Lands, Funds, and Resources. Aspects of the Economic History of Maori in Wairarapa ki Tararua since 1840 Bryan Gilling A Report Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal November 2004 Table of Contents i. Preface ........................................................................................................................v ii. List of tables ............................................................................................................vi iii. Introduction ............................................................................................................vii iv. Methodology..........................................................................................................xiii 1. The Issue of ‘Sufficiency’.........................................................................................1 1.1. Issue 22.4.1: ‘Sufficiency’ ............................................................................................1 1.1.1. The Nature of ‘Sufficiency’ .................................................................................................1 1.1.2. Previous Tribunal Discussion...............................................................................................6 1.1.3. Difficulties with the ‘Sufficiency’ Concept .......................................................................14 1.2. Summary of ‘Sufficiency’..........................................................................................24 2. Overview..................................................................................................................28 2.1. The Landscape of Wairarapa ki Tararua................................................................28 2.1.1. The Shape and Type of Land .............................................................................................28 2.1.2. Land Use ............................................................................................................................32 2.1.3: Conclusion .........................................................................................................................39 2.2. Economic Issues..........................................................................................................41 2.2.1. The Situation of Maori in the 1840s: the Traditional Economy.........................................41 2.2.2. Initial Contact: Maori and the Squatter Economy 1843-1853............................................46 2.3. Maori and the Small Farms Development after 1853.............................................64 2.4: Conclusion ..................................................................................................................71 3. Issue 22.4.8: Crown Priorities: Settlers Over Maori?.............................................73 3.1. Company and Crown Purchasing: 1847-1855.........................................................73 3.2. The New Zealand Company Purchase Attempts ....................................................79 3.3. Crown Purchasing: Governor Grey and Donald McLean from 1853...................92 3.3.1. Maori Expectations ............................................................................................................96 3.3.2. Purchase Prices ................................................................................................................103 3.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................111 4. Issue 22.4.7: Crown Provision for Maori Needs..................................................112 4.1. The Wairarapa Five Per Cents ...............................................................................113 4.1.1. Disruption during the Wars..............................................................................................122 4.2. Conclusion.................................................................................................................124 5. Issue 22.4.3: When was Land Insufficient? .........................................................127 5.1. Land Alienation........................................................................................................132 5.1.1. The Pace of Land Alienation............................................................................................132 5.1.2. Early Native Land Court ..................................................................................................138 5.1.3. Land in the Early Twentieth Century...............................................................................140 5.1.4. The Quality of the Land Remaining—early 20th Century...............................................141 ii 5.1.5. Waitutuma........................................................................................................................143 5.2. The Stout-Ngata Commission 1907-08 ...................................................................145 5.3. Maori and Farming..................................................................................................158 5.3.1. Sheep and Dairy Farming in the 19th Century..................................................................158 5.3.2. Shearing and Farm Work .................................................................................................161 5.3.3. Nga Waka-a-Kupe: the Exception Proving the Rule........................................................169 5.3.4. The Sheep Returns: Maori Sheep Ownership 1879-1930 ................................................173 6. Issue 22.4.5: Statistics...........................................................................................190 6.1. The Nature of the Statistics .....................................................................................190 6.2. Population Figures ...................................................................................................194 6.3. Land Statistics ..........................................................................................................203 7. Issue 22.4.9: Development Schemes and Access to Finance................................207 7.1. Small Farm Development Schemes ........................................................................209 7.2. Maori Land Development Schemes 1930s-1970s...................................................213 7.2.1. Makirikiri .........................................................................................................................215 7.2.2. Tahoraiti...........................................................................................................................216 7.2.3. Homewood.......................................................................................................................218 7.3. Native/Maori Trustee Operations...........................................................................223 7.3.1. Aohanga Station...............................................................................................................223 7.3.2. Tiratu Station....................................................................................................................235 7.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................238 8. Issue 22.4.10: Viability of remaining land............................................................239 8.1. Physical Nature of Remaining Land ......................................................................239 8.1.1. Inaccessible and Unusable Lands.....................................................................................239 8.2. Infrastructure: Roading and Communications.....................................................246 8.2.1. Leased Lands Vested in the Ikaroa Maori Land Board....................................................253 8.3. Poverty, Debt and Land Alienation.........................................................................256 8.3.1. Access to capital (Issue 22.4.13)......................................................................................277 8.3.2. Maori Land Board Administration...................................................................................286 9. Commission Issue H: Economic Status of Wairarapa ki Tamaki-nui-a-Rua Maori Communities..............................................................................................................294 9.1. Changes in Maori Society........................................................................................294 9.2. Health ........................................................................................................................304 9.3. Education ..................................................................................................................308 10. Non-Land Resources...........................................................................................318 10.1. Fishing.....................................................................................................................318 10.2. Timber.....................................................................................................................321 10.3. Flax ..........................................................................................................................324 10.4. Twentieth-Century Economic Developments ......................................................326 11. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................340