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INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo­ Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMl films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 Nortfi Z eeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9011202 Middle Mandarin phonology: A study based on Korean data Kim, Yoimgman, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1989 U'M'I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 MIDDLE MANDARIN PHONOLOGY: A Study based on Korean data DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University by Youngman Kim, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee: Approved by F .S . Hsueh T.Y. Li Brian Joseph Dept, of East Langs. & Lita. To My Mother 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe the first and greatest debt of gratitude to Professor F. S. Hsueh for his guidance and encouragement throughout this dissertation research. I am also grateful to the other members of my dissertation committee. Professors Brian Joseph and T. Y. Li, for their suggestions and comments. I wish also to thank Professor Timothy Light for helping me initiate this research. Further acknowledgment is due to the professors, secretaries, and fellow students of the Department of East Asian Languages and literatures for their help and moral support, and especially to Dana Bourgerie for so many things. A special debt of gratitude is extended to Professor S. H. Kang, who graciously sent me valuable source materials and his publications. Most of all, I wish to thank my family for their love, support, and prayers during my graduate studies. Ill VITA January 26, 1951 ............ Born - Seoul, Korea 1977 ......................... B.A., Korea University, Seoul, Korea 1980 ......................... M.A., Dept, of East Asian Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1981-1986 ................ Teaching Associate, Dept, of East Asian Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State University,- Columbus,- Ohio 1986 - 1988 .................. Instructor, East Asian Studies Program,Denison University, Granville, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Chinese Linguistics Studies in Chinese Phonology, Dr. F.S. Hsueh Chinese Syntax, Dr. Timothy Light Chinese Literature, Dr. T.Y. Li General Linguistics, Dr. Brian Joseph IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION . 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii VITA iv LIST OF TABLES viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 1.0 Introduction ............................. 1 1.1 The relation between Mandarin and Pekingese 2 1.2 The background of Chinese historical phonology ............................. 5 1.3 Sources on Chinese historical phonology 7 1.3.1 Phonetic series ........ 8 1.3.2 The rhyme book tradition 9 1.3.3 The rhyme table tradition 12 1.3.4 Transcriptional evidence 17 1.4 The task of the present study .... 19 Notes ..................................... 24 II. THE KOREAN SOURCES OF MANDARIN CHINESE . 28 2.1 The invention of the Korean alphabet 28 2.2 Transcription of Mandarin pronunciation 32 2.2.1 The transcriptional sources . 32 2.2.2 The three types of pronunciation notations ..................... 34 2.3 NoQoltae and Pakt'onosa ................ 38 2.3.1 Introduction .................... 38 2.3.2 A brief review of previous studies . 42 N o t e s ......................................... 50 III. THE PHONOLOGY OF MODERN P E K I N G E S E ............. 54 3.0 Introduction ............................. 54 3.1 The syllable in Chinese ............... 55 3.2 The initial consonants of Modern Pekingese 58 3.3 The finals of Pekingese ............... 63 3.3.1 The m e d i a l s ...................... 63 3.3.2 The e n d i n g s ...................... 68 3.3.3 The vowels ...................... 70 3.4 R-suf fixation ........................... 76 3.5 The tones of Modern Pekingese .......... 78 N o t e s ......................................... 83 IV. THE INITIAL SYSTEM OF MIDDLE MANDA R I N ......... 85 4.1 The letters of Hunmin c h c n a ' u m ......... 85 4.2 The method of pronunciation notation . 86 4.3 The initial consonants of Middle Mandarin 96 4.3.1 Former voiced obstruent initials . 96 4.3.2 Labials ......................... 100 4.3.3 Alveolar and retroflex sibilants . 103 4.3.4 The retroflex initial consonant /r/ 115 4.3.5 Gutturals ....................... 117 4.3.6 Summary ......................... 120 Notes ....................................... 123 V. THE FINAL SYSTEM OF MIDDLE MANDARIN ........ 126 5.0 Introduction ........................... 126 5.1 The rhyme-sets Zhen. Han, Shan, and Xian 138 vi 5.1.1 The Zhen rhyme-set .................. 139 5.1.2 The Shan rhyme-set .................. 146 5.1.3 The Xian rhyme-set .................. 150 5.1.4 The Han r h y m e - s e t .......... 154' 5.2 The rhyme-sets Dona. Gena, and Yang . 160 5.2.1 The Dona rhyme-set .................. 161 5.2.2 The Yana rhyme-set .................. 165 5.2.3 The Gena rhyme-set ........... 173 5.3 The rhyme-sets Pin. Tan, and Y a n ....... 183 5.3.1 The Pin rh y m e - s e t ................184 5.3.2 The Tan and Yan rhyme-sets .... 188 5.4 The rhyme-sets Xiao, vao. and You .... 193 5.5 The rhyme-sets Ge, Ma, and Z h e ......... 202 5.6 The rhyme-sets Zhi, Pi. Jie. and Hui . 210 5.6.1 The Jie rh y m e - s e t ................210 5.6.2 The Hui rh y m e - s e t ................214 5.6.3 The Zhi and ûi r h y m e - s e t s ....... 216 5.7 The rhyme-sets Yu and M o ............... 222 5.8 Summary .................................... 226 N o t e s ............................................ 231 VI. CDNCLUSIPN .......................................235 BIBLIPGRAPHY .......................................... 246 Vll LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. The Structure of the Chinese syllable .... 56 2. The initial consonants of Modern Pekingese 60 3. The phonemic representations of the MP initials 62 4. The syllbic medials of Modern Pekingese . 67 5. The syllabic endings of Modern Pekingese . 69 6. The phonetic forms of the MP vowels ......... 70 7. The phonemic representations of the MP finals 75 8. The MP finals in a phonetic transcription . 75 9. The four tones of MP ....................... 79 10. The 17 basic consonants of Hunmin chona'um 86 11. The consonant system of Middle Korean .... 87 12. The vowel system of Middle Korean .......... 88 13. The initial consonants of HWZY ............ 93 14. The Korean vowel letters used in HMCUYH . 94 15. The Korean endings used in HMCUYH .......... 94 16. The initial consonants of MM .............. 96 17. Transcription of the former voiced initials 99 18. The labial initials in PN and PP .......... 101 19. Transcription of the initial Wei .......... 102 20. Transcription of the dentalveolar sibilants 111 viii 21. Transcription of the Dy initials ............... Ill 22. Transcription of the Py initials ............... 112 23. Transcription of the Pr[l] initials .......... 112 24. The emergence of the zero i n i t i a l .............. 119 25. The phonemic representations of the MM initials 122 26. The vowel phonemes of OM .......................127 27. The final types of the sixteen rhyme classes . 130 28. The rhymes of ZYYY ..............................131 29. The finals of ZYYY ..............................132 30. The rhyme-sets of HWZY .........................133 31. The finals of HWZY .............................. 134 32. The finals of DYTJ .............................. 135 33. Transcription of the Zhen rhyme-set words . 140 34. Transcription of the Shan rhyme-set words . 147 35. Transcription of the Xian rhyme-set words . 152 36. Transcription of the Han rhyme-set words . 157 57. Transcription of the Dona rhyme-set words . 162 38. Transcription of the Yana rhyme-set words . 167 39. Transcription of the Gena rhyme-set words . 177 40. Transcription of the Pin rhyme-set words . 184 41. Transcription of the words the Tan and Yan rhyme-sets ..................................... 189 42. Transcription of the words of the Xiao. Yap, and You rhyme-sets ............................. 196 43. Transcription of thewords of the Ge, Ma. •and Zhe rhyme-sets ............................. 204 44. Transcription of the Jie rhyme-set words . 211 IX 45. Transcription of the Hui rhyme-set words . 215 46. Transcription of the words of the Zhi and Qi r h y m e - s e t s ........................... 218 47. Transcription of the words of the Yu and Mo r h y m e - s e t s ........................... 224 48. The finals of MM ...............................
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