zero, comprehensive plan finalized in 1995 and governing a wide variety and summer highs can exceed 100°F. While annual precipitation of activities. A 40-acre parcel of private land at Mud Spring lies in averages nearly eight inches, actual rainfall amounts are un- the heart of the ACEC, and the western fringe is bordered by land predictable. Storm events can bring several inches of rainfall within managed by the Bureau of Reclamation in conjunction with the a few hours. During these times, the otherwise dry gulches turn Owyhee Reservoir. The ACEC may be reached by an all-weather into raging torrents which can block or wash out roads and trails. road west of Highway 95 between Jordan Valley, Oregon, and Mar- With the exception of a short section below Mud Spring, none of sing, Idaho. Approximately 20 miles south of Marsing, look for the drainages within the ACEC contain perennially flowing water. small signs west and east of Highway 95 with “Leslie Gulch” in The ACEC is generally accessible year-round via all-weather roads, white lettering on a brown field. Turn right (west) onto this graveled although snowfall in some years may preclude access for several road, the McBride Creek Road. Go eight miles to the red school weeks. Visitors are encouraged to check weather forecasts and eastern house at Rockville and turn right (west) to cross Succor Creek, Oregon road conditions prior to departure. Vegetative growth and then travel one mile to the signed Leslie Gulch Road junction and wildflower displays peak in late May and early June, with length turn left (west). This road leads directly to the ACEC, a distance of and showiness dependent on temperatures and amount and timing approximately eight miles. of rainfall the previous winter and spring.

Vegetation

At Leslie Gulch, the jux- taposition of northern and southern floras cre- ates an unusual assem- blage of species. Here, the northern mesic flora, represented by curlleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) and an isolated stand of ponder- osa pine (Pinus ponder- osa), meets a southern xeric flora of salt desert species, including grease- wood (Sarcobatus vermi- culatus), shadscale salt- bush (Atriplex conferti- folia), and spiny hopsage (Grayia spinosa) (Grimes 1979, 1984). Combined with the rare plant spe- cies discussed below, the vegetative elements of the ACEC give Leslie Gulch a floristic variety unexcelled in Malheur County in any area of comparable size. The small disjunct population of ponderosa pine grows on the crest of a rhyolitic ridge near the southern boundary of the ACEC. The closest Map of Leslie Gulch ACEC, prepared by Marissa Theall, BLM Vale District. forests of ponderosa pine

4 Kalmiopsis Volume 11, 2004 lie about 70 miles away to the northwest. Among the nearly 100 and Owyhee clover as endangered (Oregon Natural Heritage Pro- trees, two individuals are over 200 years old, with the remaining gram 1998). trees ranging in Grimy mousetail and Packard’s blazingstar are found at dis- age down to seed- junct locations in . However, Ertter’s groundsel is a Malheur lings (McKee and County endemic, found only in the Leslie Gulch vicinity and at Knutson 1987). two restricted sites near Birch Creek, a tributary of the Owyhee There is no evi- River approximately six miles southwest of Leslie Gulch. Barren dence indicating milkvetch and Owyhee clover are endemic to the larger Owyhee that this is a relict region, with the clover known only on sites east of the Owyhee population, and River. Scattered, sparse populations of the clover and milkvetch speculations on are found in adjacent Idaho. origins from the With heads of fluorescent pink and three leaflets splash- west or northwest ed with distinctive white chevrons, Owyhee clover is the most spec- have been advanc- tacular of the rare species. Barren milkvetch sports inflated pods ed. Because of its mottled with red. Close inspection of the diminutive grimy inaccessibility, the mousetail’s inconspicuous pale flowers is necessary to discern its stand is rarely vis- membership in the family. To make their debuts, the two ited by livestock annuals, Packard’s blazingstar and Ertter’s groundsel, depend on or humans and timely rainfall, a commodity which has been in short supply the shows little to no last few years. Of particular note, the groundsel emerges in late sign of distur- summer or fall and Pinnacles in a side canyon of Leslie Gulch on May 15, 2003. Photo by Bob Alward, BLM Vale bance. has roots protected District. by a gelatinous sheath, making it Rare particularly adapt- ed to the loose, Five plant species found on the unusual ash formations within the cobbly tuffaceous canyon were formerly considered candidates for listing under the ash. Federal Endangered Species Act. Two of these species, Ertter’s The discovery groundsel () and Packard’s blazingstar ( and naming of packardiae), grow predominantly on the greenish-yellow ash-tuff these rare species talus slopes. Grimy mousetail ( rhypara var. rhypara) and is relatively recent, Owyhee clover (Trifolium owyheense) grow on a shallow, often apri- beginning with cot-colored ash substrate. Barren milkvetch (Astragalus sterilis), a Dr. Morton Peck rhizomatous form, grows as scattered individuals and colonies on in the early 1940s. less distinctive ash Peck was the first Owyhee clover (Trifolium owyheense) is the most deposits through- to find and name spectacular of the rare species. Photo by Jean Findley. out the region. false naked buck- Three uncommon wheat. Although he found barren milkvetch at the same time, it regional endemics, was not described until the late 1940s when Dr. Rupert Barneby Packard’s worm- collected the species in nearby Idaho. Bessie Murphy, a technician wood (Artemisia at the Oregon State University seed laboratory, visited Malheur packardiae), Mac- County in the late 1940s and took an unusual clover she found kenzie’s back to Helen Gilkey, who then described this new Owyhee spe- (Phacelia lutea var. cies (Gilkey 1956). Dr. Patricia Packard from the College of Idaho mackenzieorum) and many of her former students, including Dr. Barbara Ertter, and false naked Dr. Jim Grimes, Judith Glad, and Dave Peters, combed the area in buckwheat (Eri- the late 1960s and early 1970s, finding all the other rare species in ogonum novonu- the ACEC. They worked with various other botanists to describe dum), find habi- the newly discovered groundsel, blazingstar, phacelia, mousetail, tat in the canyons and wormwood (Glad 1976, Ertter and Reveal 1977). and bluffs of the ACEC. Oregon Wildlife lists Packard’s blazingstar and utilize the ACEC primarily from early winter through barren milkvetch Ertter’s groundsel (Senecio ertterae) is a Malheur early spring. Rocky Mountain elk use varies with the severity of as threatened, and County endemic. Photo by Bob Kindschy, BLM the winter. Upland game birds such as chukar partridge and grimy mousetail Vale District. California quail occupy much of the area. The rugged canyons

Kalmiopsis Volume 11, 2004 5 also provide habitat for , bobcat, tacular scenery, rare plants, bighorn sheep, cougar, hawks, lizards, and a variety of non- winter habitat for northern bald eagles, game migratory birds. Raptors, northern Rocky Mountain elk, the disjunct stand flickers, and white-throated swifts nest in of ponderosa pine, and outstanding popu- the numerous cliff crevices, which also lations of curlleaf mountain mahogany. provide habitat for bats. The 1995 ACEC Management Plan California bighorn sheep were ex- strives to retain the area’s naturalness through tirpated from Leslie Gulch in the early careful regulation of human activities. No 1900s due to infection from domestic off-road vehicle use is permitted, and rock- sheep diseases and unregulated hunting. climbing with permanent anchors is Bighorns have thrived in the Gulch since prohibited. Use by livestock has been reintroductions in 1965 and 1987. Steep eliminated from the canyon except for cliffs and small natural shelters along the seasonal trailing. Camping is authorized rock faces provide excellent habitat for at only one site, the primitive campground bighorn sheep, and the remote, rugged at Slocum Creek near the reservoir; the rest areas extending beyond the ACEC limit of the ACEC is designated as day use only. human disturbance of the bighorns. The ACEC is closed to vegetation Bald eagles, listed as threatened under gathering, rock hounding, and horse use the Endangered Species Act, winter along of any kind. The Leslie Gulch ACEC was the corridor. Mountain officially withdrawn from mineral entry in quail, rare in Malheur County for many 1999. Noxious weeds (Cardaria draba and years, were last observed in the county in Barren milkvetch (Astragalus cusickii var. sterilis), Onopordum acanthium) have been aggres- 1981, in Leslie Gulch ACEC. Other rare a regional endemic, grows on ash deposits. sively treated when found using a variety animal species include Townsend’s big- Photo by Elaine Joyal, BLM Vale District. of control measures, including hand- eared bat, Mojave black-collared lizard, pulling and spot-spraying. western ground snake, and white-tailed antelope squirrel.

Management

Leslie Gulch has long attracted recreationists in search of a high quality outdoor experience. Elements of its attractiveness are its remote location with reasonable vehicular access and the opportu- nity to pursue outdoor recreation activities in a setting with rela- tively few human impacts. A single road through the canyon pro- vides access to one of only five public boat launch sites on the 55 mile long Owyhee Reservoir. Most of the recreational use occurs before and after the hot summer season, specifi- cally the river float season in spring and hunting acti- vities in the fall. Grimy mousetail (Ivesia rhypara var. rhypara) grows over shallow, apricot- colored ash. Photo by Elaine Joyal, BLM Vale District. Approximately 85% of the ACEC has been Conclusion designated as Wilderness Study For fantastic rock formations and colorful canyons, Leslie Gulch Area (WSA). The ACEC is unexcelled in Oregon. The combination of this spectacular specific wilderness geology with an extraordinary variety of vegetative and wildlife values identified resources makes Leslie Gulch a rare jewel of Oregon’s natural include outstand- heritage. Great things truly do come in small packages, especially ing opportunities in Leslie Gulch. for solitude, prim- itive and uncon- References Look for Packard’s blazingstar (Mentzelia fined recreation, a packardiae) on greenish-yellow ash-tuff talus high degree of Ertter BJ, Reveal JL. 1977. A new species of Ivesia () from slopes. Photo by Jean Findley. naturalness, spec- southeastern Oregon. Madroño 24:224-227.

6 Kalmiopsis Volume 11, 2004 Gilkey HM. 1956. A new Trifolium from Oregon. Madroño Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. (pale agoseris) 13:167-199. Antennaria dimorpha (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray (low pussytoes) Glad JA. 1976. of and allied species Antennaria luzuloides Torr. & A. Gray (woodrush pussytoes) (). Madroño 23:283-291. Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. (low sagebrush) Grimes JW. 1979. The flora of Leslie Gulch, Malheur County, Artemisia dracunculus L. (dragon sagewort) Oregon. Logan (UT): MS Thesis, State University. 54 p. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. (silver wormwood) Grimes JW. 1984. Notes on the flora of Leslie Gulch, Malheur Artemisia packardiae J.W. Grimes & Ertter (Packard’s County, Oregon. Madroño 31:80-85. wormwood) Kittleman LR. 1973. Guide to the geology of the Owyhee region Artemisia spinescens D.C. Eaton (bud sagebrush) of Oregon. Eugene (OR): Bull No 21, Museum of Natural Nutt. (big sagebrush) History, University of Oregon. 59 p. Aster frondosus (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray (alkali aster) McKee A, Knutson D. 1987. A disjunct ponderosa pine stand in Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. (arrowleaf balsamroot) southeastern Oregon. Great Basin Naturalist 47:163-167. Blepharipappus scaber Hook. (blepharipappus) [ONHP] Oregon Natural Heritage Program. 1998. Rare, Brickellia microphylla (Nutt.) A. Gray (small leaved brickellia) Threatened and Endangered Species of Oregon. Portland (OR): Chaenactis douglasii (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. (dustymaidens) Oregon Natural Heritage Program. 92 p. Ericameria nana Nutt. (dwarf heath goldenrod) Ericameria nauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & G.I. Baird (rubber rabbitbrush) Species List Ericameria viscidiflora (Hook.) L.C. Anderson (yellow rabbitbrush) The following species list for Leslie Gulch ACEC is based on Grimes Cirsium subniveum Rydb. (intermountain thistle) (1979), with additions by the author, Pat Packard, and Barbara Crepis acuminata Nutt. (tapertip hawksbeard) Ertter. Nomenclature follows the Oregon Flora Project checklist. Dimeresia howellii A. Gray (dimersia) Names of taxa native to Oregon are printed in italic Garamond; Erigeron bloomeri A. Gray (scabland fleabane) alien taxa are in italic Gill Sans, a sans-serif type. Erigeron corymbosus Nutt. (foothill daisy) Erigeron pumilus Nutt. (shaggy fleabane) (Pursh) J. Forbes (common eriophyllum) FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby (broom DRYOPTERIDACEAE (Wood Fern Family) snakeweed) Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. (brittle bladderfern) Hieracium scouleri Hook. (woolly weed) Polystichum scopulinum (D.C. Eaton) Maxon (rock swordfern) Lagophylla ramosissima Nutt. (slender hareleaf) Machaeranthera canescens (Pursh) A. Gray (hoary aster) GYMNOSPERMS Nothocalais troximoides (A. Gray) Greene (false agoseris) CUPRESSACEAE (Cypress Family) Onopordum acanthium L. (Scots thistle) Hook. (western ) Senecio canus Hook. (woolly groundsel) PINACEAE (Pine Family) Senecio ertterae T.M. Barkley (Ertter’s groundsel) Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson (ponderosa pine) Senecio serra Hook. (butterweed groundsel) Solidago missouriensis Nutt. ( goldenrod) DICOTYLEDONS Stephanomeria tenuifolia (Raf.) H.M. Hall (narrowleaf AIZOACEAE (Fig-Marigold Family) stephanomeria) Mollugo verticillata L. (carpetweed) Tetradymia canescens DC. (gray horsebrush) ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Townsendia florifer (Hook.) A. Gray (showy townsendia) Acer glabrum Torr. (Rocky Mountain maple) BETULACEAE (Birch Family) AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family) Betula occidentalis Hook. (water birch) Amaranthus albus L. (prostrate pigweed) (Borage Family) Amaranthus californicus (Moq.) S. Watson (California amaranth) Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. (tarweed fiddleneck) APIACEAE (Carrot Family) Amsinckia tessellata A. Gray (bristly fiddleneck) Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance (fernleaf Cryptantha intermedia (A. Gray) Greene (common cryptantha) biscuitroot) Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene (western tickweed) Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose (nineleaf Lithospermum ruderale Douglas ex Lehm. (western gromwell) biscuitroot) Mertensia ciliata (Torr.) G. Don (broad leaved bluebells) Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. (western sweetroot) Myosotis micrantha Pall. (blue scorpion grass) Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray (common twinpod) Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst. (Scouler’s ASCLEPIADACEAE (Milkweed Family) popcornflower) cryptoceras S. Watson (pallid milkweed) BRASSICACEAE (Mustard Family) (Sunflower Family) Arabis holboellii Hornem. (Holboell’s rockcress) Achillea millefolium L. (common yarrow) Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. (American yellowrocket)

Kalmiopsis Volume 11, 2004 7 Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. (littlepod falseflax) HYDROPHLLACEAE (Waterleaf Family) Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. (heart podded hoarycress) Hydrophyllum capitatum Douglas ex Benth. (ballhead waterleaf) Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. (purple field mustard) Douglas ex Lehm. (silverleaf phacelia) Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton (western tansymustard) Phacelia linearis (Pursh) Holz. (threadleaf phacelia) Draba verna L. (spring whitlow grass) Phacelia lutea (Hook. & Arn.) J.T. Howell var. mackenzieorum Erysimum capitatum (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene var. capitatum J.W. Grimes & P.L. Packard (Mackenzie’s phacelia) (rough wallflower) LAMIACEAE (Mint Family) Thelypodium laciniatum (Hook.) Endl. (cutleaf thelypody) Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze (nettleleaf giant hyssop) CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Mentha canadensis L. var. canadensis (L.) Kuntze (wild mint) Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC. (blue elderberry) Monardella odoratissima Benth. (mountain monardella) Symphoricarpos oreophilus A. Gray (mountain snowberry) Salvia dorrii (Kellogg) Abrams (purple sage) CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family) LINACEAE (Flax Family) Holosteum umbellatum L. (jagged chickweed) Linum lewisii Pursh var. lewisii (wild blue flax) Minuartia nuttallii (Pax) Briq. ssp. fragilis (Maguire & A.H. LOASACEAE (Loasa Family) Holmgren) McNeill (recurved sandwort) (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex Torr. & A. Silene douglasii Hook. (seabluff catchfly) Gray (whitestem blazingstar) Silene scaposa B.L. Rob. (Blue Mountain catchfly) Mentzelia packardiae Glad (Packard’s blazingstar) Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. (northern starwort) MALVACEAE (Mallow Family) Stellaria longipes Goldie (longstalk starwort) Sphaeralcea munroana (Douglas ex Lindl.) Spach ex A. Gray CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family) (whitestem globemallow) Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frém.) S. Watson (shadscale (Evening Primrose Family) saltbush) pulchella Pursh (ragged robin) Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) S. Watson (narrowleaf Epilobium brachycarpum C. Presl (tall annual willowherb) goosefoot) Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. (tufted evening-primrose) Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Moq. (spiny hopsage) PAEONIACEAE ( Family) Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. (greasewood) Douglas ex Hook. (western peony) CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) POLEMONIACEAE (Phlox Family) Cornus sericea L. (redosier dogwood) Collomia grandiflora Douglas ex Lindl. (grand collomia) (Crossosoma Family) Gilia sinuata Douglas ex Benth. (rosy gilia) spinescens A. Gray var. aridum M.E. Jones (spiny Ipomopsis aggregata (Pursh) V.E. Grant ssp. aggregata (skyrocket green bush) gilia) DIPSACACEAE (Teasel Family) Leptodactylon pungens (Torr.) Nutt. (granite prickly phlox) Dipsacus fullonum L. (common teasel) Phlox gracilis (Hook.) Greene ssp. gracilis (slender phlox) FABACEAE (Legume Family) Phlox hoodii Richardson (woolly phlox) Astragalus cusickii A. Gray var. sterilis (Barneby) Barneby (barren (Buckwheat Family) milkvetch) microthecum Nutt. (slender buckwheat) Astragalus filipes Torr. ex A. Gray (threadstalk milkvetch) Eriogonum novonudum M. Peck (false naked buckwheat) Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex Hook. var. chartaceus M.E. Eriogonum strictum Benth. (Blue Mountain buckwheat) Jones (freckled milkvetch) Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. (sulphur- buckwheat) Astragalus purshii Douglas ex Hook. (woollypod milkvetch) Douglas ex Benth. (wickerstem Lathyrus pauciflorus Fernald var. pauciflorus (fewflower peavine) buckwheat) Lupinus arbustus Douglas ex Lindl. (spur lupine) Polygonum douglasii Greene (Douglas knotweed) Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. heteranthus (S. Watson) Barneby PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family) (tailcup lupine) Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd. (miner’s lettuce) Lupinus lepidus Douglas ex Lindl. (dwarf lupine) Lewisia rediviva Pursh () Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. (bigleaf lupine) (Buttercup Family) Trifolium cyathiferum Lindl. (cup clover) Aconitum columbianum Nutt. (Columbian monkshood) Trifolium owyheense Gilkey (Owyhee clover) formosa Fisch. ex DC. (western columbine) (Gentian Family) Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. (western white clematis) albicaulis Douglas ex Griseb. (whitestem frasera) Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. ex Walp. (upland larkspur) GERANIACEAE (Geranium family) glaberrimus Hook. (sagebrush buttercup) Geranium viscosissimum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex C.A. Mey. (sticky Ranunculus sceleratus L. (blister buttercup) geranium) Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz (hornseed buttercup) GROSSULARIACEAE (Gooseberry Family) ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Ribes aureum Pursh (golden current) Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray (curlleaf Ribes cereum Douglas (wax current) mountain mahogany)

8 Kalmiopsis Volume 11, 2004 Geum triflorum Pursh (old man’s whiskers) JUNCACEAE (Rush Family) Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Hook.) A. Heller (glandular Juncus bufonius L. (toad rush) oceanspray) Juncus ensifolius Wickstr. (swordleaf rush) Ivesia rhypara Ertter & Reveal var. rhypara (grimy mousetail) LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Family) Potentilla biennis Greene (biennial cinquefoil) Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. (greater duckweed, duckmeat) Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. (sticky cinquefoil) LILIACEAE (Lily Family) Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. (slender cinquefoil) Allium acuminatum Hook. (tapertip onion) Prunus virginiana L. (western chokecherry) Allium parvum Kellogg (small onion) (Pursh) DC. (antelope bitterbrush) Calochortus macrocarpus Douglas (sagebrush mariposa lily) Rosa woodsii Lindl. (pearhip rose) Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng. (yellow bells) RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link (western Solomon plume) Galium aparine L. (stickywilly) Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link (starry false lily of the valley) Galium multiflorum Kellogg (shrubby bedstraw) Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Watson (foothill deathcamas) SALICACEAE (Willow Family) POACEAE (Grass Family) Populus tremuloides Michx. (quaking aspen) Achnatherum hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth (Indian Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. (black cottonwood) ricegrass) Salix lasiolepis Benth. (arroyo willow) Achnatherum occidentale (Thurb.) Barkworth spp. occidentale Salix lucida Muhl. ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murray (Pacific willow) (western needlegrass) SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage Family) Agrostis exarata Trin. (spike bentgrass) Heuchera cylindrica Douglas ex Hook. (roundleaf alumroot) Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (rattlesnake brome) Lithophragma parviflorum (Hook.) Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray L. (cheatgrass) (small flowered fringecup) Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) Munro (annual hairgrass) SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family) Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro (slender hairgrass) angustifolia (Nutt.) G. Don (violet desert paintbrush) Elymus glaucus Buckley (blue wildrye) Castilleja applegatei Fernald ssp. martini (wavyleaf Indian Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus paintbrush) (slender wheatgrass) Castilleja linariifolia Benth. ( Indian paintbrush) Festuca idahoensis Elmer (Idaho fescue) Castilleja pallescens (A. Gray) Greenm. var. inverta (A. Nelson & Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski (meadow barley) J.F. Macbr.) Edwin (pale Indian paintbrush) Hordeum jubatum L. (foxtail barley) Castilleja tenuis (A. Heller) T.I. Chuang & Heckard (hairy Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Löve (basin wildrye) Indian paintbrush) Melica spectabilis Scribn. (purple oniongrass) Collinsia parviflora Douglas ex Lindl. (small flowered blue eyed Mary) J. Presl (Sandberg bluegrass) Mimulus cusickii (Greene) Rattan (Cusick’s monkeyflower) (Pursh) A. Löve (bluebunch wheatgrass) Mimulus nanus Hook. & Arn. (dwarf monkeyflower) Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray (sand dropseed) Penstemon deustus Douglas ex Lindl. (hotrock beardtongue) Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. (sixweeks fescue) Penstemon speciosus Douglas ex Lindl. (royal penstemon) Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh (lanceleaf figwort) Verbascum thapsus L. (flannel mullein) Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. (American speedwell) Veronica peregrina L. (purslane speedwell) Jean Findley has been a botanist on the Vale District BLM, Oregon, SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family) for 16 years, following 11 years as a range conservationist on the Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Watson (coyote tobacco) same district. She obtained an MS degree in Rangeland Resources ULMACEAE (Elm Family) from Oregon State University with a thesis having a botany focus. Celtis reticulata Torr. (netleaf hackberry) She furthered her botanical training with Dr. Patricia Packard at URTICACEAE (Nettle Family) Albertson College of Idaho. Urtica dioica L. (stinging nettle) VALERIANACEAE (Valerian Family) Plectritis macrocera Torr. & A. Gray (longhorn plectritis) VIOLACEAE (Violet Family) bakeri Greene (yellow prairie violet) Viola beckwithii Torr. & A. Gray (Beckwith’s violet)

MONOCOTYLEDONS CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family) Carex microptera Mack. (smallwing sedge) Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. (common spikerush)

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