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Home , Azores Plateau, Manihiki Plateau, Ontong Java Plateau, Shatsky Rise

The Origin, Evolution, and Environmental Impact of Oceanic Large Igneous Provinces

edited by

Clive R. Neal Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences 156 Fitzpatrick Hall University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA

William W. Sager Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Houston Houston, Texas 77204-5007 USA

Takashi Sano Department of Geology and Paleontology National Museum of Nature and Science Tsukuba 305-0005 Japan

Elisabetta Erba Department of Earth Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milan Italy

Special Paper 511 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140 Boulder, Colorado 80301-9140, USA 2015

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/961737/spe511-00.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 Copyright © 2015, The Geological Society of America (GSA), Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright is not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in other subsequent works and to make unlimited photocopies of items in this volume for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science. Permission is also granted to authors to post the abstracts only of their articles on their own or their organization’s Web site providing that the posting cites the GSA publication in which the material appears and the citation includes the address line: “Geological Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140 USA (http://www.geosociety.org),” and also providing that the abstract as posted is identical to that which appears in the GSA publication. In addition, an author has the right to use his or her article or a portion of the article in a thesis or dissertation without requesting permission from GSA, provided that the bibliographic citation and the GSA copyright credit line are given on the appropriate pages. For any other form of capture, reproduction, and/or distribution of any item in this volume by any means, contact Permissions, GSA, 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, Colorado 80301-9140, USA; fax +1-303-357-1073; [email protected]. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society.

Published by The Geological Society of America, Inc. 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, Colorado 80301-9140, USA www.geosociety.org

Printed in U.S.A.

GSA Books Science Editors: Kent Condie and Richard A. “Skip” Davis, Jr.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The origin, evolution, and environmental impact of oceanic large igneous provinces / edited by Clive R. Neal, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana [and three others]. pages cm. — (Geological Society of America special paper ; 511) Summary: “Gathers together papers focused on understanding oceanic large igneous provinces from their origin and evolution to environmental impacts. Research presented has made extensive use of dredge samples and cores collected by scientific ocean drilling. Samples from terrestrial sequences are also integrated into understanding global environmental consequences of oceanic LIPs”— Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8137-2511-6 (pbk.) 1. Igneous rocks. 2. Volcanism. 3. Flood . 4. Magmatism. 5. Petrology. I. Neal, Clive R., editor. QE461.O65 2015 552′.10162—dc23 2015010920

Cover: Shaded-relief bathymetry chart of the western Pacific Ocean basin illustrating the many oceanic plateaus in this region. Plot is of the measured and estimated global bathymetry data set (v.17.1) first published in 1997 by W.H.F. Smith and D.T. Sandwell (Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings: Science, v. 277, p. 1956–1962, doi:10.1126/science.277.5334.1956). Warm colors represent shallow depths whereas cool colors denote large depths.

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Dedication ...... v

Introduction ...... vii

PART 1. HAWAII AND THE

1. Petrology, geochemistry, and ages of lavas from Northwest Hawaiian Ridge volcanoes ...... 1 Michael O. Garcia, John R. Smith, Jonathan P. Tree, Dominique Weis, Lauren Harrison, and Brian R. Jicha

2. Geochemical and geochronological constraints on the evolution of the ...... 27 Christoph Beier, Karsten M. Haase, and Wafa Abouchami

PART 2.

3. Noble gas evidence for the presence of recycled material in sources of the Shatsky Rise ...... 57 Takeshi Hanyu, Kenji Shimizu, and Takashi Sano

4. Boron and chlorine contents of basalts from the Shatsky Rise, IODP Expedition 324: Implications for the alteration of oceanic plateaus ...... 69 Masaya Miyoshi, Takashi Sano, Kenji Shimizu, Adélie Delacour, Toshiaki Hasenaka, Yasushi Mori, and Takaaki Fukuoka

5. Reorganization of the Pacific-Izanagi-Farallon in the Late Jurassic: Tectonic events before the formation of the Shatsky Rise ...... 85 Masao Nakanishi, William W. Sager, and Jun Korenaga

6. The Shatsky Rise structure from two-dimensional multichannel seismic reflection profiles and implications for oceanic plateau formation ...... 103 Jinchang Zhang, William W. Sager, and Jun Korenaga

7. Application of the two-dimensional continuous wavelet transforms to imaging of the Shatsky Rise plateau using marine seismic data ...... 127 Au K. Vuong, Jinchang Zhang, Richard L. Gibson, Jr., and William W. Sager

8. Paleomagnetism of igneous rocks from the Shatsky Rise: Implications for paleolatitude and oceanic plateau volcanism ...... 147 William W. Sager, Margaret Pueringer, Claire Carvallo, Masahiro Ooga, Bernard Housen, and Masako Tominaga

9. Lithium isotope evidence for magmatic assimilation of hydrothermally influenced crust beneath oceanic large igneous provinces ...... 173 Takashi Sano and Yoshiro Nishio

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PART 3.

10. Tectonic reconstructions in magnetic quiet zones: Insights from the Greater Ontong Java Plateau ...... 185 Michael T. Chandler, Paul Wessel, and Brian Taylor

11. Topographic expression of the Danger Islands Troughs and implications for the tectonic evolution of the Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean ...... 195 Masao Nakanishi, Yasuyuki Nakamura, Millard F. Coffin, Kaj Hoernle, and Reinhard Werner

12. Homogenization of from the Ontong Java Plateau: Olivine-spinel compositional evidence ...... 221 Takashi Sano

13. Alkalic magmatism in the Lyra Basin: A missing link in the late-stage evolution of the Ontong Java Plateau ...... 233 Kenji Shimizu, Takashi Sano, Maria Luisa G. Tejada, Hironobu Hyodo, Keiko Sato, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Qing Chang, and Masao Nakanishi

14. Isotopic evidence for a link between the Lyra Basin and Ontong Java Plateau ...... 251 Maria Luisa G. Tejada, Kenji Shimizu, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Takeshi Hanyu, Takashi Sano, Masao Nakanishi, Shun’ichi Nakai, Akira Ishikawa, Qing Chang, Takashi Miyazaki, Yuka Hirahara, Toshiro Takahashi, and Ryoko Senda

PART 4. OCEANIC ANOXIC EVENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERTURBATIONS

15. Environmental consequences of Ontong Java Plateau and volcanism . . . . 271 Elisabetta Erba, Robert A. Duncan, Cinzia Bottini, Daniele Tiraboschi, Helmut Weissert, Hugh C. Jenkyns, and Alberto Malinverno

16. Geochemistry of an Aptian bedded chert succession from the deep Pacific basin: New insights into Cretaceous oceanic (OAE) 1a ...... 305 Junichiro Kuroda, Natsuko Ihoriya, Rie S. Hori, Nanako O. Ogawa, Minoru Ikehara, Masaharu Tanimizu, and Naohiko Ohkouchi

17. Intersite discrepancy in the amplitude of marine negative 13C excursion at the onset of early Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a: Reconciliation through Sr isotopic screening of peculiar diagenetic overprint on the Pacific reference section (Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 463) . . . . 329 Atsushi Ando

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/961737/spe511-00.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 Dedication In Memory of John Joseph Mahoney (1952–2012)

On Friday, 23 November 2012, the (LIP) and broader geological communities lost a bastion in our fi elds. John Joseph Mahoney died at the age of 59 after a brief and unexpected illness. John spent his career studying continental fl ood basalts, oceanic plateaus, chains, and mid-ocean ridges. He pursued related research into topics such as the dynamics of mantle melting and the use of geo- neutrinos to understand Earth’s internal radioactivity. He was awarded a Regents’ Medal for Excellence in Research by the University of Hawai‘i in 1995, and with Mike Coffi n (now at the University of Tasmania) established the Large Igneous Provinces Commission of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) in 1993, staying at its helm until 1998. John conducted numer- ous fi eld excursions both on land (e.g., , Tibet, Madagascar, Solomon Islands) and at sea (e.g., Kerguelen Plateau, Shatsky Rise, Ontong Java Plateau, ) to investigate LIPs. Those of us fortunate to have been in the fi eld with John knew him to be as meticulous conducting fi eldwork as he was in the lab! He had a laser-like focus on collecting the proper samples to answer major scientifi c questions. His detailed contributions to our fi eld were many and varied: John published over 100 scientifi c papers, edited four research volumes (see Vanderkluysen and Sheth, 2014, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 84, p. 3–8, doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.12.009), and established and directed one of the best isotope laboratories in the world. John was born on 26 December 1952 and grew up in the Montclair neighborhood of Denver, Colorado. He graduated from George Washington High School in 1971 and then attended the University of Colorado majoring in Molecular Biology. He then went to the University of Montana for a Masters in Geology before

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continuing his education at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, where he received his Ph.D. in Earth Sci- ences in 1984 for his study of Deccan and Rajmahal Traps lavas under the direction of J.D. McDougall. While at Scripps, he met Nancy Hulbirt, who became the love of his life and his wife. After his Ph.D. John undertook a year-long post-doc at the University of Minnesota before taking up a faculty position at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, where he stayed for 26 years. His early retirement in late 2011 came as a surprise to many of us, but John had other interests he wanted to pursue. He aspired to return to the U.S. mainland and spend his time between Montana (his family home after moving from Denver) and San Diego (the childhood home of Nancy). It came as a shock that while making arrangements for his retirement, John was diagnosed with the rare and incurable Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Within a month of diagnosis, John had passed away, and it still seems unreal that he is no longer with us. As many have already stated, John embraced life with optimism tempered by realism. He embodied strength of character, self-reliance, humor, intellectual curiosity, perseverance, and a supernatural patience. His compassion and love of nature were an inspiration to family, friends, colleagues, and students. John will be sorely missed, and we hope this volume will contribute to preserving his scientifi c legacy.

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Geological Society of America Special Paper 511 gathers together papers focused on understand- ing oceanic large igneous provinces (LIPs) from their origin and evolution to environmental impacts. The research presented here has made extensive use of dredge samples (Northwest Hawaiian Ridge—Chapter 1; the Azores Plateau—Chapter 2; the Lyra Basin—Chapters 13 and 14), and cores collected by scientifi c ocean drilling (Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program; Chapters 3, 4, 8, 9, 12, 16, and 17). In addition, samples from terrestrial sequences (Chapters 15 and 16) are also integrated into understanding global environmental consequences of oceanic LIPs. Finally, tectonic modeling of ocean LIP origin and evolution is presented in Chapters 5–7, 10, and 11. This GSA Special Paper represents the fi rst time such a diversity of expertise has been brought to bear on understanding oceanic LIPs. The idea for this volume came from an American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2011 special session devoted to LIP research. As can be seen from the authorship, this project has stimulated scientifi c interest from around the world. These oceanic “supervolcanoes” represent punctuated magmatic events that are in contrast to normal plate tectonic activity on Earth, but may be the norm for other planetary bodies in our Solar System. Understanding the origin, evolution, and environmental impact of oceanic LIPs has implications for understanding how our planet has evolved and can provide analogs for understanding how other planets also evolved. The potential link to life reactions and adaptations makes LIP studies crucial for understanding the role of mantle-derived magmas, rich in biogeochemically important elements, in biota evolution. We hope you fi nd this contribution stimulating and useful.

Clive R. Neal William W. Sager Takashi Sano Elisabetta Erba

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