Biodiversity and Phylogeny of Myxosporean Parasites (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) Infecting Fish and Annelids in Portuguese Estuaries Sónia Rocha

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Biodiversity and Phylogeny of Myxosporean Parasites (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) Infecting Fish and Annelids in Portuguese Estuaries Sónia Rocha fish infecting myxosporean of estuaries Myxozoa) ortuguese phylogeny P in and (Cnidaria, Rocha annelids BIOMÉDICAS 9 01 2 DOUTORAMENTO CIÊNCIAS Biodiversity parasites and Sónia D Biodiversity and phylogeny of myxosporean parasites Sónia Rocha. .ICBAS (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) infecting fish and annelids in Portuguese estuaries D 2019 Biodiversity and phylogeny of myxosporean parasites (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) infecting fish and annelids in Portuguese estuaries Sónia Rocha INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOMÉDICAS ABEL SALAZAR SÓNIA RAQUEL OLIVEIRA ROCHA BIODIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF MYXOSPOREAN PARASITES (CNIDARIA, MYXOZOA) INFECTING FISH AND ANNELIDS IN PORTUGUESE ESTUARIES Tese de Candidatura ao grau de Doutor em Ciências Biomédicas, submetida ao Instituto de Ciências Biomé- dicas de Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto. Instituição de acolhimento – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto Orientador – Doutora Graça Maria Figueiredo Casal Categoria – Professora Auxiliar Afiliação – Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde - CESPU Coorientador – Doutor Carlos José Correia de Azevedo Categoria – Professor Catedrático Jubilado Afiliação – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto Coorientador – Doutor Pedro Nuno Simões Rodrigues Categoria – Professor Associado com Agregação Afiliação – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto Esta tese é dedicada ao meu querido pai José Rocha, ao meu avô António Oliveira e à minha sogra Angelina Oliveira. É na memória do vosso amor e da vossa força que encontro a inspiração para viver plenamente a minha vida. Agradecimentos Entre doutorandas, por vezes ouvi dizer que elaborar uma tese de doutoramento é mais difícil do que ter um filho. Tendo a experiência de ambos posso afirmar que, de igual forma, é necessária a colaboração de uma autêntica “aldeia” para que o esforço seja bem-sucedido e os objetivos propostos alcançados. Como tal, não posso deixar de agradecer a todos que, de forma direta ou indireta, me apoiaram e motivaram nesta jornada. À minha orientadora, Professora Doutora Graça Casal, pela orientação e confiança que deposita no meu trabalho, e pela liberdade que me concedeu na tomada de decisões, permitindo-me evoluir como profissional. Ao meu co-orientador, Professor Catedrático Jubilado Carlos Azevedo, por me contagiar com o seu gosto e entusiasmo inigualável pela parasitologia. Obrigada pela disponibilidade e confiança com que me recebeu. Obrigada por todo o apoio, conselhos sábios e carinho com que me brindou ao longo dos últimos quase 10 anos. Ao meu co-orientador, Professor Doutor Pedro Rodrigues, por ter aceite co-orientar o meu projeto de doutoramento. Obrigada pelas correções e sugestões que contribuíram para a elaboração desta tese. Ao Professor Doutor Alexandre Lobo da Cunha e Professor Doutor Eduardo Rocha, que não sendo meus orientadores, me orientaram e apoiaram sempre que possível. Muito obrigada pela amabilidade com que me receberam, deixando que eu fizesse do Departamento de Microscopia uma segunda casa. Ao Professor Doutor Carlos Antunes e restantes membros do Aquamuseu do Rio Minho, pelo esforço incansável na coleta de peixe e oligoquetas do Rio Minho, sem o qual não teria sido possível realizar a maior parte do trabalho integrante desta tese. À Professora Doutora Maria João Santos, pela sua simpatia e boa-vontade em auxiliar- me sempre que necessário, mesmo em questões de última hora. Ao meu colega, Doutor Luís Filipe Rangel, pelo auxílio prestado e pelas longas conversas telefónicas que, em várias ocasiões, me ajudaram a decidir aspetos cruciais da minha tese. À Ângela, por todas as horas que dispensou comigo em viagens, amostragens, processamentos, e tantas mais tarefas que nem consigo enumerar. Digo, e não tenho dúvidas, que sem ti jamais teria conseguido terminar esta tese. Por isso, parabéns a nós duas! À Elsa, por ser uma segunda mãe para mim, sempre disponível a ajudar-me e, mais importante, a dar-me conselhos que considero valiosos e que tenho a certeza me serão úteis por toda a vida. Obrigada pela preciosa ajuda nos processamentos e nos cortes infindáveis, os quais tantas vezes foram frustrados, mas que sempre me ajudou a percepcionar com positivismo. v À Célia, por todo o apoio que me dá nas mais diversas “frentes” da minha vida, por seres uma excelente profissional e colega de trabalho, e acima de tudo por seres uma amiga inestimável. Obrigada por me ouvires e por estares sempre presente quando preciso. À Fernanda, minha companheira de viagens, por ser essa luz brilhante cheia de vida que me animou em tantas ocasiões, dando-me força para continuar, mesmo quando a “coisa estava preta”. À Cláudia, pelas sessões de fotos das tainhas e por todos os momentos de descontração em que nos rimos de tudo e de nada. À Rute, pela pessoa generosa que é, tendo-se sempre prontificado a auxiliar no que fosse necessário, mesmo não tendo tempo para executar as suas próprias tarefas, e mesmo não tendo ido ainda de lua-de-mel. À Ana Paula, pelas horas passadas à “cata da minhoca”, sempre com uma boa- disposição capaz de transformar horas verdadeiramente fastidiosas em momentos de diversão. À Paula, por funcionar como um EndNote orgânico e pela sua infindável boa vontade em ajudar, mesmo nas tarefas mais ingratas. À Susana, Ana Maria, Raquel, Tânia, Maria João, David e Tito, por todos os momentos em que, de uma forma ou de outra, me ajudaram e permitiram que desabafasse com eles as minhas frustrações, tendo recebido em resposta um positivismo revigorante. A toda a minha família e amigos, pelo apoio incondicional que me dão em todos os aspetos da minha vida, e por aturarem todos os meus problemas, alguns mais objetivos, outros simplesmente existenciais. À minha mãe, por ser uma força da vida e me ensinar que o caminho se faz sempre para a frente. Os meus sucessos são também o produto daquilo em que me moldaste. Obrigada pelas incontáveis vezes que tiveste que tomar conta do teu amado netinho para que eu pudesse ficar a trabalhar até mais tarde, ou pudesse estar “agarrada” horas a fio a um computador. Ao Miguel, por ser o meu maior pilar em tudo. Obrigada pelas revisões, pelos esquemas, pelas medidas, pelas planches, pelas formatações, pelas horas, pela vida que dedicas a mim e à nossa pequena família. Sem ti eu não teria terminado esta tese, sem ti eu não reconheceria a minha vida, sem ti eu já não seria eu. E ao meu Afonso José, que não me ajudou em nada na tese, só dificultou, mas a quem eu amo mais do que tudo na minha vida. És a minha luz e razão de fazer mais e ir mais além. vi Financial support The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” - FCT (Lisbon, Portugal) within the scope of the Ph.D. fellowship grant attributed to S. Rocha (SFRH/BD/92661/2013) through the programme QREN-POPH/FSE; as well as the Engº António de Almeida Foundation (Porto, Portugal). vii Publications According to the relevant national legislation, the author declares that this thesis includes data that as either been published or is currently submitted for publication. As a doctoral candidate, the author was responsible for the scientific design and execution of the experimental work, the analysis and interpretation of data and writing of the original papers indicated below. Rocha, S., Casal, G., Rangel, L., Castro, R., Severino, R., Azevedo, C. and Santos, M.J. (2015). Ultrastructure and phylogeny of Ceratomyxa auratae n. sp. (Myxosporea: Ceratomyxidae), a parasite infecting the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata (Teleostei: Sparidae). Parasitology International 64, 305‒313. doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.04.002 Rocha, S., Rangel, L.F., Castro, R., Severino, R., Azevedo, C., Santos, M.J. and Casal, G. (2016). Ultrastructure and phylogeny of Ceratomyxa diplodae (Myxosporea: Ceratomyxidae), from gall bladder of European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 121, 117‒128. doi: 10.3354/dao03049 Rocha, S., Rangel, L.F., Castro, R., Severino, R., Azevedo, C., Santos, M.J. and Casal, G. (2019). The potential role of the sphaeractinomyxon collective group (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) in the life cycle of mugiliform-infecting myxobolids, with the morphological and molecular description of three new types from the oligochaete Tubificoides insularis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 160,33‒42. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.12.001 Rocha, S., Azevedo, C., Oliveira, E., Alves, Â., Antunes, C., Rodrigues, P. and Casal, G. (2019). Phylogeny and comprehensive revision of mugiliform-infecting myxobolids (Myxozoa, Myxobolidae), with the morphological and molecular redescription of the cryptic species Myxobolus exiguus. Parasitology 146, 479‒496. doi: 10.1017/s0031182018001671 Rocha, S., Alves, Â., Fernandes, P., Antunes, C., Azevedo, C. and Casal, G. (2019). Description of a new actinosporean prompts union of the raabeia and echinactinomyxon collective groups (Cnidaria, Myxozoa), due to overlap in actinospore morphology. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms (In Press) Rocha, S., Alves, Â., Antunes, C., Azevedo, C. and Casal, G. (2019). Molecular data infers the involvement of a marine aurantiactinomyxon in the life cycle of the myxosporean parasite Paramyxidium giardi (Cnidaria, Myxozoa). Parasitology (In Press) ix Rocha, S., Alves, Â., Antunes, C., Fernandes, P., Azevedo, C. and Casal, G. (2019). Characterization of sphaeractinomyxon types (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) from marine and freshwater oligochaetes in a Portuguese estuary, with the demise of the
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