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Lands, Funds, and Resources. Aspects of the Economic History of Maori in Wairarapa Ki Tararua Since 1840

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Lands, Funds, and Resources. Aspects of the Economic History of Maori in Wairarapa Ki Tararua Since 1840 Lands, Funds, and Resources. Aspects of the Economic History of Maori in Wairarapa ki Tararua since 1840 Bryan Gilling A Report Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal November 2004 Table of Contents i. Preface ........................................................................................................................v ii. List of tables ............................................................................................................vi iii. Introduction ............................................................................................................vii iv. Methodology..........................................................................................................xiii 1. The Issue of ‘Sufficiency’.........................................................................................1 1.1. Issue 22.4.1: ‘Sufficiency’ ............................................................................................1 1.1.1. The Nature of ‘Sufficiency’ .................................................................................................1 1.1.2. Previous Tribunal Discussion...............................................................................................6 1.1.3. Difficulties with the ‘Sufficiency’ Concept .......................................................................14 1.2. Summary of ‘Sufficiency’..........................................................................................24 2. Overview..................................................................................................................28 2.1. The Landscape of Wairarapa ki Tararua................................................................28 2.1.1. The Shape and Type of Land .............................................................................................28 2.1.2. Land Use ............................................................................................................................32 2.1.3: Conclusion .........................................................................................................................39 2.2. Economic Issues..........................................................................................................41 2.2.1. The Situation of Maori in the 1840s: the Traditional Economy.........................................41 2.2.2. Initial Contact: Maori and the Squatter Economy 1843-1853............................................46 2.3. Maori and the Small Farms Development after 1853.............................................64 2.4: Conclusion ..................................................................................................................71 3. Issue 22.4.8: Crown Priorities: Settlers Over Maori?.............................................73 3.1. Company and Crown Purchasing: 1847-1855.........................................................73 3.2. The New Zealand Company Purchase Attempts ....................................................79 3.3. Crown Purchasing: Governor Grey and Donald McLean from 1853...................92 3.3.1. Maori Expectations ............................................................................................................96 3.3.2. Purchase Prices ................................................................................................................103 3.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................111 4. Issue 22.4.7: Crown Provision for Maori Needs..................................................112 4.1. The Wairarapa Five Per Cents ...............................................................................113 4.1.1. Disruption during the Wars..............................................................................................122 4.2. Conclusion.................................................................................................................124 5. Issue 22.4.3: When was Land Insufficient? .........................................................127 5.1. Land Alienation........................................................................................................132 5.1.1. The Pace of Land Alienation............................................................................................132 5.1.2. Early Native Land Court ..................................................................................................138 5.1.3. Land in the Early Twentieth Century...............................................................................140 5.1.4. The Quality of the Land Remaining—early 20th Century...............................................141 ii 5.1.5. Waitutuma........................................................................................................................143 5.2. The Stout-Ngata Commission 1907-08 ...................................................................145 5.3. Maori and Farming..................................................................................................158 5.3.1. Sheep and Dairy Farming in the 19th Century..................................................................158 5.3.2. Shearing and Farm Work .................................................................................................161 5.3.3. Nga Waka-a-Kupe: the Exception Proving the Rule........................................................169 5.3.4. The Sheep Returns: Maori Sheep Ownership 1879-1930 ................................................173 6. Issue 22.4.5: Statistics...........................................................................................190 6.1. The Nature of the Statistics .....................................................................................190 6.2. Population Figures ...................................................................................................194 6.3. Land Statistics ..........................................................................................................203 7. Issue 22.4.9: Development Schemes and Access to Finance................................207 7.1. Small Farm Development Schemes ........................................................................209 7.2. Maori Land Development Schemes 1930s-1970s...................................................213 7.2.1. Makirikiri .........................................................................................................................215 7.2.2. Tahoraiti...........................................................................................................................216 7.2.3. Homewood.......................................................................................................................218 7.3. Native/Maori Trustee Operations...........................................................................223 7.3.1. Aohanga Station...............................................................................................................223 7.3.2. Tiratu Station....................................................................................................................235 7.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................238 8. Issue 22.4.10: Viability of remaining land............................................................239 8.1. Physical Nature of Remaining Land ......................................................................239 8.1.1. Inaccessible and Unusable Lands.....................................................................................239 8.2. Infrastructure: Roading and Communications.....................................................246 8.2.1. Leased Lands Vested in the Ikaroa Maori Land Board....................................................253 8.3. Poverty, Debt and Land Alienation.........................................................................256 8.3.1. Access to capital (Issue 22.4.13)......................................................................................277 8.3.2. Maori Land Board Administration...................................................................................286 9. Commission Issue H: Economic Status of Wairarapa ki Tamaki-nui-a-Rua Maori Communities..............................................................................................................294 9.1. Changes in Maori Society........................................................................................294 9.2. Health ........................................................................................................................304 9.3. Education ..................................................................................................................308 10. Non-Land Resources...........................................................................................318 10.1. Fishing.....................................................................................................................318 10.2. Timber.....................................................................................................................321 10.3. Flax ..........................................................................................................................324 10.4. Twentieth-Century Economic Developments ......................................................326 11. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................340
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