FLASHBACK PAGINE DI STORIA
Duncan Thorburn Burns 1, Luigia Sabbatini 2 1The Science Library, The Queen’s University of Belfast 2Department of Chemistry, Università di Bari [email protected]
ROBERT BOYLE (1627-1691): THE
Portrait of Robert Boyle ITALIAN CONNECTIONS PART 1 - ROBERT BOYLE’S ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ITALY AND ITS SCHOLARSHIP
The paper reviews the Italian connections of Robert Boyle. It is divided into two parts: Part 1 describes means by which Robert Boyle acquired his knowledge of Italy and of its scholars and scholarship. Part 2 (next issue) describes how Italy and other parts of Europe acquired knowledge about Robert Boyle and his works.
obert Boyle acquired his considerable knowledge about Italy the “Grand Tour”. Such tours were made by several early members of and its scholarship from five sources: (a) making a “Grand the Royal Society and by Bishop Burnet who preached the Sermon at Tour” and a later visit to the Netherlands, (b) books and jour - Boyle’s funeral [1]. All the sons of the First or Great Earl of Cork were Rnals of the period, (c) his correspondents in Europe, (d) sent on “Grand Tours”. The first to go were Rodger and Lewis, 1636- “Inquiries for Composing of a Good Natural History of a Countrey”, 1639, and later, Robert and Francis in 1639 until 1644. All were sent made via Phil. Tran ., and (e) his visitors from Europe and those in Eng - under the supervision of a private tutor, Issac Marcombes. Robert wrote land who had travelled in Europe. This knowledge was demonstrated in a detailed account of his early life, including his Grand Tour, An Account his publications and in the unpublished material in the archive of “Boyle of Philaretus during his Minority. This is given in Birch’s Life of Boyle [2] Papers” held at the Royal Society in London. published as a single volume and also annexed to Birch’s two editions The parallel situation, “How Europe and in particular Italy, learnt of of the Works of Boyle [3], it is also given in Maddison’s account of the Robert Boyle and his work and writings”, will be dealt with in Part 2. life of Boyle [4(a)], and discussed in detail by Hunter in “Robert Boyle by himself and his friends...” [5] and in his recent excellent and scholarly The Grand Tour and his biography of Boyle [6] which includes a discussion of the impact of later visit to the Netherlands Boyle’s experiences in Geneva and in Italy. Philaretus was a name fre - The seventeenth century saw the beginning of the practice of continen - quently used by Robert Boyle to refer to himself in his writings. tal travel for the education of the young sons of gentlemen, later called The “Grand Tour” was usually confined to the Netherlands, France and
136 Giugno ‘11 t io ns jo u in t o b -l a “T h ne y r eg i f se ic t [1 0] ot w s of at t e p e nn in g ud i el G ba io er Bo Ki n pr th e hi s [8] , . ia en now n. iod ed s In ck ov i n m yle ’s ee a eva gd om G li co u na tu ra l Th ad di MS ba i of a d fe - de d fr om t o n rea nd h a ava i dl mo d f M . , re e nd A sc e and b st nt ry resi e Ve Th e 164 2- pr i arc 44, ti ec t Sp Lyon retu M one one d ude nt hi m on of of l 164 1 th E ni ab t of n er l a den ce arc h Lyon ülg e t h p a 16 48 e ce s bu t 164 4, me he Na pl e in e va ri d n r t rl le hi l . ei Fr o the y th e y wi t Th e ’ el w arr i 164 4. h , D s a lls, Ro os o t fr act i an Th and re vis n to ay he Fer rara , hic nd an t ue not ou s s s fl om fi o h 164 2. 1639 vi uen t t P ligi Nov. be nan c B it ce a udi e An in s” i t Gen ev H d w l ted ac in ng h su ph y, v as t o em eft Roy a an c nd t ebo o ra t Ha o iti es ag ous rt ook the y From , hen f Gen a i arr iv y necy, a a orm la Di m goin te ed Thi co bj e s, ve No Bo I le i the nd the ffected s t n for bac k ue . al rec nd i ial ie gu e al a ms ea Boy 1639) ep n ok mp a Chi ma The i l s wa nd ct Gen e l l ar B nt r mathemati y ev t i ed a. ed p a nst e s the It “M f g hey l Soc re pe e R p olo gna hea ull s oks R i e [7] b Hi lace co Savoy al fr s Rum th e i nt in a le a h s ro he to ll u whi ome T tu st r obert’ om fo r t r il ny ian ruc ven i is t oad di r s . o n re a he , i i ly ( rde he a m bl s n ayed ne r st 30 iet ret t va 1692 to I the rout n r It ma n” . st ay Lyons n vi si te d cord Gen ev ecords Flo r ch ec ems the th ain hi s dis th e aly. i ra t so me illy t in r na ry , y a t i imp ur d opi Rob in on. pas d of he O ey t r nd ti tl s t , Fr hey and a e out e res co four hen c ned i w cs y e ct b n t ge og ra p J Aix , mos t Ne Fr rch unt at d aut cs, nion ou om nc or ort ant uly ro th e er wh ic h di [ B sec o was s a ire ert . ab t v 4(b W r t t o e a he (22- Le i e ( nd ered erg Th e of d th e - 1639 ng e ris he went Eu cl i e ive il m obiog . cat o t ad Da l ct hil hi stage his e ’s t ou t e 16 o th St oo ), f not yd e t the t la t aut ob hi s spa he Gen am s B hat t rl a n r cas Lon d thr the 25 hi e La si uphiné alo to o [ a t t 42. t 11 Ha s t d 9( k Fr an c e o ai su bj set d Peri bou nd he dra g s ) ght hy , I en d nd s, n . t in Flo re sta y ry, ta ly , oug h a rap usa Oc ca o, a)] ns, s rs the m e o s g O per iod Ge e Nov an d M gu e l On ev ut ubj i a p . At a ue fe ely iog 3, mat wor ks cto b s Ge on. y R th eo lo gy , it , B nd of lan n ec ts S be n umn St hi a . nne , nev a ’s Chambr of whi c is r i d ec he Ma nce . ncl lon g . na me ly was The t esc i ca od ex 2 e rap hy th ne ag si organi o Cl an d doc ca man usc Si Am st er d work. vol i to I 1 an d 3 Fe br ua ry c 12 n t er on al ed (2 eir i l Ro uded av iu s) we nt 63 rs ena , st va o e me th e o a of [8 y ad h a, Pis a, ume 0 confi Zu f of (a ume and the eil s c 164 1 f Whi in th e 1 , 9) route lef t uen (b) his tou r m co hi s )]. 1641. a dit ion Verona , a o , fur ther les sed duri ri ey, Re f yo un g perfe et Ga Ro nd Stage f ake iV ], “ ch, a and no t nejou r Switzerl unt lst l rip ts Of nte d r G rmati Boyl However, ater an hi o fter sta yed si st er - resid ence am . et u Ant ibe te pr (3 the y m li l I f ng ene wh cs , 3 ec o sè le to too in d a rbo doc eviously e on 0 It al f we ct up Sal to Nov. o. nr s a Once - re . e’s re f de th e visit, Fra Fl on for rrived per i a Bo yl Oc or Ar i va 2, k y iV Sta ge ly ntlea r the re y” i rec , cei e n At o e Rob um know a , and vi tai to the ti Gr cen za urr l , rence u s nd nce t. ibrary was mi - M Fr thi the y o od 1639) of - ompense ving nti e ls si the enoble, ent s Flo re l a February 1639) e, ars ei m ent i enc d e n s i ght s t M in but n know l are o Christ r 4, Sep tem Gene that t was thr ough the a 1991, f Val on , sta y end Ge h a R as the thunder P nc wa ll then short om o tef i es adu tel l and Royal thence neva n b his e it e iV s i v an ert of itted - i e d w only wh a n e for a a, to Harw nc Pa t ber “ a, as n nd rec h Nu ti th tri Cr Grand a en ne, b storm l e o e 28 l l Ap nd ris p e t icen the el the sold u f a s i a me ei “ t c by e o ) Bo - s i ut boys Ch to t ood ef, a r ved x ri o ( Nov. a 3 i 4- i l l I a a h ng b r Nether f ce b t re boat o l Ch , al a ym m T 1648. o or ( 1 ut p e 12 [ 5 “v u our nn 1 f ni s i 2 i s p ou an e ece- s s i [ 5] to e de M on ol l i 13] 5 i p an y t d l a a ca c o e mi e o b d r re ” - n rt nd u a b V l s b e ta a m a ri i n o P ed i l sh d - l s n e n i en t o fe S B n s W a e v ut ke ok o a t T o a e es s e P d t t ok ed d d en e T S to b f ol ab r re o u e A du B r r ) t o r a h n a i u ri e [ d he d t c o f wa o ef o u s p 1 c d o i o i r th he ro f l o n n i o o s n s n t n G s o o ng e e vo r m me l I “ T T l e gi 7 co i f a g i o fr t e w r e n f ’ yl c cs i ce t is d c by g n s s r r wo th nc h m S s he h I ], t t s na ” re o l ou i ( t v he o e oo d e’ l e h u i h lu pl 1 t a nq se r hi he y t ( u e m 7 t an s en t o m a s ( s ec s as m h t E e e e h e na 6 Obs s he o o h m b s e t t r , s I uc t ( g e pa Bi pl t e xp e i a e k or Co s 6 f f a t ( ll s t po Co f a o A d i e s o h o se t e o co m t er 3 ul rs , n B e ev s t 6 ve c ui ri s e r h li h e n f Cor o ns Ta pp rt En ri ch i er iu [ 0 a i ev s h Wo oo s Us l t e e 1 r T A e a ra m s n ec Bo B c e g t r e i e n t re a n ho a he em r a s i d r e rv nu 9 o i b Na t b t li he p ll i e ra me d d e oy cl i e n s n b t en ru l hi bl t k u k i e e T e ] l s e e p t fe nd e a at yl s e Ki an rk al r eu es l f rt s u el i ab st l fu di b sc s ed po of Gal s x m e uc o e s R e c i le e m p ut t e ca resp o de re l nt sa i s t r y ho y f n ee 1 n, y ti nd o r m [ t o ix o l d s . ch e c ’ ’ ic f 1 r s le at ho s. io s 1 h nd o th 2 n ns B ur al a s ip nd Avr P ya by re or l a s t i r Us ) d 4 at f a i n 0 l wn n , 1 he ( ce n y f ix n n e l eo ro e i er ft oy h t e i t n a ] T T r l 8 th n , b an e or re , he 9 l s d e 1 a en s , e i ir t t o te M r L i o B hu l m am m ce a , S n r m s ir o h n 9 o ri rc e 8 7 l r) Tabl Hi - s a o e i f o uc ( hi id on d c in s n oy I o a g ce a 9 so r ad a see 12 c a po M n r t a re Ap f e he n s s t B u e Bo c t s i o l o c y i s dd e e ter Co o h te s st de te Hi st o a t s h do e , ch t le t em l Tab n i p o wne d l d h we in t ud e v et o t y o n t. es nd u o of d b in vi B o p i c m h tu m den ce , yl hy e ’s t yl e is i de r g np Ap f u als o o n o end y d o con e oy b g y n Hu The f e; i s e fo s b o a ry r s Rob ng t or W oks n les mp os i mp 4 Ro ci f enc e y e n tr 2 o om i ) ’ (s ) s nc er n o u s Col u o . b pen le t , , rm ot 000, f a i tat i t o n h , t e g po n, b t fr f e r o h ix 12 ten ts Nu m [ s d he Ga li be L h Ro e t e th 2 r e i i s u i f es 1 e om li d n le e e o He er ven. e ks ry ul e on e Boyl fe o t she ) 0 s o a wi n t P ata di , k r o us o and at d r T o c u ( i l ed t ] m f on n o ; t r te e s 12 p . h rom d a an lo l d r pi F x, i en of o rs l d eo Boyl h tati , s f r b l er ou T s A ub ae I b e Boy eta i , of lo r o d m mak i f ta g of raw of li e ctur a e t Howe y for a hey is d l th e t i i T sted ce n The ud e [ ng Rob n n i mor i p e in c s, s 18 m ( n ly, te on li a en ( John ci ca se , se Yosh nta tiv se n Boy l ca d pe al Boy l om ls 13 , e b 1691. Wor le s y ate ms) a m the te ot to e R a hi ec u ] s/r n l ce for e , h e [ e m ti h e notes” n e a W Natu p 16]; r ay g s d of was of a Pr ena v o ef wer e ob a d an r l r I Co ri 6, T ared aj or 1 com ef t e’s Tab e t , k v er I i or a n v un i al wh moto Warr a nq ab e (s e wi te er e 9 s od 5, e ’s th w Boy l e 2 ere h l si xa y 28 e . ks Hu of l b th m en p th er a i [ re r ha ert an f le e u b st l l asy 15] p er gn e ( 4 ef pu un t uc r i and e oth p 14 br ub m o i ci e e n s “ eaf u r f conta of c nte a pr e l er r t th i P ar d ie r i e m en ce T ete 11 , te 6 th bl ti i nc ef ib a bl p ath e task an i fi l a n Boyl a i es s , of e ta t n i at r Ef ca s Rob i she [ l te of m i c l er e i t e bl h I y. 3 rt s she B e r sh ti mor nc lu e r ta em 2 d Sce d of e sk, e f ] e se ne m we r [9( s) ey ” e w - for Y Ita n in ec 8 t 30 ed d wh 2). A se l o i i r c e o d i es ) n n oun d t of e’s h se thi an e in er d t, s on s d 9, c tha ocum Boyl re l e ts con e sc re as yle o n g u i G u as p i f ) th s a g i pa )] ew I d to cou r t ch i ngs i . ta l c wr K - n f te i ve n m tai l l n she e h ger, Boy e th 30 i i ha e n f i re b ke a i p ou n r six re n ol m - y, ti d a i e c a b n t ra 200 1 ei e B l c m p - to tte s ar d ’ h man n en r l O s) e s y rs. e en r i a r oo ar p l n er ’ c t vol no e t h e y bse d ly em s l pu te a rs r es oc t 11 ‘ bu to owev sel tia a e - t m wa s k gi T - t r t u nd se y s b (s o ) o a [ i l v att mes l el rv ec l be , 16] o - d ti ), ca en ee s nt y n a - on a t - 137 a g n s, i t . on i - n d , s - FLASHBACK FLASHBACK PAGINE DI STORIA
able in forrain Countries” [21]. and eventually stopped, which Bartoli described as “not proven and it Robert Boyle used sets of “heads” and “inquiries” as a key part of the does not even seem probable to me” [44]. The regard Italian scientists deductive method he developed on the basis of that of Francis Bacon was such that Henry Oldenburg, Secretary to the Royal Society, Lon - (1561-1626) as a means of eliciting and structuring data [22]. Boyle don, made contact with Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) of Bologna to used such lists as a means of setting his agenda when studying a topic, invite him “to a whole-hearted alliance of mind and study, so that, for organising data he had acquired and for soliciting related informa - through experimental research into nature, the foundations of philoso - tion from others. The format is explicit in two of his experimentally phy may be laid more solidly, the ancients put to question, and useful based analytical chemical texts, namely those on Humane Blood [23] novelties may be discovered and made public...” [45-47]. Malpighi and Mineral Waters [24] and in numerous unpublished studies [25]. The works, after 1669, were published in London under the imprint of the first set of this type of inquiry by Boyle via the Philosophical Transac - Royal Society. Indeed by the end of the seventeenth-century no less tions of the Royal Society was “ General Heads for a Natural History of than 16 Italians had been elected to the Royal Society, including a Countrey, Great or small” [26], followed by “ Other Inquiries concern - Malpighi in 1669 and Magalotti in 1707 [41]. ing the Sea ” [27] and a very extensive set, “ Articles of Inquiries touch - Magalotti has a dual importance herein, as a link between the Royal ing Mines” [28]. After Boyle’s death these sets of queries were brought Society of London and the Accademia del Cimento , Florence, and for together, in 1692, with some additional material to form a small book his close friendship with Boyle. The short-lived Accademia was impor - [29] which was re-published in Latin, by De Tournes in Geneva, in 1696 tant as it was the first Society to employ an organised scientific exper - [30]. Some replies to the Inquiries were made direct to Boyle in corre - imental programme [47-51]. It was founded by Duke Ferdinand II de spondence or face to face as recorded in the Workdiaries of Robert Medici and his brother Prince Leopold in 1657, five years before the Boyle [31], others were received from Oldenburg [32]. Royal Society of London. The Academy of ten members conducted its affairs in a private and informal manner; its intent was to extend the Boyle’s European Visitors and those work of Galileo by making scientific experiments, to demonstrate the in England who had travelled in Europe folly of opposition to the new science. The sole publication of the Biographers previous to Maddison [4, 33-35] paid no attention to Accademia was the well illustrated Saggi di Naturali Esperienze (1667) Boyle’s foreign visitors. This is surprising since from quite an early age [52] prepared by Magalotti its Secretary. The Saggi was translated into Boyle’s reputation as a philosopher and devout Christian was well English by Richard Waller in 1684 [53] and has since been retranslated established. His contemporary John Aubrey wrote “He has not only a along with diaries and unpublished experiments and observations [47]. high renowne in England but abroad; and when foreigners come thith - In the Saggi are four references to Boyle, “by Boyle for the purpose of er, ’tis one of their curiosities to make him a visit” [36]. At one stage, 30 his beautiful and noble experiments” [47(a)], “the fine observation, March 1668, Henry Oldenburg, Secretary to the Royal Society, com - made by Boyle, of the ebullition of luke-warm water in a vacuum” plained in a letter to Boyle [16(a)] about the numbers of strangers com - [47(b)], “We have learned of the experiment {dissolution of pearls and ing to visit the Royal Society. Boyle replied, 3 April 1668, [16(b)] “You are coral in the vacuum” [47(c)] and “...Boyle, who tells us about a lark that not at all mistaken, in thinking, that I have had my share of troublesome lived in the exhausted receiver for ten minutes...” [47(d)]. All refer to visits from strangers, and that I would not invite my friends at London , experiments in Boyle’s New Experiments Physico-mechanical (1660) to procure me any more of them...”. Earlier in the same letter he wrote [54]. Connections between the Accademia del Cimento and Boyle are “I am glad you are like to settle a correspondence with Rome , that well described by Clelia Pighetti [55]; among other aspects, she argues being the chief center of intelligence;…”. It seems that Oldenburg had about analogies between researches developed by Florentines and been freely directing visitors to Boyle at Oxford and developed some those developed by Boyle. She lightly touches on their reciprocal sus - qualms of conscience on this action. picions of “plagiarism”, however her feeling is that likely Florentines felt Most of these visitors left little or no record of the visits [37]; of the thir - a certain superiority of the experimental approach used by Boyle and teen, listed by Maddison [34, 35], seven were or became correspon - this led to a fruitful scientific emulation. The Accademia dissolved in dents of Boyle and two came from Italy, namely Count Lorenzo Maga - 1667 following the departure of three of its members from Tuscany and lotti (1637-1712) [34, 37-40] and Cosmo III Grand Duke of Tuscany the election of Leopold as a Cardinal. The surviving apparatus is (1642-1723) whilst he was Hereditary Prince of that state. among the many treasures of the Museo di Storia della Scienza, Flo - In the seventeenth century some Italian scientists appeared to have rence. Magalotti made two visits to England [4, 6, 34, 38-40], the first enjoyed a higher reputation in England than they did in Italy [41], due at in the company of Paolo Falconieri (1623-1697) in February-March least in part to the opposition of some, but not all, Jesuit letterati and 1668 when he met Oldenburg, attended a meeting of the Royal Soci - scientists to accept the challenge posed by the new atomistic science ety, then visited Boyle in Oxford and spent ten hours with him. During [42, 43]. For example, Daniello Bartoli (1608-1685) accepted Boyle’s this time Boyle showed him several experiments, some connected with experimental data but not always his explanations, for instance Boyle’s air pressure, others concerning the changes of colour produced by thesis that ice resulted from water as the atoms slowed their motion, mixing of different liquids. Magalotti was in England again, in 1669, at
138 Giugno ‘11 b So ur Ubal Th ge Bo g, ci Sl i b e ms ety M ea c din yl e’s th ng s w fi ro ss ag a w rst t e he re M o to re he 16 68 by , (fl da im r ag a s cor b th lo tt i c Ital Magal 166 8, n .165- of al y d he mi p th e te er e I an d ia ut e a lore ad ds nbu of ia lo tt i c th ft Tha ry he O not of w an n e a e vis i in se a t ld ro t ca l re r tt Mr . [59 ] ott hos be ’ rg, [ fo r D h to s y be 16 le tt 32( t r ap p Ma d en b vea li Boy l is ib ou ng 16( c e e fe l we id e i, tw et te r a t sp uti on. be e Bo yl who wi S rror er , i er O a)] h el gal n of 13 ct iv in 7) tha not ea r l ur g me een ir to av hi fr n ite ecti th ou e f very Lo nd o ), hav te , or D om (30 th a s c Sa el l ott t s, hi it ing J he w it i ha t e bu t 58] t as re omp ur s aft er be f imp ai o ectd une of the r bed in s es on le he t ords t e w e Boy le mu e It i ia in hre sts t ra ing t sure t w Ol d Boy te not po rt e l re l fol i . of freq it eft the hi n “ i has or e onl a of a s s ine ea my Boy tle a I n was m ( r n tur as aut s ch 1 e 2 ee “O rupt very Mag nd ge kno ha v for m in os) vi r gr es th i l en b o ma 6 an 1/ a de Lon do k a y le uen t d si an cel th Mo t s to hi m [6 h r i nd 72 ne l hei r r hor e na m ea t ng d ntlenes and le h com mon, so it it one on ece n im i pu bl i t “ e b e not to 1] n ed w t e, gnani d o ‘ 1/67), ur g, yo tw does e vi al t ha h , er the wa w S rl a y ha t c , n kept O bra shi p g beh ly hi si e a ag ot [3 hi m Ma Ita l i opr a of fr ie n as ell f o u n e o an only iv t rie n by nd ” Ma n xf o Je about t l s a s r uld et 2(e) t bee h t ca woul en ai e ly , ma t i’ an d 11 t Royal Magalo y or “M a my be ga mous he no b s re ed a s ” s n t not but n i rd l ga e a ti nte of d st M ds reat f uit b a ew fir s tow l [3 2( d ]. Ro not [3 2( c) ]. n r on h hi ke ca lo i c r. t t t mont No ve m ee gi hea o ag s hre Mr lo of at e d deta y mos t ont , e hip co t t m of tt th a p nal r ort Bo yl e him el l ous he e t us has ma xt re Dav n h, tt sc me was i not rom on a d al . i t th e Society e say charit v n nv hi e m i. d re le tt er s a , rds tt ro Gra nd er )] . Boy l sho e i c hi h ot g s rib e h so hs t ano nt oe s of whi ile date n i hapt ent I he a r” ad ert [37, ho it for ve bi m id th e is M n s sig h m merit t wa Co ise Ol de nb ur g r ti m be r On s i wa c d so . propsed eve r om s to all nd “ t i g fr wn st [5 aga l he fel t uc s rs urs om ed, a fr at d he pa ce ch Abe e’s Gra y During th at ny A o o om m r a ac not s l . iend a 7 [ e e hi d er or i yo ur s ie 41, Eng la hol c ne t t t muc 32 of let ter v e h fo r 16 68 mm He rag ye ow po y o mou s for ]. 23 D 1 s t was end a et tha t m e co of to an co r r m [ s but ak vi si ti n ott i nd dai ee gi rcr 6 6 n etu r e de as im ade hu mb o cco rd r uke r (k B Mag a his c ic, I ar a m e e y poi nt rt 67 s 3] uc sh 4 f de ar Mr . all nst rain e my n d rap u is ien Eng land en li djo oyl e swa r )]. li La h ering Se ms t ped om ed se rv a live 2]. ly e v S qu gi nt To or t nd go or thi s thi ds w r the be hum con s hen c an d i to h / e m ho st a C nce . ea w o in p ad hi ag 8 t tif o Ferd So pt em be r y h tra c g ine e b as n il a se nt i Bo yl e ur” f ent g mor ou Mag a s il by ne r o Th ia on ly fr s e o le ing , s se’ t l ll o lo so wi m iment rr i s y hi i act prais che l his it Old e miso of gi c (c) ive o no o no d , om f tha Lo nd on of n poi nt “ aut hor to i has period e qui me w re ad d tti nt …. ” t d il re sp ec ts , s c i nt w O ent To va l vi rt ue s is e w th i n e ly whi thi t o la [60 ]. ity der Bo m [6 es new in [5 a ne d he to t di us e t ed a w t n [ n o lde d a con futi ng f ho Roya d a ne ws o t 32 Pro te t to and con tact cle me fo r te S m . hi co yet it 2 , ve an Oxf o an Boyl s eighbour, ” C he na 2 r ffer lot ti ays. ha nbu rg, t e io is Co no I befo o the y W ar o U the i un . He Fab r fever o c r Bo ed ]. n r f s ]. y ye o fac i sh al w arlo as “I (g n o or t f yo vist n n n kes nde Boy le “ h of ar s d ba On g t e i in t tes tant al i r wri te th e A Ro th n T - f T e s u g i w un wor ds [3 2( dert 16 70 , i Bo unt to of e Boyl Bo i s )] nt , l be g a out yle r n hi Q l g is e he reli c ung, see t lis Boy le nc he ral favo e of the hes r r an acomp and M ma C this h He . fr er B ldi r el hey bo g he of ec d” th e tha n o be at ” l de los t o e bert s t d ua is the om yle bu an 1 fr o Bo yle o full to o a no t [56, l r. ni h an t e, l ( b) gi b ni [3 i a U I te to 26 o be bs I 15 w rmo n unt fr speech, F ut nd yle int erm e bo ms of l tal o vers o be an s duc N to and spe w yo u l en Jun and k bo ur d ous rsting , it re m ived ] bal w wise l o 2( ’s f yl the d e” u f mpt but ith or Boy l . na ha 1 en a of h visited of ew a con tact il tra ct y his erva ing / a ia ye m aga a eve r ye c ok r d Ol fo as to e said hi cei In 6 M ce i)] 1 a cqua M i ug 57]. e o w i En t nd me har acte r i h a aks [ n , U di ed m t d e n d 6 d r 1 No s af m Ol 3 . r n “I acq b d f o anyig el , ye diffe ren s ave non e ay , r Lat of e Experi ing Ro the s he hol d 2 act i 1 ba / lif e- vd ni 2 e G o ti ht el A e a i th or fa enb yr w ra a g ef ti 1 a le i ho n inc igion d tyed 4 n te a ne (h Pap i if tha t bl - w ye s nd fr ’s on lis e y of fr 6 a as e bil nce Fre - had is nt ar fects ldi Dur in I y” n li m g ine , uir ol whic by a t la o n r and lo yr )]. S om 67 on as ema C w no he t , lon ye ali e, e s h constitution t o las t nd r urg m . tl ity, an To him o ogi t ni; the s o ep l anc [ n e . iv 6 virtuous evr ed e o 9(d nch ema [3 Boyl i it Let an t, A men s st ) ; t the in vis few it g m l towar ds a V s t De g , i d ed ce h was t wne Robe l gi o man tr l in A te nd 2( k h ers , Af wi wi a cal sat of at but g n . rmo I i l laste i exci s po : t t e let s e an p ) il on it dea a ug nd te he Tra , am, r m scrip mb 1 j i er, fa is t an l th )] o t, o n i art this co ffai e, i bein c ts - n o t a so fo 2 i w rta te r. I . s on f , a rs . u be ou at i y r nd no con w met rs te often ns I la d w hi rt l wh had 3 il r Tus l r er co th s s, hi and d r, Ag Bu U rs n Febru no nt as gentl t …” I to 0 te sh ye s espo ch rtesy s w a tio I o s w se g ba So lat e be ye ta , I God, ye t r as C mo 16 1 o a f t - S er hin ho Wo c so do al and to es l n sa t so 6 a at co mo in, ye io osm - my ldi as e O ept ut an he w s I [3 Pri p sen 6 6 fa w e e unt o , n k ub bserva po ary y m nde sa m le t ati hw ni r O nd ha 5, 5 2 no Bo y, H - h , f kdiar st yt r as a nte e sub , so (f)] a anusc ms ust t x Hi t no o ve ist t e nde t mb hat a as d co he bou a t t w fo him, e f pa yle’ mo di yea nc nce o a ro pea w . o 1 e s l i rs a ory t nvet r be c la r rs t jec s O , ver 6 t nt d t o het to nd d, rave m ies I wa er rt desi ho o I e Flo ti u h nce j t m s te spea r te t ust ld f have r io T C v ribut ry e t nk no own a ault 6 t ript br t ho be wh th o it 1 as w a unm he o se O enb he s n to o n rs la t r /7, [3 pr o abo i “ f 6 o tt o ent es no le e t d wn re he e ed xfo o g H bac f ug te To he C 65, e be 1 d r om ot a di ks i nc lu si yt ind f o io ca It t if d n i e w i rs t ]. w ol urg t he r, a n nst be I wh indf ine “ o e yo i a s l l ht s ut r uch e r n n Co a tw be d t hic I e d, th , ne sha r u d st So l i c k he m st ica y n “ i thr rg b ea 1 S he yo n It se ur a h o T fir r b ic (A it Uba e e udie i fr has fo e r ant an n e u ld s al ul wh t n h ave e ura he E “ m - ep y d he t di ou om Feb st h u La t c - s l Th d no pri mu co o r l y e uro fa n a abl w e e r he e vers ma . Ital g re d g int o e lie er be n r o x i t Int gh ti g l vo a s, s pro be er l, t - r di h ive on s I t ive Bo f of t f ne lt rua vo e wi a e e s pe en d, in Ital o e esp f lik g pa h ian, i n e ni i ima i ur ry fa 16 s it t w ye ue i t c th y sel yl in l c nd ” e m t n ve o La 10 , Ed a Ita r i c t rts, ian onse th c s t o e y o l 67 w o Hen o o to y e se e al ti a disce n Count yte d L no it n lia f t n a it er o n B i ur t A a v e re , on t hi ) g o ion - h n C r an er nd d o ug n; e I t Ge o ua , b ge , nt i a - w ry g s c o yl . y don… un s e ‘ti s d o d i a o T as unt e’ ne r v e ge u c but ntl t y f Ol O s n f he u st e o , wh d st o s oun go - l s, th Si de em n a de m a a t 1 s i a n he b t o i o e g e g 65 em ” n e t n y d nbur me d er nr od an e ha in i bu in nt Royal d, in, e p t , v e di e st rg. or of - r m re g. c es or ar in a i st d ts l y Soci an to an I ori tali d l d ate gin ety, an h hi i gh gh ate i n i i nte ts l re ga r i d r f ega e, me ll i n e vi c hi m r a tu d d o n g u i G s be con al f in “ or Gr s rs wh tac ha m an [ 1] a i ve ch d 11 ‘ ts ny , vi T an be Boyl our si It a - d en 139 l ” i a e n FLASHBACK FLASHBACK PAGINE DI STORIA
References and footnotes subjoined to “The Sceptical Chemist…” [Second edition], [1] A. Cook, “Rome and the Royal Society, 1660-1740”, H. Hall for R. Davis, B. Took, London, 1680. Fulton 34. Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond., 2004, 58 , 3. Works [13], 9, pp. 19. [2] T. Birch, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle”, [20] R.E.W. Maddison, “A Tentative Index of the Correspondence A. Millar, London, 1744. of the Honourable Robert Boyle”, Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond., [3] T. Birch (Ed.), “The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. 1958, 13 , 128. In Five Volumes. To which is prefixed a Life of the Author”, [21] “Directions for Sea-men, bound for far Voyages”, Phil. Trans., A. Miller, London, 1744; “…in Six Volumes. A New Edition”, 1665-1666, 1, 140. J. and F. Rivington et al ., London, 1772; Fulton 240, 241. [22] M. Hunter, “Robert Boyle and the early Royal Society: [4] R.E.W. Maddison, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle a reciprocal exchange in the making of Baconian Science”, F.R.S.”, Taylor and Francis, London, 1961, (a) p. 1; (b) p. 198. Brit. J. Hist. Sc., 2007, 40 , 1. [5] M. Hunter, “Robert Boyle by Himself and his Friends with a [23] R. Boyle, “Memoirs for the Natural History of Human fragment of William Wotton’s lost Life of Boyle ”, W. Pickering, Blood…..”, S. Smith, London, 1684. Fulton 146. Works [13], London, 1994. 10 , pp. 3-97. [6] M. Hunter, “Boyle: Between God and Science”, [24] R. Boyle, “Short Memoirs for the Natural and Experimental Yale University Press, New Haven, 2009, see pp. 43-56. History of Mineral Waters….”, S. Smith, London, [7] R.E.W. Maddison, “Studies in the Life of Robert Boyle, F.R.S. 1685. Fulton 159.Works [13], 10 , pp. 205-250. Part VII. The Grand Tour”, Notes and Records, 1965, 20 , 51. [25] M. Hunter (Ed.), “Robert Boyle’s ‘Heads’ and ‘Inquiries’”, [8] L.M. Principe, “Newly discovered Boyle documents in the Robert Boyle Project, Occasional Paper No. 1, 2005, pp. 1-37. Royal Society Archive: Alchemical tracts and his student [26] “General Heads for a Natural History of a Country, Great notebook”, Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond., 1995, 49 , 57. or Small [...] imparted by Mr. Boyle”, Phil. Trans., 1665-1666, [9] M. Hunter, “The Boyle Papers: Understanding the Manuscripts 1, 186. Fulton 210. Works [13], 5, pp. 508-511. of Robert Boyle”, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2007, (a) p. 519; [27] R. Boyle, “Other Inquiries concerning the Sea”, Phil. Trans., (b) p. 513; (c) p. 71; (d) p. 337. 1665-1666, 1. Fulton 211. Works [13], 5, 527-528. [10] [R. Boyle], “Occasional Reflections Upon Several Subjects”, [28] R. Boyle, “Articles of Inquiries touching Mines”, Phil. Trans., W. Wilson for H. Herringman, London, 1665. Fulton 64. 1665-1666, 1, 330. Fulton 210. Works [13], 5, pp. 529-540. Works [13], 5, 3. [29] R. Boyle, “General Heads for the Natural History of a Country, [11] H.A. Feisenberger, “The Libraries of Newton, Hooke and Great or Small, …”, J. Taylor and S. Holford, London, (1692). Boyle”, Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond., 1965, 21 , 42. Fulton 195. [12] J.F. Fulton, “A Bibliography of the Honourable Robert [30] R. Boyle, “Generalia Capita pro Historia Naturali Regionum Boyle Fellow of the Royal Society”, Second edition, Majorum vel Minorvm……” , S. De Tournes, Genevæ, (1696). Clarendon Press,Oxford, 1961, (a) p. iv. Fulton 196. [13] J.T. Harwood (Ed. and annotated), “The Early Essays [31] “The Workdiaries of Robert Boyle”. These have been published and Ethics of Robert Boyle”, Southern Illinois University Press, in digital and edited formats by A. H. R. B. Centre for Editing Carbonsdale, 1991, p. 249. Lives and Letters, CEELL, and are available at
140 Giugno ‘11 [4 [4 [4 [3 [3 [4 [3 [4 [3 [3 [4 [3 [4 [4 [4 [3 [3 [4 [5 7 6 8 2 3 2 9 0 5 4 3 8 1 5 4 7 6 9 0 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] W.E Lon Ac tio 196 of A. (j) 1 and R.EW M. 197 te M. p (a) and Sci S. No Dict L. (g) C E. Ne F.RS R.EW No F.RS th R.EW J. Un R.D No M.B 193 M. Ro B D. and W.E A J. Ro Ro L. (165 te L. 48 en en Ca Bo Bo e R. Góm Vol n He iv ma, ya ya Yw o tes tes tes enc Vol C C Be d., m Wo 53 Jes 1. 5- (d ; 7, adem .K .K ubr . Ren ona er th th- E of . och 7- arto avz avz H l l Wa . P . P . nry sc sc mp Ha 15
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i Post- s, Cime n Del 67-1 N et s. la the e 0, V(f) o Sc ”, sin Sa is , , 197, p. , Organis The nce: 437;
ot Sevnthe in y F Oxfor s 1976 1980, For 197 Ita 13 espond o dy i gi” Pre P , p b es i., ore Baltimore,, 53 in phy 795”, the and na Lifethe of unts ne Studies,lian , 15 ies, 54 p.
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n nger, at “ tha cor ectly Lond, yle 1684. lor, Try Th uscany: pa this g and g exprimnts oli igeln T European ore the of Pres, Hopkins to Florenc: Hi i Boyle’of cor esp s the of s” Magloti renzo n (1627-9 . 16 Firenz, chin, Lond, 1 p.10- , Englished Italin, Vin is it of portai sto Proc. Chemistry”, Dor2 drecht, , th Cosm , 2 Beach, Lo Should Protesan Mawmn J. p n was It Inst.,Courtald im the of ry uvai Air Bertom J.R in lines F 165. 14-30 . Ro Princpe M. f Physico-Meanl, ents the ring Observation and “Neighbours (Eds.), erhiglts givn , 168 H. …”, Fate Scien Contex”, the to n yal 9 olume 1687. the 208, -laneuv, 18, made The 1): Inter or is whic Robert di is letr This 09. listed ot of History e Thir d, e his Society ”, th on ulton Nel’Acadmi Italin Thermot 07. Baltimo 1. King of reign Lond, , Robert Honurable ilfr W Hal, Fran hignes Court the at in now ondec…” the in faces “ the of “The (Eds.), “ of authorsip 67. of Them e 70. the i R. by Th D. eu-Sanchz, ” d Libr Angeli co 6 Manuscript 1982, of Duke Grand Oxford, by meoir a prefixd 4 in , Boyle UniverstyLaurie t Tnot Papist. n ur h p. 196, re, . Works Academi [12].Madison pr esrvd not Academi the Conf. Int. and Touching 182. Papers”,Boyle W MilarA. vols, , 11 ‘ o n g u i G 45 Tand eritos: letrthe of tardo nel History 273-81.p. aler, Us its and theCharles 160. of , thiry-ne [13], Life A 271. Religon Charles in cademi Protes Hist. the and 38. s.r.l Boyle 4 thein , p. e ., , or
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