Window to the Sea: a Study of the Waikiki Aquarium
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WINDOW TO THE SEA: A STUDY OF THE WAIKIKI AQUARIUM BINA M. CHUN Researcher REPORT No.1, 1974 Legislative Reference Bureau State Capitol Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Price: $3.50 FOREWORD During the Seventh Session of the Legislature of the State of Hawaii, 'both the House of Representatives and the Senate adopted resolutions requesting the Legislative Reference Bureau to undertake a study of the Waikiki Aquarium. Window to the Sea is the result of those requests. This study is in keeping with the declared objectives and roles of both the Bureau and the Legislature. It satisfies the role of "advisor to the legislature" by suggesting alter native means of action in the future development of the Aquarium. It leaves the policy making decisions to the elected body for which such decisions were intended. By offering a view of the causes and effects of various actions, it is hoped that the legislature itself may determine the future course of development of the Waikiki Aquarium. Many individuals and agencies have been extremely helpful and cooperative in supplying the data and general information necessary for this study. The Bureau is grateful for the contributions of the Waikiki Aquarium staff, the staff at the University of Hawaii, and the numerous other individuals who were so important to the final report. The Bureau is most appreciative of the work of Dawn Suyenaga for her survey and research aid. It is also deeply indebted to Carol Lynn Kim for her tolerance and quiet perseverance during the trying period of preparation for publication, and for her competent and efficient performance of the numerous secretarial chores that contribute so much to this kind of study. To Carol, Dawn, Maizie, Shirley, Sally, and the many others who helped so much, may we express our sincere appreciation. Samuel B. K. Chang Director January, 1974 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iii TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................... iv INTRODUCTION...... •.••••.••.•..• .••••.•..••..• •••••.•. 1 I. AN OVERVIEW OF THE STUDy.............................. 3 Objectives of the Study.......................... 3 Legislative Requests............................. 3 Brief History.................................... 6 Legal Basis...................................... 6 Scope and Organization of the Study.............. 7 II. THE WAIKIKI AQUARIUM: HAWAII'S WINDOW TO THE SEA..... 8 The Role of the Aquarium......................... 21 III. EXEMPLARY AQUARIUMS FROM WHICH TO LEARN............... 24 John G. Shedd Aquarium........................... 24 Vancouver Public Aquarium........................ 29 Steinhart Aquar i urn. 37 T. Wayland Vaughan Aquarium-Museum (Scripps Institute of Oceanography) .•......••• 40 Sea War Id. 42 IV. OUT-OF-STATE SURVEy................................... 46 Background and Procedure......................... 46 Governing Authority of Responding Aquariums...... 47 Aquarium Facilities and Resources................ 48 Aquarium Staff................................... 54 Opera ting Expenditures........................... 55 Revenues. • . .. 55 Program. 56 Hours, Attendance, and Fees...................... 60 iv Page V. CURRENT WAIKIKI AQUARIUM OPERATIONS................... 62 Written Directives for the Aquarium.............. 64 VI. NEEDS... ••. •.••.•.• ••..• .•••• ••••.•••. ••... ...•.•....• 78 Universi ty Survey .. ~ . 78 Teachers Survey.................................. 86 Special Interests................................ 92 User's Survey.................................... 93 VII. PROGRAM EVALUATION........ •••.•. ••. ••• .•. ......• •..•.. 103 Internal Operations .•..•.••.•.•.••.....•.•••• ~ ... 103 Internal Organization ..•••..••..•.••..•.......... 105 Current Vacancies................................ 109 Staffing. 112 Student Workers.................................. 113 Other Manpower Resources ....•.••••••.•..•.....•.. 114 Financial Resources ....••.•....•....•............ 116 Other Budget Matters and Monetary Affairs ......•. 116 Ad.:nlission Fees......... 119 Capital Improvements and Physical Facilities ..... 121 Programs. 122 VIII. ALTERNATIVES.... .•••.• ...••. ••.•. •.•. .•. .•.••••••. .... 124 Recreation - Public Aquarium •..•.....•.•.......•. 125 Marine Museum.................................... 129 Teaching Facility................................ 132 Science Research Center •••..•..••••...•.......... 137 FOOTNOTES. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 148 TABLES I. Present Status of Domestic Ocean Industries........... 20 II. Characteristics of Visitors to the Waikiki Aquarium... 95 III. Entry Fees Which Aquarium Users Are Willing to Pay.... 97 v Page IV. Method of Transportation to the Aquarium.............. 99 V. Possible Site Locations for Aquarium and Their Effects on Visitation Practices ••.•.•....••..•...•. 100 VI. Suggested Methods for Aquarium Improvements As Reported by Respondents in Aquarium Users Survey .•. 101 VII. Salary Ranges for Personnel At the Waikiki Aquarium ..• III VIII. Use of Student Employees •.•.....•.•.•.•.•••••.•...••.. 115 IX. Quarterly Expenditure Plan, Waikiki Aquarium 1973-74............................................ 117 X. Fee Revenues for Waikiki Aquarium, Actual and Estimated 1969-1973................................ 120 FIGURES 1. Per Cent of Aquariums By Governing Authority.......... 49 2. Per Cent of Aquariums With Various Institutional Facilities......................................... 51 3. Per Cent of Aquariums Classified According to Collections and Exhibitions........................ 53 4. Per Cent of Aquariums Receiving Various Sources of Revenues........................................ 57 5. Per Cent of Aquariums With Various Types of Educational-Cultural Activities.................... 59 6. Waikiki Aquarium as Part of the Marine Programs at the University of Hawaii........................... 63 7. Channels of Communication Between the Waikiki Aquarium and the University........................ 65 8. Aquarium Functions and Interactions................... 77 9. Principal Academic Function in Percentages............ 80 10. Per Cent Visiting the Aquarium During 1972 According to the Number of Trips Made.............. 81 vi Page 11. Reasons Aquarium was not visited by University Facul ty. 83 12. Reasons Expressed by Public School Teachers for Not Visiting the Waikiki Aquarium.................. 88 13. Aquarium Operations Which Teachers Feel Need Improvement. 89 14. Preferences for Aquarium Locations Expressed By Public School Teachers............................. 91 15. Organization •••••.•••••••••••.••••..••••••••••••.••••• 106 16. Staff Employment at the Waikiki Aquarium •••••.•.••.••• 110 17. Possible Organization Plan Under University Administration. 142 18. Possible Organization Plan Under University of Hawaii-Bishop Museum Administration .••••••.••••. 143 19. Possible Organization Plan Under Independent Administration. 145 20. Possible Organization Plan Under City Adminis- tration. 146 EXHIBITS A. Emanuel Ledecky-Janecek, "New Labeling System at John G. Shedd Aquarium," in Drum & Croaker, no • 1, pp . 21- . 2 6 B. Letter from Walter D. Ackerman, Jr., Attorney General, to R. M. Belt, Superintendent of Public Works. • . • • • • . • . • . • . • • • • . • • . • • . • • . • . • . • • . • . • • . 72 C. Memorandum from Robert W. Hiatt, Chairman of the Department of Zoology & Entomology, to President Sinclair, University of Hawaii........... 73 vii Page APPENDICES A. Sample Lesson Plans on Classes Offered By the Vancouver Public Aquarium ••.•.•••••••••••••••.• 149 B. Memorandums Requesting the Use of Aquarium Space •••••• 180 C. Memorandum from Richard L. Balch, Vice President, University of Hawaii, to Spencer Tinker, Director, Waikiki Aquarium •.•••••••••••••••••••..•. 182 D. Correspondence Among Government Officials Relating to the Building of the New Aquarium •••..••.•.•..••. 184 E. Letter from Wadsworth Y. H. Yee, Deputy Attorney General, to Alice Spalding Bowen ••••••••••..•..•••. 195 F. Survey of Aquarium Users, 1973 ..••••••••••••••••.••••. 197 G. Survey of Aquarium Use by Teachers, 1973 •••.••••••••.• 199 H. Survey of Aquarium Use by University Personnel .••...•. 202 I. Basic Program Survey of Aquariums, 1973 ••.••.•••••.... 205 J. Questionnaires Submitted to Aquarium Management •.•.••. 216 K. Definition of Terms Used in Table Showing Use of Student Employees.................................. 222 L. Attendance of Visitors at Hawaii's Parks and Muse'Wlls • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 224 M. Types of Educational Materials Prepared by the Waikiki Aquarium*.................................. 231 N. A Teacher's Guide to the Waikiki Aquarium ••••..••••••. 232 O. Memorandum From the Waikiki Aquarium Advisory Committee to John P. Craven ••••••.•••••.•••...••.•. 233 viii INTRODUCTION In recent years, the awakening of knowledge about the environment in which we live has led to new efforts toward re-balancing the ecosystem and attempting to repair some of the damage that has been done. As land areas become crowded and agricultural productivity reduced, man has sought to recycle resources, stop the exploitation of minerals and the degradation of water, air, and other segments of the environ ment. Even further, he has turned to new sources of pro ductivity and hitherto little explored areas such as the sea. During the Seventh Session of the Legislature of the State of Hawaii, the Legislative