DOCSLIB.ORG

(At)America.Jp: Identity, Nationalism, and Power on the Internet, 1969-2000

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(At)America.Jp: Identity, Nationalism, and Power on the Internet, 1969-2000 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2004 (at)america.jp: Identity, nationalism, and power on the Internet, 1969-2000 Gretchen Ferris Schoel College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Asian History Commons, Mass Communication Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Schoel, Gretchen Ferris, "(at)america.jp: Identity, nationalism, and power on the Internet, 1969-2000" (2004). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623448. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-ynt2-pc93 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. @AMERICA.JP Identity, Nationalism, and Power on the Internet, 1969-2000 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College ofWilliam and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Gretchen Ferris Schoel 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy -~/~Gretchen Ferris Schoel 1 Approved by the Committee, June 2004 ' Jun Nfurai ~ Keio University, Japan 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION This dissertation and my Ph.D. degree are dedicated to my parents for their abiding support and confidence. Thank you, great parents. 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements v List of Tables Vl List ofFigures vu Abstract vm Prologue 2 Part I. Network Improvisations Chapter I. Filling in the Blanks: Lessons from an Internet Blues Jam 20 Chapter II. Razor Blade's Riddle: Can Code Carry Culture? 48 Part II. Cartographers of the Net Chapter III. The History, Development, and Significance of the Domain Name System 95 Chapter IV. The Soup to Nuts ofiCANN: Representation, Geography, and Nationalism 141 Epilogue 214 Appendix A. Japan ICANN Forum's ICANN Election Illustration Page 224 Appendix B. Official Voting Results, 2000 ICANN Election 229 Bibliography 23 5 Vita 253 lV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my greatest appreciation to my advisor, Leisa Meyer, for her ideas, incisive critique, and patient direction. I am also indebted to professors Arthur Knight, David Aday, and Jun Murai for their careful reading and criticism of this manuscript. Generous research funding from the American Studies Program at The College of William and Mary and the Shonan Fujisawa Campus (SFC) ofKeio University financed this study. My long-time mentor, David Shi, commented on and edited each chapter. My beloved friends and family believed in me even after a decade passed and I had not graduated. And my fiance, Woody Holton, sped my completion by repeatedly googling his own dissertation-derived book and forcing me to acknowledge that there was a possibility that my work could be as successful as his. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. 2000 ICANN Election Worldwide Registration Totals and Number ofParticipating Countries: Peak Days 158 2. 2000 ICANN Election Registration Totals, Selected Countries: May 15, 2000 186 3. 2000 ICANN Election Registration Totals: Change Over Time for Regional Leaders in Asia/Pacific, Europe, and North America 186 4. 2000 ICANN Election Registration Comparisons: China and Japan 201 5. Top Twenty Registering Countries for ICANN Membership 201 6. 2000 ICANN Election Regional Group Membership Totals, July 31 209 7. 2000 ICANN Election Regional Group Activated Membership Totals, September 8 210 8. 2000 ICANN Election Returned PIN Numbers (Selected) 211 9. 2000 ICANN Election Voting Results in Asia/Pacific Region 212 Vl Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Three Types ofNetworks 65 2. 2000 ICANN Election Registration Totals: United States, Germany, Korea, and Japan, May 15 and June 22, 2000 187 3. 2000 ICANN Election, Top Five Registering Countries 202 4. 2000 ICANN Election, Top Twenty Registering Countries 203 5. 2000 ICANN Election, Registrations per Day, China and Japan, February 25- July 31 205 6. 2000 ICANN Election, Registrations per Day, China and Japan, June 4 - July 31 206 7. 2000 ICANN Election, Registrations per Day, China, Japan, and the United States, February 25- July 31 208 Vll Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT "@america.jp" explores identity, nationalism, and power on the Internet between 1969 and 2000 through a cultural analysis oflntemet code and the creative processes behind it. The dissertation opens with an examination of a real-time Internet Blues jam that linked Japanese and American musicians between Tokyo and Mississippi in 1999. The technological, cultural, and linguistic uncertainties that characterized the Internet jam, combined with the inventive reactions of the musicians who participated, help to introduce the fundamental conceptual question of the dissertation: is code a cultural product and if so can the Internet be considered a distinctly "American" technology? A comparative study ofthe Internet's origins in the United States and Japan finds that code is indeed a cultural entity but that it is a product not of one nation, but of many. A cultural critique ofthe Internet's domain name conventions explores the heavily-gendered creation of code and the institutional power that supports it. An ethnography of the Internet's managing organization, The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), investigates conflicts and identity formation within and among nations at a time when new Internet technologies have blurred humans' understanding of geographic boundaries. In the year 2000, an effort to prevent United States domination ofiCANN produced unintended consequences: disputes about the definition of geographic regions and an eruption of anxiety, especially in China, that the Asian seat on the ICANN board would be dominated by Japan. These incidents indicate that the Internet simultaneously destabilizes identity and ossifies it. In this paradoxical situation, cultures and the people in them are forced to reconfigure the boundaries that circumscribe who they think they are. vm Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. @AMERICA.JP Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 PROLOGUE At the height of the Internet's first commercial boom in 1999, I became an Internet entrepreneur. I received a small amount of venture capital and used it to begin linking musicians across the world. I envisioned thousands of people in hundreds of different places around the globe interacting online through musical, dramatic, or visual arts in defiance of the linguistic, technological, and financial barriers that had traditionally kept different cultures separated from one another. My vision remains a vision because my money ran out. But the experience led to this dissertation and brought exciting intellectual challenges my way. Two such challenges set the course of my early research, and from them emerged the conceptual issues central to the dissertation. The first is familiar to those hopeful that a communication technology as new and far-reaching as the Internet might afford valuable opportunities for its users, and might do so without· discrimination across social, cultural, economic, and national differences. How can the Internet be used as an enabling technology, with a positive transformational effect on local and global inequities and an empowering influence on individual lives? I approached this question obliquely, by investigating another, very different subject- cross-cultural interaction and its importance to the production of knowledge and ideas. My challenge here was to figure out ways to provide those Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 without linguistic, economic, or educational means opportunities to interact with foreign cultures. These two interests seemed powerfully connected. Linking people to people evokes communication, whether through words, sounds, colors, or gestures. The more different these people are (geographically, linguistically, or ideologically, for example), the harder it is to express their ideas and make sense of one another. This mental labor opens up new cultural forms, new ideas, and new meanings. People ' interacting across differences, then, become producers. It follows that as the Internet is a medium which generates connectivity cross-globally, it also can empower users, permitting them to see themselves not only as consumers of knowledge but as producers, too. In its capacity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Check Detailed Interview In
    Interviewee: Shigeki Goto Interviewer: Fan Yuanyuan Date: April 13th, 2018 Location: Cyberlabs, Beijing Transcriber: Hong Wei 1:34 FYY: Ok, so let's begin. But today is thirteenth of April, 2018.We’re in office of cyber labs in Beijing and we feel so honored to be able to interview doctor Shigeki Goto here? Am pronouncing it right? (Yes). I’ll briefly introduce the history of Internet project to you. The project is launched in …… It's launched in 2007 to celebrate the first fifty years of the Internet by recording and preserving the personal narratives of global Internet pioneers, uh, their extraordinary contributions to the Internet development. And by 2018, we should have interviewed 500 Internet pioneers, as we planned, and by now is interviewed more than 170 pioneers around the world and about 80 are from overseas of China, and let’s start from the very beginning of you like, uh, your name, where and when were you born and what did your parents do, when you were young? SG: I was born in Utsunomiya city that is near Nikko, Tochigi Prefecture in Japan. Both of my parents basically were school teachers and my father spent most of his life at the unified school district. He was a school teacher. He worked for the administrative structure of the school system. It covers from elementary school, middle school, and high school if they are public. FYY: So that's a big school covered all three… SG: Yes. All the regional public schools are under control of the unified school district.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Internet-Based Citizen Activism and Foreign Policy
    MODELING INTERNET-BASED CITIZEN ACTIVISM AND FOREIGN POLICY: The Islands Dispute between China and Japan TOMONOBU KUMAHIRA Primary Thesis Advisor: Professor Jordan Branch Department of Political Science Secondary Thesis Advisor: Professor Kerry Smith Department of History Honors Seminar Instructor: Professor Claudia Elliott The Watson Institute for International Studies SENIOR THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in International Relations BROWN UNIVERSITY PROVIDENCE, RI MAY 2015 © Copyright 2015 by Tomonobu Kumahira ABSTRACT How can citizens utilize the Internet to influence foreign policymaking? Optimists emphasize the Internet’s great potential to empower citizens, while pessimists underscore the persistent dominance of conventional actors in shaping diplomacy. These conceptual debates fail to build analytical models that theorize the mechanisms through which citizen activism impacts foreign policymaking in the Internet era. Focusing on the interactions between “old” institutions and new practices enabled by technology, I argue that Internet-based citizen activists are using multiple and evolving strategies to engage with the conventional media and policymakers. My Hybrid Model provides an analytical framework with which scholars can describe new forms of non-electoral representation by citizen movements, while challenging foreign policy decision making theories established before the social media. My model traces the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands dispute between China and Japan, in which nationalist campaigns online and offline have fueled a series of confrontations since 2005. Presenting practical implications for foreign policymakers and the conventional media to respond to the transformation, this Hybrid Model also helps citizens play a more active role in international relations. In conclusion, I explore the analogy between the Internet and past innovations in communication technologies to shed light on the future of the Internet and politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Marconi Society - Wikipedia
    9/23/2019 Marconi Society - Wikipedia Marconi Society The Guglielmo Marconi International Fellowship Foundation, briefly called Marconi Foundation and currently known as The Marconi Society, was established by Gioia Marconi Braga in 1974[1] to commemorate the centennial of the birth (April 24, 1874) of her father Guglielmo Marconi. The Marconi International Fellowship Council was established to honor significant contributions in science and technology, awarding the Marconi Prize and an annual $100,000 grant to a living scientist who has made advances in communication technology that benefits mankind. The Marconi Fellows are Sir Eric A. Ash (1984), Paul Baran (1991), Sir Tim Berners-Lee (2002), Claude Berrou (2005), Sergey Brin (2004), Francesco Carassa (1983), Vinton G. Cerf (1998), Andrew Chraplyvy (2009), Colin Cherry (1978), John Cioffi (2006), Arthur C. Clarke (1982), Martin Cooper (2013), Whitfield Diffie (2000), Federico Faggin (1988), James Flanagan (1992), David Forney, Jr. (1997), Robert G. Gallager (2003), Robert N. Hall (1989), Izuo Hayashi (1993), Martin Hellman (2000), Hiroshi Inose (1976), Irwin M. Jacobs (2011), Robert E. Kahn (1994) Sir Charles Kao (1985), James R. Killian (1975), Leonard Kleinrock (1986), Herwig Kogelnik (2001), Robert W. Lucky (1987), James L. Massey (1999), Robert Metcalfe (2003), Lawrence Page (2004), Yash Pal (1980), Seymour Papert (1981), Arogyaswami Paulraj (2014), David N. Payne (2008), John R. Pierce (1979), Ronald L. Rivest (2007), Arthur L. Schawlow (1977), Allan Snyder (2001), Robert Tkach (2009), Gottfried Ungerboeck (1996), Andrew Viterbi (1990), Jack Keil Wolf (2011), Jacob Ziv (1995). In 2015, the prize went to Peter T. Kirstein for bringing the internet to Europe. Since 2008, Marconi has also issued the Paul Baran Marconi Society Young Scholar Awards.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S.-Japan-China Relations Trilateral Cooperation in the 21St Century
    U.S.-Japan-China Relations Trilateral Cooperation in the 21st Century Conference Report By Brad Glosserman Issues & Insights Vol. 5 – No. 10 Honolulu, Hawaii September 2005 Pacific Forum CSIS Based in Honolulu, the Pacific Forum CSIS (www.csis.org/pacfor/) operates as the autonomous Asia-Pacific arm of the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC. The Forum’s programs encompass current and emerging political, security, economic, business, and oceans policy issues through analysis and dialogue undertaken with the region’s leaders in the academic, government, and corporate areas. Founded in 1975, it collaborates with a broad network of research institutes from around the Pacific Rim, drawing on Asian perspectives and disseminating project findings and recommendations to opinion leaders, governments, and members of the public throughout the region. Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements iv Executive Summary v Report The year in review 1 Energy security and the impact on trilateral cooperation 4 Issues in the bilateral relationship 6 Opportunities for cooperation 9 Selected Papers United States, Japan, and China Relations: Trilateral Cooperation in the 21st Century by Yoshihide Soeya 15 Chinese Perspectives on Global and Regional Security Issues by Gao Zugui 23 Sino-U.S. Relations: Healthy Competition or Strategic Rivalry? by Bonnie S. Glaser 27 Sino-U.S. Relations: Four Immediate Challenges by Niu Xinchun 35 Sino-Japanese Relations 60 Years after the War: a Japanese View by Akio Takahara 39 Building Sino-Japanese Relations Oriented toward the 21st Century by Ma Junwei 47 Comments on Sino-Japanese Relations by Ezra F. Vogel 51 The U.S.-Japan Relationship: a Japanese View by Koji Murata 55 Toward Closer Sino-U.S.-Japan Relations: Steps Needed by Liu Bo 59 The China-Japan-U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Unifying Rail Transportation and Disaster Resilience in Tokyo
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Architecture Undergraduate Honors Theses Architecture 5-2020 The Yamanote Loop: Unifying Rail Transportation and Disaster Resilience in Tokyo Mackenzie Wade Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/archuht Part of the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Citation Wade, M. (2020). The Yamanote Loop: Unifying Rail Transportation and Disaster Resilience in Tokyo. Architecture Undergraduate Honors Theses Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/archuht/41 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Architecture at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Architecture Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Yamanote Loop: Unifying Rail Transportation and Disaster Resilience in Tokyo by Mackenzie T. Wade A capstone submitted to the University of Arkansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Honors Program of the Department of Architecture in the Fay Jones School of Architecture + Design Department of Architecture Fay Jones School of Architecture + Design University of Arkansas May 2020 Capstone Committee: Dr. Noah Billig, Department of Landscape Architecture Dr. Kim Sexton, Department of Architecture Jim Coffman, Department of Landscape Architecture © 2020 by Mackenzie Wade All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my honors committee, Dr. Noah Billig, Dr. Kim Sexton, and Professor Jim Coffman for both their interest and incredible guidance throughout this project. This capstone is dedicated to my family, Grammy, Mom, Dad, Kathy, Alyx, and Sam, for their unwavering love and support, and to my beloved grandfather, who is dearly missed.
    [Show full text]
  • I: the Conception
    Excerpt from: Mayo, Keenan and Newcomb, Peter. “How the Web Was Won,” Vanity Fair, July 2008. I: The Conception Paul Baran, an electrical engineer, conceived one of the Internet’s building blocks—packet switching— while working at the Rand Corporation around 1960. Packet switching breaks data into chunks, or “packets,” and lets each one take its own path to a destination, where they are re-assembled (rather than sending everything along the same path, as a traditional telephone circuit does). A similar idea was proposed independently in Britain by Donald Davies. Later in his career, Baran would pioneer the airport metal detector. Paul Baran: It was necessary to have a strategic system that could withstand a first attack and then be able to return the favor in kind. The problem was that we didn’t have a survivable communications system, and so Soviet missiles aimed at U.S. missiles would take out the entire telephone- communication system. At that time the Strategic Air Command had just two forms of communication. One was the U.S. telephone system, or an overlay of that, and the other was high-frequency or shortwave radio. So that left us with the interesting situation of saying, Well, why do the communications fail when the bombs were aimed, not at the cities, but just at the strategic forces? And the answer was that the collateral damage was sufficient to knock out a telephone system that was highly centralized. Well, then, let’s not make it centralized. Let’s spread it out so that we can have other paths to get around the damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Wrong Turn in Cyberspace: Using ICANN to Route Around the APA and the Constitution A
    University of Miami Law School University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository Articles Faculty and Deans 2000 Wrong Turn in Cyberspace: Using ICANN to Route Around the APA and the Constitution A. Michael Froomkin University of Miami School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/fac_articles Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Internet Law Commons Recommended Citation A. Michael Froomkin, Wrong Turn in Cyberspace: Using ICANN to Route Around the APA and the Constitution, 50 Duke L.J. 17 (2000). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty and Deans at University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WRONG TURN IN CYBERSPACE: USING ICANN TO ROUTE AROUND THE APA AND THE CONSTITUTION A. MICHAEL FROOMKINt ABSTRACT The Internet relies on an underlying centralized hierarchy built into the domain name system (DNS) to control the routing for the vast majority of Internet traffic. At its heart is a single data file, known as the "root." Control of the root provides singular power in cyber- space. This Article first describes how the United States government found itself in control of the root. It then describes how, in an attempt Copyright © 2000 by A. Michael Froomkin. t Professor, University of Miami School of Law. E-mail: [email protected]. Research and writing of this Article was supported by a Summer Grant from the University of Miami School of Law.
    [Show full text]
  • China in the Era of the Netizen by Ronda Hauben, Feb. 14, 2010 I
    China in the Era of the Netizen by Ronda Hauben, Feb. 14, 2010 I recently returned home from a trip to China. Back in New York City, I was left with the feeling that there is something significant happening in China. Some have referred to Beijing as the equivalent in the 21st century of the interesting environment that Prague symbolized for the 1990s. In the air in Beijing one senses that something new is emerging, something that must build on the old but will emerge with its new characteristics. In Beijing, I had many interesting conversations trying to understand the significance of what is happening there. One was with a friend who is from China but who has lived outside of China over 20 years. She was back visiting China for a special event and also planned to visit her parents who live in China, as she does every year. Comparing current day Beijing with the Beijing she knew as a university student, she observed that Beijing, as a world class city, has grown and developed in the Era of the Internet. Her observation helped me to realize that not only was Beijing being developed as a world class city with the benefit of the Internet's contribution, but also that Beijing is a world class city developing in the Era of the Netizen. Some notes I wrote as I left Beijing observed, "The insight of the trip was that Beijing is a city being developed in the Netizen Era. It is perhaps one of the first world class cities of the Netizen Era.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digital Divide: the Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective
    http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a chapter published in The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective. Citation for the original published chapter: Meinrath, S., Losey, J., Lennett, B. (2013) Afterword. Internet Freedom, Nuanced Digital Divide, and the Internet Craftsman. In: Massimo Ragnedda and Glenn W. Muschert (ed.), The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective (pp. 309-316). London: Routledge Routledge advances in sociology N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-100423 The Digital Divide This book provides an in-depth comparative analysis of inequality and the stratification of the digital sphere. Grounded in classical sociological theories of inequality, as well as empirical evidence, this book defines “the digital divide” as the unequal access and utility of internet communications technologies and explores how it has the potential to replicate existing social inequalities, as well as create new forms of stratification. The Digital Divide examines how various demographic and socio-economic factors including income, education, age and gender, as well as infrastructure, products and services affect how the internet is used and accessed. Comprised of six parts, the first section examines theories of the digital divide, and then looks in turn at: • Highly developed nations and regions (including the USA, the EU and Japan); • Emerging large powers (Brazil, Russia, India, China); • Eastern European countries (Estonia, Romania, Serbia); • Arab and Middle Eastern nations (Egypt, Iran, Israel); • Under-studied areas (East and Central Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa).
    [Show full text]
  • Smith 1 CINE-GT 1807 Fall 2019 Madeline Smith December 13
    Smith 1 CINE-GT 1807 Fall 2019 Madeline Smith December 13, 2019 Assignment 2: Final Research Paper The History of Web Archiving and the Evolution of Archive-It’s Brozzler Since the beginning of the Internet and the World Wide Web in 1991, an unimaginable amount of data and content has been created, shared, posted, and stored on the World Wide Web. When the World Wide Web began, there was no system in place to archive and preserve the Web content, as no one could imagine how massive the infrastructure would become. It was not until the 1990s that users began to recognize the gravity of archiving and preserving all the incredibly diverse born-digital data and content on the Web. Web crawlers are a key component in accomplishing the mission to archive Web content before it is lost for good. While there have been advancements in web archiving over the years, considering the speed at which digital technology and the varied uses of the Internet are changing, there is still work to be done. One of the more recent web crawling technologies is Archive-It’s Brozzler. This report aims to frame Brozzler within the larger landscape of web archiving and web crawler technology. The report will attempt to answer whether Brozzler as a web archiving tool is effective for capturing dynamic websites and the rapidly evolving content of the modern web. The end of this report will be an examination of my own experience attempting to use Brozzler. In order to understand web archiving and web crawling, a few terms used in describing the evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web need to be defined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Japan's Tourism
    The future of Japan’s tourism: Path for sustainable growth towards 2020 McKinsey Japan and Travel, Transport and Logistics Practice October 2016 Authored by: André Andonian Tasuku Kuwabara Naomi Yamakawa Ryo Ishida Cover image: The famous torii gate of the Itsukushima Shrine on Miyajima. The future of Japan’s tourism: Path for sustainable growth towards 2020 Preface Japan's tourism industry is on the verge of becoming a major economic engine for the country. In 2020, Japan will host the Olympic and Paralympic Games and enjoy a global platform for its people, culture, and landmarks. Recently, tourism has been positioned as an engine to solve social challenges in Japan and support economic growth. The March 2015 McKinsey Global Institute report, The Future of Japan: Reigniting Productivity and Growth, described how Japan has the potential to more than double its annual GDP growth, to 3 percent, by increasing productivity. This insight is also applicable to tourism, and this report investigates the challenges and potential impact of several initiatives aimed at addressing obstacles to realizing its inbound tourism goals. This report is the result of collaboration between McKinsey’s Japan office and the firm’s global Travel, Transport and Logistics Practice. The research team consisted of Shogo Akimoto, Shohei Ishigami, Minami Maeda, and Yusuke Shimada. We are grateful for the advice and input of many McKinsey colleagues, including Urs Binggeli, Alex Dichter, Masahiro Komatsubara, Diaan-Yi Lin, and Cheryl SH Lim, all of whom provided insight on travel and tourism. For advice on retail and digital, we relied on Tomohiko Funaishi, Ken Kajii, Paul McInerney, and Okaryo Sho.
    [Show full text]
  • The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
    The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced.
    [Show full text]