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Privy Council Control of the County of Essex During the Reign of Elizabeth I, 1558-1603

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Privy Council Control of the County of Essex During the Reign of Elizabeth I, 1558-1603 Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1967 Privy Council Control of the County of Essex During the Reign of Elizabeth I, 1558-1603 John A. O'Loughlin Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation O'Loughlin, John A., "Privy Council Control of the County of Essex During the Reign of Elizabeth I, 1558-1603" (1967). Master's Theses. 2180. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2180 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1967 John A. O'Loughlin PRIVY COUNCIL CONTROL OF THE COUNTY OF ESSEX DURING THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH It 1558-1603 by John A. 0' Loughlin A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty or the Graduate School of Loyola University in Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementA ror the Degree or Master or Arts Februa.r;y 1967 CONTENTS Page PREFACE.................................................................. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................................................... iv INTRODUCTION............................................................. 1 Chapter I. PRIVY COUNCIL CONTROL or ESSEX THROUGH SURVEILLANCE OF THE SEACOAST........................................... 3 II. PRIVY COUNCIL CONTROL OF ESSEX THROUGH THE APPOINTMENT OF MAGISTRATES LOYAL TO THE CROWN ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 III. PRIVY COUNClt. CONTROL OF ESSEX THROUGH ITS INTERVEN'.rION INTO EVERY BREACH or THE PEACE WHETHER DANGEROUS. TRIVIAL OR LAWFUL ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 IV. PRIVY COUNCIt.CONTROL OF ESSEX THROUGH CAREFUL HANDLING OF THE D~H IMMIGRANTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 V. PRIVY COUNCIL CONTROL OF ESSEX THROUGH THE PLACING or DEMANDING -IMPOSITIONS UPON THE PURITANS ••••••••••••••••••• 33 VI. PRIVY COUNCIL CONTROL OF ESSEX THROUGH THE HARSH TREATMENT DOLED OUT TO CATHOLICS.......................... 40 CONCLUSION............................................................... 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................. 52 ..... PREFACE Histories of Essex have been written trom cultural, ecclesiastical, economic or political viewpoints but no study ot Essex has been conducted that has dealt with the attempt ot the Privy Council to exercise complete control over the count;r 80 as to prevent the possibili t;r ot a Spanish invasion during the reign ot Queen Elizabeth I. The purpose ot this paper theretore has been to illustrate this view by pointing out the various means the Council employed to dominate E88ex. No paper has ever been written without the assistance of 80meone, and in my case, this paper would never have been written without the continuous help of Protessor William R. Trimble. To him lowe an invaluable debt ot gratitude tor his patience and his aid in helping me write this paper. iii ABBREVIATIONS Acts ot the Priyx Council, ed., J. R. Dasent. ALENDAR - DOMISTIC Calendar ot State PaRers, Domestic Series, eds., Robert Lemon and Mary Ann Everett Green. CALENDAR - SPANISH Calendar ot State Papers, Spmiah. ed., Martin A. S. Hume. CALENDAR - VENETIAN Calendar ot State Papers, Venetian, ede. t Rawdon and Horatio Brown. H.M.S. Historical Manuscripts Commission. iv IN'rRODtTCTION The maritiM oount,. ot Ia.x is looated in fIOutheutern England. It i. bordered on the south b,. the Ri... er TbaJles and on the east lq the North Sea. During the reip of Queen Ilisab.th I, it. interior was for the _.t part a patchwork quilt of UJle ... eDl1 shaped low-lying fields, while exteriorl1 marshlands oo ....red the sparsely populated coastal area exoept for the wool manufacturing and tishing port toWDS of Harwioh, Colohester and Haldon. Cheluford, a town pinpointed at the geographio heart of the 00Ullt7 was the political tooal point for it was there that the oourts of ANize and Quarter Sessions regularly 111- 1 pl... nted the orders of the Que.n and the Pri,.,. COUllcil. During the reip of the first Tudors, HelU'7 VII, BeBr1 VIII, Edward VI and Mary (1485-1558>, I8sex had a distinp1.hed h1atOl"'7 of opposition to the R07al go.... rnment. The lower socio-econolllic sroupa in the oount,. were aUenated b7 the .nolo.ure sove.nt while the different reUgious seots w.re .stranged b7 the ••ta.u..haent of a state religion. N..... rthel •• s. the early Tudors expect.d oppoeition and were not 418111a7ed. But. noallH of the friotion that dey.loped during the reip of lli.nth between Catholio Spain and Prot.stant England, the go... ermunt ohanged its attitude. It oould not afford di.oontent to b. l"Ioioed for fear that the ... el"'7 destruction of England oould be generat.d thereb,.. r,t'his fear on the part of the Pri...,. Oounoil was rend.red .'Nn IIOre acute by !:r.ason of the strat.gio location of the OOUllt,.. ~x Reoord Offioe, Ia.x COUl'lt,. Council Publioatiol18 No. 34, tlizabethaD ...x. pp. 2-6. , Essex was not very extensive in terms of its physical contour. Not more than fifty miles separated the southwestern section where London was located. from the south and northeastern areas where the port boroughs of Harwich,Maldon and Colchester were situated. Moreover. it was not too distant from these ports that direct and accessible routes were provided to the Spanish-controlled Low Countries. Theoretically and practically, therefore, London was primarily sus- 2 ceptible to a Spanish invasion from the Low Countries .!!!. Essex county. Queen IElizabeth alw~s believed that it there ever were an invasion. it would be through Essex and tor her and her Council, the safety of England was contingent upon the status of Easex. Just as the English IlOnarchy saw that it was to Spain's advantage to initiate, foster and capitalize on an:r and all discontent in Essex, so also that Tudor monarchy realized that it was to England's securi- ty to take every preoaution to eliminate any tremors, no matter how weak their vacillation. To insulate Essex from the intrigues of Spain. the Pri'Q' Council during Elizabeth's suzerainty selected and pvsued two main lines of defense other thaD the necessary military preparation. First, it worked designedly to establiah a control over Essex so tight that agents and sympathizers of Spain would find it impossible to organize an:r concerted action against Elizabeth in conjunction with potential enemies in England. Seoond, it never permitted any breach ot the peace and order to be passed off as unmeaningful. but rather regarded and dealt with every tumult as if it were prompted by the enemy. It is the purpose of this thesis to demonstrate the endeavor by the Pri'Q' Council to implement these plans of defense during the reign of Elizabeth I, 1,;8-1603. 2Williall Page and J. Horace Round (eds.). The Victorian tiston of the Counties of Englands Histoa of Es.ex, II, p. 259. CHAPTER I PRIVY COUNCIL CONTROL OF ESSEX THROUGH SURVEILLANCE OF THE SEACOAST Since it was Queen Elizabeth's policy to establish contacts with the elements of unrest both in France and in the Low Countries as a means of sub- verting Catholic rule there, it was expected by the Privy Council that Philip I .. would attempt to splinter Protestantism in England by exactly the same tactio. Thus, as its vanguard line of defense, the Privy Council struggled to establish an operative system whereby it would be impossible for Spanish emissaries out- side of England to join forces with underminjng elements already on the island. Toward this end, the seacoast of Essex was subjected to a vigilant watching. At first the surveillance was not as cautious as might be expected, bu it was not until ten years after her accession that Elizabeth I aotually feared any union between troublesome elements within and without England. In the be- ginning, therefore, supervision if at all was direoted against the suppression of piracy. Piracy was not virulent around Essex but pirates represented a threat to the peace and security and always had acquaintances in every plot or subterfuge regardless of &n1 religious oonnotation that plot may have had. Since for the future the monarchy could not permit any threat to the establishe order, a craokdown on pirateering began in l565. In August the Vice-Admiral and Justices of the Peace were licensed to search out and. apprehend corsairs' 'J.R. Dasent (ed.), Aots of the Prb'1 CounoU of E11gland 158-1603, VII (]S58-15?O),pp. 2", 253. and in the following November a special oommission on piraoy was organized under the direction of Lord Darcy to piece together any information about the people in each seacoast town - from where they came, their license, their friends, 4 their residenoe and their victuals. Apart from these two direotives the Council employed no other means to control the Essex coastline during the earl1 years. In the second decade of Elizabeth's royalty, however, control became diversified and intensified tor it was in the dawn of the 1570's that the Privy Council realized that there was more to be teared than brigands. Fug! tives and rebels beyond the sea had begun to prOTOke others in England.5 Until 1571. Elizabeth and the Counoil were oonvinced that all dissident elements could be reconciled, thus achieTing the Queen's oTerriding aim - peace. As a consequence, the Act of Unitorm! ty and the Act of Supre_oJ were not en- foroed except periodicall1 in Essex. 6 When, howeTer, it became more than ap- parent that the oause ot those opposed to the Religious Settle.. nt had been taken up by the enemies ot Elizabeth across the sea as illustrated emphatically by the Ridolfi Conspiracy.7 Elizabeth and the Counoil realized that an entente cordiale was impossible.
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