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Small and Beautiful the ICT Success of Finland & Sweden

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Small and Beautiful the ICT Success of Finland & Sweden VINNOVA ANALYSIS VA 2015:06 Small and beautiful The ICT success of Finland & Sweden Eric Giertz, Annika Rickne & Petri Rouvinen Title: Small and beautiful - The ICT success of Finland & Sweden Author: Eric Giertz, Annika Rickne & Petri Rouvinen Jyrki Ali-Yrkkö, Niklas Arvidsson. Anders Broström, Magnus Gens, Fredrik Johansson, Annu Kotiranta, Sven Lindmark, Monia Lougui, Juri Mattila, Mika Pajarinen, Bryan Pon, Timo Seppälä, Kent Thorén & Pekka Ylä-Anttila Series: VINNOVA Analysis VA 2015:06 ISBN: 978-91-87537-33-2 ISSN: 1651-355X Published: October 2015 Publisher: VINNOVA - Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems / Verket för Innovationssystem VINNOVA - develops Sweden´s innovation capacity for sustainable growth VINNOVA is Sweden’s innovation agency. Our mission is to promote sustainable growth by improving the conditions for innovation, as well as funding needs-driven research. VINNOVA’s vision is for Sweden to be a world-leading country in research and innovation, an attractive place in which to invest and conduct business. We promote collaborations between companies, universities, research institutes and the public sector. We do this by stimulating a greater use of research, by making long-term investment in strong research and innovation milieus and by developing catalytic meeting places. VINNOVA’s activities also focus on strengthening international cooperation. In order to increase our impact, we are also dedicated to interacting with other research financiers and innovation-promoting organisations. Every year VINNOVA invests about SEK 2.7 billion in various initiatives. VINNOVA is a Swedish government agency working under the Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications and acts as the national contact agency for the EU Framework Programme for R&D. We are also the Swedish government’s expert agency within the field of innovation policy. VINNOVA was founded in January 2001. About 200 people work here and we have offices in Stockholm and Brussels. Our Director General is Charlotte Brogren. TheVINNOVA Analysis series includes publications of studies, analyses, official reports and evaluations that have been produced or commissioned by VINNOVA´s Operational Development Division. VINNOVA´s publications are published at www.VINNOVA.se Small and beautiful The ICT success of Finland & Sweden ERIC GIERTZ, ANNIKA RICKNE AND PETRI ROUVINEN JYRKI ALI-YRKKÖ, NIKLAS ARVIDSSON, ANDERS BROSTRÖM, MAGNUS GENS, FREDRIK JOHANSSON, ANNU KOTIRANTA, SVEN LINDMARK, MONIA LOUGUI, JURI MATTILA, MIKA PAJARINEN, BRYAN PON, TIMO SEPPÄLÄ, KENT THORÉN AND PEKKA YLÄ-ANTTILA 2 Table of contents Preface _____________________________________________________________________ 7 Executive summary __________________________________________________________ 9 List of contributors _________________________________________________________ 13 1 Finland and Sweden – Small, knowledge intensive nations ____________________ 15 1.1 Beyond the “golden era” in Nordic ICT .................................................................... 15 1.2 New competitive landscape in ICT .......................................................................... 16 1.3 Past, present, and future of Nordic ICT ................................................................... 16 1.4 Finnish and Swedish national innovation systems .................................................. 17 1.5 ICT in national innovation systems .......................................................................... 18 1.6 Nordic ICT at crossroads ......................................................................................... 20 2 Dynamics of the global telecom sector – the telecom equipment supplier industry 21 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 21 2.2 Point of the departure: The telecom industry in the 1980s ...................................... 22 2.3 Trends affecting the sector ...................................................................................... 25 2.4 Dynamics of telecom equipment suppliers industry (1980s-2015).......................... 27 2.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 36 3 A comparison of the Finnish and the Swedish ICT sector _____________________ 38 3.1 A global view on ICT provision and use .................................................................. 38 3.2 Definition .................................................................................................................. 40 3.3 Industry trends ......................................................................................................... 40 3.4 Industry characteristics in more detail ..................................................................... 43 3.5 Dynamics of the ICT sector since 2008 ................................................................... 45 3.6 Recent global developments in ICT ........................................................................ 47 3.7 Main observations ................................................................................................... 49 4 The historical evolution of the Finnish ICT sector ____________________________ 51 4.1 A rocky ride .............................................................................................................. 51 4.2 Decisive role of regulation and competition ............................................................. 52 4.3 Knowledge complementarities and collaboration .................................................... 53 4.4 Public-private linkages ............................................................................................. 56 4.5 Towards more diverse sectoral structure ................................................................ 57 4.6 A summary of factors behind the Finnish ICT boom ............................................... 58 4.7 The way forward ...................................................................................................... 60 5 Understanding the Swedish saga through an historical exposé ________________ 62 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 62 5.2 1850-1920 Liberal reforms, industrialization and entrepreneurship ........................ 62 5.3 1920-1970 Consolidation, centralization and corporatism ...................................... 64 5.4 1970-1990 Confrontation, stagnation, crises and a turnaround .............................. 74 5.5 1990-2005 Hunting for economic growth in a global market ................................... 86 3 6 The Finnish ICT sector today _____________________________________________ 96 6.1 ICT companies in Finland ........................................................................................ 96 6.2 Largest ICT firms by subsector.............................................................................. 101 6.3 Remarks ................................................................................................................ 105 7 The Swedish ICT sector today ___________________________________________ 106 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 106 7.2 Hardware companies within the ICT sector ........................................................... 108 7.3 Software & net services ......................................................................................... 112 7.4 Maintenance & computer operations ..................................................................... 114 7.5 ICT Consultancy Companies ................................................................................. 116 7.6 An extreme concentration to the Stockholm region............................................... 119 8 Nordic gaming ________________________________________________________ 122 8.1 Setting the scene ................................................................................................... 122 8.2 Definition, structure and history of the sector ........................................................ 122 8.3 Nordic Video Games ............................................................................................. 124 8.4 Finnish and Swedish success in mobile gaming apps .......................................... 128 8.5 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................... 129 9 The Swedish game development sector ___________________________________ 131 9.1 The Current Video Game Industry......................................................................... 131 9.2 Sweden’s performance and position ..................................................................... 133 9.3 Drivers of success in the video game industry ...................................................... 135 9.4 Innovation system circumstances that influence KSF ........................................... 138 9.5 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................... 145 10 Mergers and acquisitions in the coming-to-age phase of the Swedish ICT services industry ______________________________________________________________ 147 10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 147 10.2 M&As over the industrial life cycle
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