Jorge M. González & Dieter Stüning, The Castniinae at the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn The Castniinae at the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn (: )

Jorge M. González & Dieter Stüning

Abstract. The material of 13 taxa be- Resumen. Se estudiaron ejemplares de Zusammenfassung. Die Castniidae longing to the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) 13 taxones pertenecientes a Castniidae (Lepidoptera) der Sammlung des Zoo- deposited at the Zoologisches Forschungs- (Lepidoptera) depositados en el Zoolo- logischen Forschungsmuseums Alexan- museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, has gisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander der Koenig, Bonn, werden untersucht. been studied. A brief comment on the Koenig en Bonn. Se incluye un breve Sie gehören 13 Taxa an, deren Biologie origin of the collection is given. General comentario sobre el origen de esta colec- und Verbreitung beschrieben werden. comments on biology and distribution ción. Se presentan también comenta- Die Herkunft der Sammlung wird kurz are presented for each one of the taxa rios generales sobre la biología y distri- erörtert. treated herein. bución de los taxones mencionados.

Key words. Lepidoptera, Castniidae, Castniinae, , Europe, Neotropic Region, Palaearctic Region, introduced species, distribution, food plants.

Introduction

Castniidae is a Pantropical family with These last few years the family has them he donated to Matthias Forst three groups distributed in the Malay Pen- become of interest, especially in Europe, who later put them into the CZIC. insula (Tasciniinae), Australia (Castni- because of the introduction from South inae, Castniini, Synemonina) and Central America of (Burmeis- The material of the Cologne zoo was pre- and South America (Castniinae, Castniini, ter, 1880) (Figs 14, 15) which is becom- viously studied by the first author in Castniina). The Neotropical Castniinae is ing a relevant pest of palms along the coast 1995. Most of the specimens are from a small subfamily with slightly over 80 from the British isles to Italy (Sarto and . The ZFMK Collection of species (Lamas 1995) that can be found 2002, 2003). Castniidae was enhanced by the subse- from México to Chile and Argentina. Their quent addition provided by the Cologne adults are diurnal or crepuscular, some The larger part of the material reported Zoo Collection, and even though it is are cryptic, few have cryptically coloured here belongs to the Cologne Zoo unfortunate that not all specimens bear forewings but brightly coloured hind Collection (CZIC) which has become part detailed data, the sample at ZFMK clear- wings and many are members of various of the ZFMK collections since 2004, as a ly shows the diversity of the family in possibly mimetic rings (Miller 1986). permanent loan. The Cologne Zoo Insect South America. The data found in the Collection was built up by Matthias labels is in some cases complemented with Many of the species are particularly rare, Forst, Bonn, since 1961, as part of the information added by us and included some are endemic and several have newly erected insectarium of the zoo. within brackets. reduced geographic range, and it is high- Forst united several important private ly possible that some populations could collections purchased before to a single Abbreviations have become extinct, at least in a few collection of high scientific value. He later localities, due to either modification or became head of the insectarium. Before ZFMK: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum destruction of their habitat (Lamas 1993, he went to Cologne Zoo, Forst worked Alexander Koenig, Bonn González 1999, 2004, Rodríguez & at the Lepidoptera Section of the ZFMK CZIC: Cologne Zoo Insect Collection Rojas-Suárez 1995). Their larvae are as a technician (1950–1961). During this K. H. Lüling borers of the plant-families , time he met who was head Species list Bromeliaceae, Musaceae, Heliconiaceae, and curator of the Ichthyology Section Orchidaceae and Poaceae, and they are (1954–1978). Lüling made 14 research cyparissias con- commonly known as “Giant expeditions to South America (Peru, spicua (Rothschild, 1919) (Fig. 1) ” (González & Fernández Yépez Brazil, Argentina) to study the fish-fauna 1993, González & Cock 2004, Miller (Busse 1987). He collected not only fish- This species is known as a pest of differ- 1987). Due to the boring behavior of the es for the ZFMK collections, but also ent palms (Arecaceae), but most espe- larvae, some species have become pests many other groups, including . A cially (Cocos nucifera) and Oil of a few economically important crops number of the Castniinae mentioned be- Palm () (Miller 1986). (González & Cock 2004). low were collected by him, too. Most of Its life history has been studied in detail

89 Entomologische Zeitschrift · Stuttgart · 117(2)2007

(Korytkowski & Ruiz 1980a,1980b, Ruiz Amazon].The nominate subspecies is known dez Yépez 1993, Miller 1986, Pastrana & Korytowsky 1980). It is crepuscular from the south east of the country. 2004). The only specimen of this sub- and has a restricted flight period of less species at the ZFMK collection clearly than two hours at dusk, but during the pallasia resembles the “white form” originally rest of the day adults can be found rest- (Eschscholtz, 1821) (Fig. 7) described by Druce (1893) as “ ing at the top of shaded palms (Miller endelechia”, but listed as one of the vari- 1986). This subspecies is known from This species is restricted to southeastern ous morphs of the species presented by Eastern Peru and Bolivia. The nominate Brazil and it is sympatric with Imara sa- Jordan (1906) and recognized as a syn- subspecies occurs in the Guyana, French trapes (Kollar, 1839). Both species are onym of C. invaria penelope according to Guyana and Surinam region of South found along cloud forests. Imara pallasia Lamas (1995). America. has been observed hilltopping with a cou- ` ple of Morpho species, as well as some Material examined. 1 , Brazil (ZFMK). Material examined. 1 `, Buenavista, 450 m, Bo- Nymphalidae, and appears to be a visual ´ livia (CZIC); 1 , Tingo María, Peru, 14.VI.1966 mimic of Parides ascanius (Cramer, 1775) K. H. Lüling (CZIC). Castnia invaria volitans (Papilionidae) (Miller 1986). Lamas, 1995 (Fig. 5) ` Material examined. 1 , [Rio de] Janeiro, Brazil This subspecies is only found in the north- cacica procera (CZIC). Boisduval ern South America, north of the Amazon ( , [1875]) (Fig. 2) and can be collected from the Guianas to This genus exhibits a slight sexual dimor- Synpalamides phalaris and even reaches eastern phism that can be easily noticed by the (Fabricius, 1793) (Fig. 12) . This name was introduced to enlargement of wing markings, particu- replace Papilio icarus Cramer, [1775], larly in the hind wings of females. This Commonly distributed in southern Brazil, which was a junior primary homonym of subspecies was originally described from some populations reach Paraguay. The P. icarus Rottemburg, 1775 (Lycaenidae; Guatemala but has a distribution that specimen at the ZFMK collection is par- Lamas 1995). Like the other subspecies it easily reaches Panamá. It is the only ticularly interesting since it was collected also attacks Bromeliaceae and it is con- Central American species in the genus in Argentina, very possibly from the sidered a pest of pineapples (Ananas co- (Lamas 1995, Miller 1986). Amauta ca- north. Unfortunately, no more data is mosus) also. Even though this subspecies cica cacica (Herrich-Schäffer, [1854)] included in the label. This is a species is somehow variable, the first author has was described from material collected in that highly possibly attacks terrestrial never seen an extreme variation as the the central mountainous range of Colom- and epiphytic bromeliads (Bromeliace- “white form” found in C. invaria pene- bia. ae) in its geographic range. lope. However, a complete review of the whole group is needed to clearly estab- ` Material examined. 1 `, Panamá (CZIC). Material examined. 1 , Argentina (ZFMK). lish the validity of the various subspecies.

` Castnia invaria penelope Material examined. 1 , French Guiana (CZIC). fabricii boisduvalii Schaufuss, 1870 (Fig. 6) (Walker, 1854) (Fig. 3) Castniomera atymnius Even though the nominate subspecies is This is a very interesting Castniidae which (Dalman, 1824) (Fig. 8) found in South East Brazil and was orig- is sympatric with H. hegemon (Kollar, inally described from Rio de Janeiro This species is a common pest of bananas 1839) in southern Brazil, however H. (Walker 1854; Houlbert 1918), the ( spp.; Musaceae). The nominate fabricii boisduvalii normally later in subspecies C. invaria penelope appears to subspecies is distributed in Eastern the day than H. hegemon (Miller 1986). be widely spread in Brazil, south of the Brazil. It is quite normal that this species They have a flight pattern that somehow Amazon, reaching Argentina, Bolivia and is somehow overlooked and confused resembles that of some hawk moths Paraguay. This subspecies is highly vari- with the sympatric licus (Drury, (Sphingidae). Slight sexual dimorphism able and several “colour” morphs com- 1773) (González & Cock 2004). Accord- is also noted in the species of this genus, monly occur together in many sites ing to a research carried out in Panamá, and in this species the forewing markings (Jordan 1906). Like other subspecies, it Esquivel (1981) “demonstrated” that may be somehow outlined by whitish is a common pest of pineapples [Ananas this and T. licus were the same species. overscaling. comosus (L.) Merr.] and other terrestrial Lamas (1995) also mentions his suspi- Material examined. 1 `, Obidos [Brazil] (CZIC) Bromeliaceae (Aechmea sp., Bromelia cions that this could be the case. How- [this is probably a false locality, as the species is spp.) along its geographic distribution ever, Esquivel’s conclusion has been dis- only known from Eastern Brazil, not from the (González 2003, González & Fernán- carded since it is actually very doubtful

Figs 1–15. (right side) Adults (upperside) of Castniidae. 1. conspicua (Rothschild, 1919), ´ (Peru). 2. Amauta cacica procera (Boisduval, [1875]), ` (Panama). 3. Hista fabricii boisduvalii (Walker, 1854), ` (Brazil). 4. Ceretes marcelserres (Godart, [1824]), ` (no locality data). 5. Castnia invaria volitans Lamas, 1995, ` (French Guiana). 6. Castnia invaria Penelope Schaufuss, 1870, ` (Brazil). 7. Imara pallasia (Eschscholtz, 1821), ` (Brazil). 8. Castniomera atymnius (Dalman, 1824), ` (Brazil). 9. (Drury, 1773), ` (Brazil?). 10. Telchin licus “licoidella” (Strand, 1913), ` (Peru). 11. Telchin syphax (Fabricius, 1775), ` (French Guiana). 12. Synpalamides phalaris (Fabricius, 1793), ` (Argentina). 13. heliconioi- des micha (H. Druce, 1896), ` (Brazil). 14. Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880), ` (Spain). 15. Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880), ´ (Spain). All figures are about 2/3 of natural size.

90 Jorge M. González & Dieter Stüning, The Castniinae at the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn

91 Entomologische Zeitschrift · Stuttgart · 117(2)2007

(Miller 1986, González & Cock 2004). unpublished). However, they are still close 2004, Miller 1986, Miller 1995). For He presents descriptions of larvae, pupae and it is rather probable that one of the the moment, we consider all the material and imago of what he calls “Castnia licus” generic names (Castniomera Houlbert, at the ZFMK as the nominate subspecies. collected from sugar-cane (Saccharum 1918) could be eventually synonymised. ` ` officinarum L.) in Panama, but he appears Material examined. 3 no data (CZIC); 1 , no ` data [Brazil?] (ZFMK); 2 `, Amazonas [Peru] to have copied the figures and descrip- Material examined.1 , Brazil, Esp[irito] Santo, (ZFMK); 1 `, Iquitos, Peru, 6.VIII.1959, Lüling Lara Miss. Mus. Steyl (CZIC). tions presented by (1964) from the (CZIC); 1 `, Ob., Huallaga, N. Peru (CZIC), 1 ´, most detailed morphological studies Balsapuerto, Huallaga, Nord Peru, 1933 (CZIC); done with Castniomera atymnius hum- Telchin licus (Drury, 1773) 1 `, Peru, Tingo María, am Huallaga, Lüling leg. boldti (Boisduval, [1875]) from Costa (CZIC); 1 `, Peru, Tingo María, 22.VI.1966, K. (Figs 9, 10) H. Lüling Rica. It is widely known that Telchin licus (CZIC). is frequently associated to sugar-cane. So Also a widespread and variable species in what probably happened is that Esqui- South and Central America, this is known Telchin syphax (Fabricius, 1775) vel (1981) either studied C. atymnius as a common pest of sugar-cane (Saccha- (Fig. 11) collected in sugar-cane fields but thought rum officinarum L.: Poaceae) and some- it was the more common T. licus, or actu- times of bananas (Musa spp.: Musaceae). A widely distributed species from the ally collected T. licus but used the descrip- Even more than the previous species, the lower Amazon to the Guiana and French tions and drawings of Lara (1964) thus of the few associated sub- Guiana region and up to Trinidad, but creating the confusion. Efforts to locate species is very confusing and many spe- not known from north of the Orinoco Esquivel’s (1981) vouchers to clarify the cific and subspecific epithets have been River in the main land South America above statements had been unsuccessful. described in this group (Miller 1995). (González 1999, González & Cock Even though various works have made 2004). Even though it is rather common There is no doubt that both species are some changes (González 2003, Gonzá- in its distribution area, very little is sympatric and are known to attack some lez & Cock 2005, Lamas 1995, Miller known about the ecology and biology of of the same host plants (Miller 1986). 1995), a detailed study to establish a the species. Even the foodplant is un- But even though they share some similar- clear taxonomy of the group is still known. ities, especially when looking at colour absolutely necessary. Until a study of this ` and patterns of the fore wings, both kind says different we treat them as the Material examined. 1 , French Guiana (CZIC). species can be easily separated by mor- same subspecies and do not acknowl- phological differences on their genitalia edge all the subspecies proposed by Ceretes marcelserres and the absence of a well-marked red- Lamas (1995). The separation of sub- (Godart, [1824]) (Fig. 4) dish-orange spot band in the lateral mar- species presented by Miller (1995) has gin of the hindwings in C. atymnius. some inconsistencies and the one pro- This species belongs to the only genus of However, it is possible to find some spec- posed by Lamas (1995) is based mainly Castniidae that is markedly sexually imens of C. atymnius with faint reddish on geographical distribution. If Lamas dimorphic (Miller 1986). Only two markings in the hindwing above (Gonzá- (1995) is followed, some of the speci- species are currently recognized in the lez & Cock 2004; Lamas, personal com- mens at the ZFMK collection appears to genus (Lamas 1995) and even though munication). Could this be evidence that be the nominate subspecies (T. l. licus), their males are slightly similar, their these rare specimens are possibly natural others the subspecies T. l. albomaculata females are clearly distinctive. The hybrids of two closely related species or (Houlbert, 1917) (Fig. 9), and others female has a similar forewing configura- just transitional forms of a mainly dimor- what were once called “C. licoides licoi- tion as the males, but the markings are phic species? According to Miller (1986) della (Strand, 1913)” (Fig.10), now a reduced and even paler. Dorsally, the a concolourous and faint spot band may synonym of T. licus (González 2003). ground colour of the female hindwing is be found in Castniomera, while in Telchin According to G. Lamas (personal com- orange-fulvous. Even though a specimen such spots are always of contrasting munication) all the material from east- of this species is known from Misiones, colour. Miller (1986, 1995) also clearly ern Peru should be considered T. l. albo- Argentina, it is normally distributed differentiates atymnius and licus based maculata. This then applies to all materi- along the southeastern Brazilian coast on genitalic features and even places al at the ZFMK that was collected in (Miller 1986). Early stages and host them in two different genera (Castniome- Huallaga and Tingo María. Two speci- plants of this species are still unknown. ra and Leucocastnia, respectively). [The mens from Huallaga also resemble what ` genus name Leucocastnia Houlbert, is known as the form or subspecies “li- Material examined. 1 , no data (ZFMK). 1918, is a junior objective synonym of coidella” originally described from north- Telchin Hübner, [1825] the oldest gener- ern Peru (Lamas 1995). Even though Gazera heliconioides micha ic name for Papilio licus Drury, 1773, Lamas (personal communication) con- (H. Druce, 1896) (Fig. 13) but ignored by Miller (1995) and other siders that “licoidella” could be a valid authors (Lamas 1995)]. A present com- subspecies, because of the lacking of The species appears to be part of a mime- parative study of C. atymnius and T. licus genitalic differences and the fact that tic ring that includes the genera Lycorea that includes morphological features, specimens with such phenotypic charac- Doubleday, [1847] (Nymphalidae, Dana- genitalia and DNA analysis seems to indi- teristics are commonly found in typical inae), Thyridia Hübner, 1816 (Nympha- cate that they are indeed two separate “licus” populations, the “licoidella” form lidae, Ithomiinae) and Notophyson heli- species, proving Esquivel’s (1981) com- should not be considered a separate one conides (Swainson, 1833) (Arctiidae, Pe- ments to be wrong (Sarto & González, (González 2003, González & Cock ricopinae) with which it shares similar

92 Jorge M. González & Dieter Stüning, The Castniinae at the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn wing coloration (Miller 1986). Even References mera humboldti (Boisduval) in La Estrella though it does not much, it will at valley, Costa Rica. I. Morphology. Turrialba almost any time of the day if disturbed. Aguilar, L., Miller, J. Y. & Sarto, V. 2001. A new 14 (3): 128–135. Miller, J. Y. 1986. The taxonomy, phylogeny, This particular subspecies was originally lepidopteran family for the European fauna. Shilap 29 (113): 86–87. and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae described from Paraguay but its distribu- Busse, K. 1987. Karl Heinz Lüling (1913– 1984) (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph.D. tion includes bordering areas of Brazil und seine Veröffentlichungen. Bonner Zoologi- Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. with that country. The nominate sub- sche Beiträge 38 (4): 361–374. 571 pp. Miller, J. Y. species is found in the Amazon and east- Druce, H. 1893. Description of new species of 1987. Castniidae (Castnioidea). Pp. 417–419. In: Stehr, F. W. (ed.). Immature ern regions of Brazil. Early stages are un- Lepidoptera Heterocera from Central and Insects. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, known as well as its food plants. South America. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893 (2): 280–311. Dubuque, Iowa. Miller, J. Y Esquivel, E. A. 1981. The giant cane borer, Cast- . 1995. Castniidae. Pp. 133–137, Material examined. 1 `, Brazil (ZFMK). Heppner, J. B. nia licus Drury, and its integrated control. Pp. 176–177. In: (ed.). Checklist: 70–84. In: Proceedings of the Second Inter-Ame- Part 2. Hyblaeoidea--Tortricoidea. Paysandisia archon rican Sugar Cane Seminar. Miami, Florida Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Gainesville, International University. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera/ Scienti- (Burmeister, 1880) (Figs 14, 15) González, J. M. 1999. Castniinae (Lepidoptera: fic Publishers. Vol. 3. Pastrana, J. Castniidae) from Venezuela. III. Genera repre- 2004. Los Lepidópteros Argentinos. This species, restricted in the Neotropics sented by only one known species. Diagnosis Sus plantas hospedadoras y otros sustratos ali- to northern Argentina, SE Brazil, Western and comments. Ciencia (Maracaibo) 7 (3): 229– menticios. USDA-Sociedad Entomológica Argen- Uruguay, and Paraguay (Miller 1986, 235. tina, Argentina. 334 pp. Rodríguez, J. P. & Rojas Suárez, F. Lamas, personal communication), was González, J. M. 2003. Castniinae (Lepidoptera: 1995. Libro Fabri- Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana. Provita-Funda- introduced from Argentina to Europe Castniidae) from Venezuela. V.: Castnia cius and Telchin Hübner. Boletín del Centro de ción Polar, Caracas. 444 pp. some time between 1985 and 1995; it Ruiz, E. R. & Korytkowski, C. A. Investigaciones Biológicas, La Universidad del 1980. Oencyr- became well established as reported by Zulia 37 (3): 191–201. tus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parásito de Cramer the year 2001 and has become a pest of González, J. M. 2004. Castniinae (Lepidoptera: huevos de Castnia daedalus ( ) (Lepi- palm species (Arecaceae) in various Euro- Castniidae) from Venezuela. IV: The genus dopt.: Castniidae). Revista Peruana de Entomo- Aguilar . Caribbean Journal of Science 40 (3): logía 22 (1): 13–15. pean countries ( et al. 2001, Sarto, V. 229–235. 2002. The discovery, description and Sarto 2002, 2003, Sarto & Aguilar Burmeister González, J. M. & Cock, M. J. W. 2004. A synop- taxonomy of Paysandisia archon ( , 2001), mainly along the coastal areas. sis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Trinidad 1880), a castniid species recently found in The couple in the museum was donated and Tobago. Zootaxa 762: 1–19. southwestern Europe (Castniidae). Nota Lepi- recently by Victor Sarto i Monteys, González, J. M. & Fernández Yépez, F. 1993. dopterologica 25 (1): 3–15. Sarto, V Fundacio CReSA, Universitat Autonoma Lista preliminar de las especies de Castniinae . 2003. Notes on Paysandisia archon. (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) del Parque Nacio- Atropos 20: 61–62. de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. Sarto, V. & Aguilar. L. nal “Henri Pittier”, Venezuela. Diagnosis y 2001. Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880), Castniidae, also in France. 1 `, Spain, Catalunya, comentarios. Memoria de la Sociedad de Material examined. Shilap 29 (115): 280. Anglès (G), Selva, 31TDG74, 180 m, 20.V.2003, Ciencias Naturales La Salle 53 (139): 47–53. Houlbert, C. Walker, F. 1854. List of the specimens of Lepido- e. l. , V. Sarto I Monteys leg.; 1 ´, 1918. Révision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Études de pterous insects in the collection of the British Spain, Girona, La Cellera de Ter, 30.VII.2001, Museum. Part I. Lepidoptera Heterocera. Lon- e. l. Trachycarpus, U. Aguilar leg. Lépidoptérologie Comparée 15: 1–730. Jordan, H. E. K. 1906. Notes to plates III and X. don, British Museum 1: 1–278. Novitates Zoologicae 13 (4): 759–776. Acknowledgements. We would like to Korytkowski, C. A. & Ruiz, E. R. 1980a. El bar- Günther Nogge, Matthias Forst, thank reno de los racimos de la palma aceitera, Cast- Peter Klaas, José ‘Pepe’ Alcaraz, and nia daedalus (Cramer), en la plantación de Pedro Trebbau-Millowitsch, for help Tocache (Perú). Oleagineux 35 (1): 1–11. Korytkowski, C. A. & Ruiz, E. R. 1980b. Estado and hospitality while the first author vis- Dr. Jorge M. González, ited the Cologne Zoo and for information actual de las plagas de palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis Jacquin) en Tananta (Huallaga Texas A & M University, that led us to write this note. To Victor Central, San Martín, Perú). Revista Peruana de Department of Entomology, Sarto i Monteys for his collaboration Entomología 22 (1): 17–20. College Station, Texas 77843-2475, USA; Lamas, G. and the perfect couple of P. archon sent 1993. Bibliografía de los Castniidae E-Mail: [email protected] to the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum (Lepidoptera) americanos. Revista Peruana de Alexander Koenig, Bonn. To Gerardo Entomología 35: 13–23. Dr. Dieter Stüning, Lamas Lamas, G. 1995. A critical review of J. Y. Mil- , for insightful comments. We are ler Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Ulla Kreutz ’s checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae greatly indebted to Mrs. , (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomolo- Alexander Koenig, Sektion Lepidoptera, Meckenheim for preparation of the gía 37: 73–87. Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn; colour-plate. Lara, F. 1964. The banana stalk borer Castnio- E-Mail: [email protected]

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