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*Abbe, Ernst (1840-1905),15 Boissier de Sauvages de la Croix, Cohnheim, Julius (1839-1884), xii, *Addison, Thomas (ca 1793-1860), 13 Francois (1706-1767),18 14,453 *Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe Bollinger, Otto von (1843-1909), 16 Corrigan, Dominic John (1802-1880), (1807-1873),473 *Bordet, Jules-Jean-Baptiste-Vincent 13 *Agricola (see Bauer, G.) (1870-1961), 16 *Creighton, Charles (1847-1927),17 Allbutt, Thomas Clifford (1836- Bouillaud, Jean-Baptiste (1796-1881), *Cullen, William (1710-1790),18 1925), 13 469 Andrewes, Christopher Howard (b. *Bowditch, Henry Pickering (1840- 1896), 17 1911), 473 Damien de Veuster, Joseph (Father *Auenbrugger, Joseph Leopold (1722- *Bretonneau, Pierre Fidele (1778- Damien) (1840-1889), 433 1809), 13 1862),15,70,109,390,391 Denman, Thomas (1733-1815), 285 *Bright, Richard (1789-1858), 13 *Domagk, Gerhard (1895-1964), 459, *Broussais, Francois Joseph Victor 466 Bacot, Arthur William (1866-1922), (1772-1838),469 Donovan, Charles (1863-1951),17 99 Brownlee, John (1868-1927), 33, 59, *Dubini, Angelo (1813-1902), 17 *Baillie, Matthew (1761-1823),13 86,87,89,142,312 Dubos, Rent~ Jules (1901-1982), 459 Barlow, Thomas (1845-1945), 299 *Bruce, David (1855-1931), 16, 17,56 Ducrey, Augusto (1860-1940), 16 Barton, Alberto L (not available), 17 Buchheim, Rudolf Richard (1820- Dudley, Sheldon Francis (1884-1956), *Bary, Heinrich Anton de (1831- 1879),457,458 328 1888),14 *Budd, William (1811-1880), 66, 70 Dunant, Jean Henri (1828-1910), 322, *Bassi, Agostino Maria (1773-1856), Buist, John Brown (1846-1915), 16 475 14,475 Bumm, Ernst von (1858-1925), 16 Dutton, Joseph Everett (1874-1905), *Bauer, Georg (Agricola) (1494- 17 1555),494 Bennion, Edward (d. 1844), 118, 465 Castellani, Aldo (1877-1971), 17 Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832),476 CederschjOld, Pehr Gustaf (1782- *Eberth, Carl Joseph (1835-1926), 16 Bergmann, Ernst Gustav Benjamin 1848),117 *Ehrlich, Paul (1854-1915), 18, 187, von (1836-1907), 119 *Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (14 BC-37 458,459 Bertillon, Jacques (1851-1922), 19, AD), 5, 170 *Eijkman, Christiaan (1858-1930), 21,390 Chadwick, Edwin (1800-1890),163, 238 *Bichat, Marie-Francois-Xavier 375,476 Eliot, Charles William (1834-1926), (1771-1802), 13,203 *Chagas, Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano 473 Bignami, Amico (1862-1929),167 (1879-1934),17 Ermengem, Emile Pierre Marie von *Bilharz, Theodor (1825-1862), 17 Chain, Ernst Boris (1906-1979), 459, (1851-1932), 16 Billings, John Shaw (1838-1913), 474 460 *Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783), 25 *Billroth, Christian Albert Theodor *Chamberland, Charles Edouard (1829-1894), 118 (1851-1908),119,391 Boer, Johann Lukas (1751-1835), 285, Chapin, Charles Value (1856-1941), Farr, William (1807-1883), 5, 18, 19, 465,475 16 28,59,92,282,286,287,296, *Boerhaave, Hermann (1668-1738), *Cohn, Ferdinand Julius (1828-1898), 311,351,352,375,382,475,486, 473 xii, 15 487,491,494,495

*Denotes inclusion in Dictionary oj SCientific Biography, C. C. Gillispie, Ed. in Chief. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York (1970-1980). t Denotes dates differing from Dictionary oj Scientific Biography.

593 594 Index of Persons

Fehleisen, Friedrich (1854-1924), 16 Heberden, William (1710-1801), 13 Lane, William Arbuthnot (1856- Fenner, Frank John (b. 1914),58,67, *Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jacob 1943),470 138 (1809-1885), xii, 14, 15, 59 *Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse *Finlay, Carlos Juan (1833-1915),149 Hennen, John (1779-1828),117, 118 (1845-1922),17, 167,392 *Fleming, Alexander (1881-1955), Henry, Louis Georges Auguste (b. *Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van (1632- 459,460 1911),8,9,311,388 1723),14 Flexner, Abraham (1866-1959), 474 Hesse, Walther (1846-1911), 205 Leishman, William Boog (1865- *Flexner, Simon (1863-1946), 74, 474 *HiIl, John (?)1707-1775), 206 1926), 17 Fliedner, Theodor (1800-1864),466, *Hippocrates (of Cos) (ca 460-ca 370 *Liebig, Johann Justus von (1803- 475 BC), 4, 5, 12,58,63,70,81, 105, 1873),287 *Florey, Howard Walter (1898-1968), 283,469 *Lind, James (1716-1794),160,239, 459 Hodgkin, Thomas (1798-1866), 13 328,457 Forde, Robert Michael (1861-1948), Hoffmann, Paul Erich (1868-1959), *Linnaeus (von Linne), Carl (1707- 17 16 1778), 12, 18 *Fracastoro, Girolamo (ca 1478- Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809-1894), *Lister, Joseph (1827-1912), xii, 14, 1553), 14, 162 284,285,288 118, 120, 455 Fraenkel, Albert (1848-1916), 16 Howard, John (1726-1790),92,352, *Lister, Joseph Jackson (1786-1869), Frank, Johann Peter (1745-1821), 476 465,475,496 15 Friedlander, Karl (1847-1887), 16 *Hunter, John (1728-1793),60,188, *Loeffler, Friedrich August Johannes Fry, Elizabeth Gurney (1780-1845), 473 (1852-1915), 16, 109 465,466,475 *Hunter, William (1718-1783), 473 Loesch, Friedrich (Les, Fedor *Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695), Aleksandrovic) (1840-1903),17, 25 74 Gaertner, August Anton Hieronymus Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre (1848-1934), 16 (1787-1872),18,390,469,473, *Gaffky, Georg Theodor August Inada, Ryiikichi (1874-1950), 17 475 (1850-1918), 16 Israel, James (1848-1926), 16 Lush, Dora (1910-1943),61 *Galen (ca 129-ca 200),4,5,70, 133 Gengou, Octave (1875-1957), 16 Gerhard, William Wood (1809-1872), *Jenner, Edward (1749-1823), 132, McCoy, George Walter (1876-1952), 70, 160 133,461,462,471 16 Gerlach, Joseph von (1820-1896),14 Jenner, William (1815-1898), 70, 160 McGrigor, James (1771-1858), 317 *Glisson, Francis (1597-1677), 299 *Manson, Patrick (1844-1922),56, *Goldberger, Joseph (1874-1929), 167 238,429 Kirkes, William Senhouse (1823- *Marchiafava, Ettore (1847-1935), *tGolgi, Camillo (1844-1926), 167 1864), 13 167 *Gompertz, Benjamin (1779-1865), *Kitasato, Shibasaburo (1852-1931), Marshall, Henry (1775-1851) 317 42 16,99,102 Mayrhofer, Karl (1837-1882), 288 Gordon, Alexander (1752-1799), 284, Klebs, Edwin Theodor Albrecht Medin, Oscar (1847-1927), 16 285,288 (1834-1913), 16 *Moivre, Abraham de (1667-1754), *Grassi, Giovanni Battista (1854- Klein, Edward Emanuel (1844-1925), 42 1925),167 16 *Morgagni, Giovanni Battista (1682- *Graunt, John (1620-1674), 24, 25, *Koch, Heinrich Hermann Robert 1771),13 38,39,310,375,490 (1843-1910), xii, 15, 16, 17,66, Morton, William Thomas Green Graves, Robert James (1796-1853), 13 81, 104, 118,458,459,476 (1819-1868),454 Gregory, James (1753-1821), 457 *Koelliker, Rudolf Albert von (1817- *Mueller, Johannes Peter (1801- Guarnieri, Giuseppe (1856-1918), 16 1905),13 1858),203 Gull, William Withey (1816-1890), 13 Kuczynski, Robert Rene (1876-1947), 447,451 Neisser, Albert Ludwig Sigesmund *Hahnemann, Christian Friedrich (1855-1916), 16 Samuel (1755-1843), 457 *Laennec, Theophile-Rene-Hyacinthe Neumann, Kaspar (1648-1715), *Haller, Albrecht von (1708-1777), (1781-1826),13 42 255 Laidlaw, Patrick Playfair (1881-1940), Nicolaier, Arthur (1862-1942), 16 *tHalley, Edmond (1656-1742), 25, 17 *Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri (1866- 38,39 Lambl, Vilem Du~an (1824-1895), 17 1936), 160, 333 Hamer, William Heaton (1862-1936), *Lancisi, Giovanni Maria (1654- Nightingale, Florence (1820-1910), 59 1720),167 319,322,464,466,475 *Hansen, Gerhard Henrik Armauer *Landsteiner, Karl (1868-1943), 454, Nunneley, Thomas (1809-1870), 284, (1841-1912), 16, 433 472 288 Index of Persons 595

Obermeier, Otto Hugo Franz (1843- *Ross, Ronald (1857-1932), 5, 56, 59, Tait, Robert Lawson (1845-1899), 1873), 16, 183 167, 170 120,455,465 Ogston, Alexander (1844-1929), 16 *Roux, Pierre Paul Emile (1853- Todd, John Lancelot (1876-1949),17 Osler, William (1849-1919),17, 188, 1933),99, 109 Topley, William Whiteman Carlton 268,469 *Rush, Benjamin (1746-1813), 470 (1886-1944), xii, 51,58 *Owen, Richard (1804-1892),17 1fudeau, Edward Livingston (1848- 1915),432 Sabin, Albert Bruce (b. 1906),461 *Pacini, Filippo (1812-1883), 66 Sauvages de la Croix (see Boissier) Paget, James (1814-1899),17 *Schaudinn, Fritz Richard (1871- Veniaminov, Ivan Evseevic (1797- *Paracelsus (ca 1493-1541),456,494 1906), 16 1879),426 *tPare, Ambroise (1510-1590), 319 *Schleiden, Jacob Mathias (1804- Vieusseux, Gaspard (1746-1814),115 Parkinson, Thomas Carlyle (1884- 1881), 13 Villemin, Jean-Antoine (1827-1892), 1909),61 Schmiedeberg, Johann Ernst Oswald 15,81,390 Paschen, Enrique Federico Mauricio (1838-1921),458 Vincent de Paul, Saint (1576-1660), (1860-1936), 16 *Schoenlein, Johann Lucas (1793- 465 *Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895), xii, 14, 1864), 14, 70, 475 *Virchow, Rudolf Carl (1821-1902), 15,16,118,119,157,287,288, Schottmuller, Adolf Alfred Louis xii, 13, 163, 203, 255, 457 391,392,460,461,471,476 George Hugo (1867-1936), 16 Pavlovsky (Pavlovskil), Evgenii Schutz, Johann Wilhelm (1839-1920), Nikanorovic (1884-1965),56,98 16 Waksman, Selman Abraham (1888- Pavy, Frederick William (1829-1911), *Schwann, Theodor Ambrose Hubert 1973), 460, 466 13 (1810-1882), 13,203 *Waldeyer-Hartz, Wilhelm von (1836- *Pettenkofer, Max Josef von (1818- *Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp (1818- 1921), 204, 288 1901),60,72,460 1865),60,120,250,286,287, *Wargentin, Pehr Wilhelm (1717- *Petty, William (1623-1687), 24 288,475 1783),25 *Pinel, Philippe (1745-1826),13, *Serturner, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Webster, Alexander (1707-1784), 380 18 Ferdinand (1783-1841), 457 *Weichselbaum, Anton (1845-1920), *Plencic, Marcus Antonius (1705- Shattuck, Lemuel (1793-1859), 476 16 1786),14 Shiga, Kiyoshi (1870-1957), 16,74 *Welch, William Henry (1850-1934), *Pollender, Franz Aloys Antoine *Silliman, Benjamin (1779-1864), 16 (1800-1879), 16, 104,391 473 *White, Charles (1728-1813),117, Pott, Percivall (1714-1788), 204 Simon, John (1816-1904),476 284, 285, 288, 465 Simond, Paul Louis (1858-1947), Wilks, Samuel (1824-1911), 13 99 Willan, Robert (1757-1812),114 Ramazzini, Bernardino (1633-1714), Simpson, James Young (1811-1870), *Willis, Thomas (1621-1675), 70 204,494 119,287,288,454,464,465,475, Wilson, Graham Selby (1895-1988), *Reed, Walter (1851-1902),149 484 51 Rehn, Ludwig (1849-1930), 207 Sinclair, John (1754-1835), 380 *Witt, Johan de (1625-1672), 25 *tRhazes (al-RilzT) (ca 860-ca 932), *Skoda, Josef (1805-1881), 13, 72, *Wright, Almroth Edward (1861- 133,140 458,469,475 1947),460 *Ricketts, Howard Taylor (1871- *Smith, Wilson (1897-1965), 17 Wucherer, Otto Edward Henry (1820- 1910), 17 *Snow, John (1813-1858), 66, 67, 78, 1873), 17 Rocha Lima, Henrique da (1879- 287 Wunderlich, Carl Reinhold August 1956), 17 Stokes, William (1804-1878), 13 (1815-1877), 13 Rokitansky, Karl von (1804-1878), xii, Sundbarg, Axel Gustav (1857-1914), 13,285 95 Romanovskii, Dmitri! Leonidovic *Sydenham, Thomas (1624-1689), *Yersin, Alexandre-John-Emile (1861-1921),17,167,458 140 (1863-1943), 16,99, 102 General Index

Aborigines, see Australia, aborigines; schistosomiasis, 193 fiber, 240, 272 Aleuts, Amerindians, scurvy, 448 gall bladder, 272, 276 Eskimos, Maoris siderosis, 450 gastroenteritis, 272 Abortion, 281, 289 sleeping sickness, 180 hernia, 272 Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, 75 smallpox, 444 peptic ulcer, 273 Accidents, see Injury and poisoning tetanus, 443 Allopathy, 457 Acquired immune deficiency tropical ulcer, 444 Amebiasis, 1,75,332,338 syndrome, 159 trypanosomiasis, 182 Amenorrhea, famine, 46 Actinomycosis, 117 tuberculosis, 442 American, Latin, 437 Adults, see Age western diseases, 450 Amerindians, 436 Adverse drug reaction, see Therapy, whooping cough, 443 childhood, 436, 439 aberrations yaws, 445 cholera, 438 Affluence, 478 yellow fever, 444 conquest, 436 Aflatoxin, 208, 214 Age gastrointestinal, 438 Africa, 443 gestational, 26 infancy, 438 anemia, 448 mortality malaria, 437 bubonic plague, 443 infancy, 355 measles, 438 cancer, 448 early childhood (1-4 yrs), 354, pestilences, 438 cardiovascular diseases, 449 355 smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, 437 chigger flea, 445 school, minimum (5-14 yrs), 358 tuberculosis, 438 cholera, 442 young adult, local maximum (15- America, United States of, 425 demography, 451 24 yrs), 354, 360 bubonic plague, 432 drought, 447 young parentage (25-34 yrs), 365 cancer, 434 dysentery, 442 mature parentage (35-44 yrs), 365 cholera, 427, 430 enteric fever, 442 early middle (45-54 yrs), 367 enteric fever, 428 European expatriates, 452 late middle (55-64 yrs), 368 hookworm, 428 famine, 447 retirement (65-74 yrs), 369 infections, 432 hepatitis B, 444 old age (75 and over), 369 malaria, 428 hypertension, 449 extreme old age, 371 measles, 438 leishmaniasis, 445 Agencies, international, 13, 22 melanoma, 435 leprosy, 443 Agricultural man, 3 pellagra, 429 liver disease, 450 AIDS, see Acquired immune peopling of, 425 malaria, 444 deficiency syndrome pre-Columbian, 425 malignant hypertension, 449 Air, see Pollution smallpox, 433 malnutrition, 446 Alastrim (variola minor), see tuberculosis, 432 measles, 444 Smallpox typhus, 429 melanoma, 448 Alcoholism, 248, 406 yellow fever, 150 meningitis, 443 Aleuts, 426 Amerindians, 427 neurological diseases, 449 Alimentary, 359, 362, 365, 366, 467 conquest, 436 nutritional disease, 448 alcoholism, 248 epidemiological problems, 427 pneumonia, 450 appendicitis, 272, 273, 455 malaria, 437 relapsing fever, 183 cholecystitis, 455 population, 437 respiratory diseases, 450 diarrhea and enteritis, 272 pre-historic, 425 rheumatic heart disease, 449 dysentery, 272 smallpox, 437

596 General Index 597

yellow fever, 438 Arbovirus, see Arthropod-borne virus multiple, 302 Anchylostoma, see hookworms Armies, see War rate affecting death rate, 35 Ancient world, 4 Arsenic, 207 weight, 26 Antonine pestilence, 5, 133 Arsphenarnines, 187, 189,470 Black Assizes, 101 Athenian pestilence, 5, 133 Arthropathy, 292 Blockades, 327 classical Greece and Rome, 4 Arthropod-borne virus, 149, 153, 179, Blood,244 malaria, 5, 170 185,493 Borellia, 183 smallpox, 5, 133 Arthropods, 56, 149 Botulism, 74 Anemia Asbestosis, 207, 217 Bowel infections, 355 elliptocytic, 245 Asia, 412 Breast feeding, 305 hereditary, 245 Assignment, see also Coding, 21 Brill's disease, 163 iron deficiency, 244 Asthma, 270 British Isles, 375 miner's, 200 Ataxia, locomotor (tabes), 189 Bronchiectasis, pertussis, 113 pernicious, 199,244 Atheroma, 255 Brucellosis, 105 sickle cell, 245 Athletes, 492 Bubonic plague, 97 spherocytic, 245 Australia, 414 thalassemia, 245, 295 aborigines, 414 Anesthesia, 454 anthropozoonoses, 414, 422 Cadmium, 240 Aneurysm of the aorta, 186 bubonic plague, 422 Calendar death rates, 32 Animals caucasoids, 415 Carnpylobacter, 77 bites, 352, 484 cholera, 422 Canada, 435 direct attack, 3, 484 circulatory diseases, 253 Canals, see Constructions directly transmissible infectious death rates, 415 Cancer, see Neoplasms diseases, 484 genito-urinary diseases, 279 Candidiasis, 192 reservoirs of the anthropozoonoses, infant mortality, 308 Carbuncle, 291 484 infections by ship, 52, 422 Cardiovascular source of food, 484 infections from tropics, 414 by-pass surgery of heart, 455 source of traction, 484 influenza, 128,422 childhood,359 Anomalies, congenital, 293, 295 isolation, 422 replacement of heart, 456 causation life table rheumatic fever, 113,252,455 addictive drugs, 294 functions, 44 Caries, spinal, see Tuberculosis chromosome syndromes, 294 populations, 47 Carriers, meningococcal, 115 cytomegalovirus, 293 malaria, 170, 414, 422 Catastrophe, 347 genetic, 293 maternal mortality, 280 Causes, see also Class, composite, 20, hyperthermia, 294 measles, 56, 143, 422 21 irradiation, 294 respiratory diseases, 267 ill-defined, 352 major genes, 295 rubella, 56, 147 underlying, 21 maternal disease, 294 scarlatina, 1I4 Cell theory, 13 mercury, 294 secular comparisons, 416 Cells, 13 multifactorial, 294, 2% standardized rates, 416 Centenarians, 371 pharmaceuticals, 294 Sydney water supply, 78 Cerebrospinal, see Meningitis, rubella, 293 transportation of convicts, 352 meningococcal sickle cell anemia, 295 tuberculosis, 83, 422 Certification and assignment, 20 thalassemia, 295 generation death rates, 85 Cestodiasis, 197 thalidomide, 294 Automobile accidents, 344, 362, 365 Chance, role of, 52 toxoplasmosis, 293 Avitaminosis, 237, 335, 502 Chancre and chancroid, 189 sex ratio, 295 Aztecs, 436 Chemo- and antibiotic therapy, 458 statistics, 295 and passim Anthracosis, 270 Chickenpox, see Varicella Anthrax, 16, 104,391,433 Babesiosis, 185 Chigger, 445 Anthropozoonoses, 56, 57 Bacteriology, history of, 16, 17 Childbirth, 280 Antibiotics, see also Chemotherapy, Balantidiasis, 75 China, 410 458,459,471 Bartonellosis, 56, 185 Chlamydia, 153, 157 Anticontagionists, 60 Beri-beri, 238 Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, 276 Antimony, 470 Bhopal, methylisocyanate, 346 Cholera, 66 Antisepsis and asepsis, 1I8, 1I9, 120, Bilharziasis, see Schistosomiasis bacteriology, vibrio cholerae, v. 455 Biographies, 10 and Index of Persons eltor,66 chlorinated lime, 287 Birth case fatality, 67 Antitoxins, efficacy of, III defects chemically induced, 302 history, 66, 68 Appendicitis, 273 definition, 26 pandemics, 69 598 General Index

Cholera (conI.) historical narrative, 32 nomenclature, 12, 18 river systems - India, 67 sex specific, 28 peculiarly human, 477 vaccine, 461 standardization, 34 Diverticulosis, 276 Cholesterol, in diet, 255 Deforestation and malaria, 168 Doctrines, received but usually false, Chorea, Huntington's, 295 Demographic statistics, 10 468 Chromosomes, aberrations of, 294 Dengue, 153 Droughts, see Famines Church, as state bureaucracy, 9 Denmark,402 Drowning, 344 Chyluria, see filariasis Derelicts and alcoholics, 248 Drugs Cirrhosis, see liver Desert sore, 478 allopathy, 457 Civilization, 4, 487 Developing countries, 10 available before 1865, 456 diseases of, see Diet, fiber etc. Diabetes, 223 dependence, 243 Class, in sense of lCD, 19 clinics, 224 homeopathy, 457 composite, 278, 363, 366, 368 death rates, 225 resistance of malaria, 178 social, 487, 495 diet, 223 Dyes in therapy, 458 Classical world, 4 fiber, 223 Dying out, order of, 38 Classification genetics and polymorphisms, 223, Dynamics of population, 38 Bertillon, 19 224,295,365 Dysentery, 74 international, 19 insulin dependence, 223 priority, tuberculosis, 22 Diarrhea, see Dysentery, Enteric fever, Clergy, 492 Famine, Gastroenteritis, ex and ~x' the curtate and complete Climate Giardiasis expectation of life, 40 differences, 480 Diet Echinococcus, 197 secular changes, 230 defects, 240 Ecology, see also Pollution, 477 Clonorchiasis, 197 denatured food, 237, 240 Economic development, 495 Clostridium, 117 fiber, 240 Education in medicine, 472 Coding rules, 20 gallstones, 276 Eire, 385 Cohort, 32 high blood pressure, 257 famine, 386 Cold, excessive, 347 salt excess, 241, 257 Emphysema, 270 Comparability, international, 19 serum lipids, 255 Encephalitis, 140, 146, 153-155,339 Comparative studies, 475 toxicants, 241 Enclaves, 495 Comparisons, international, 19 Diphtheria, 108 Endemicity, 55 age specific rates, 371 Denmark, 110 Endocrine diseases, 223, 502 maternal mortality, 281 England and Wales, 110 England and Wales, 374 puerperal sepsis, 280 serum potency, 108, 462 diseases treated elsewhere in this Congenital, see Anomalies toxin, 109 monograph, 380 Constructions, great toxoid,462 miscellaneous references, 380 Panama and Suez canals, 494 types, 109 Enteric fever, 70, 71 Contagion, 14 vaccination, 462 as a great pestilence, 71 Corynebacterium, see Diphtheria Disaster control and prevention, see bacteriology, 70 Cosmopolitan infections, 477 Injury and poisoning England and Wales, 110 Cowpox, 132 Diseases, generalities historical, 16, 70 Crowding, meningitis, 115 cause immunization, 73 Cysticerciasis, 199 bacterial, 16 in barracks, 317 Cytology and histology, 13 miscellaneous, 17 lethality, 71, 72 Cytomegalic inclusion disease, 158 organismal, 14 milk,73 (of) civilization and affluence, 478 pathology, Peyer's patches, 70 classification, 13, 15 separation from typhus, 70 dx' deaths by age in life table, 41 cosmopolitan, 477 treatment, 71 Death discoveries, 13, 16, 17 war, 323, 324, 325, 331 cause, 26 evolution of human diseases, 3 water supply, 72 definitions, 25 foot and mouth, 158 Entrepot, New York (see note for Death rates identification, 12, 13 . Boston and for Baltimore), age specific, 28 long standing, 34 429 calendar, 32, 39 new, see Acquired immune Epidemics cTude, 35, 39 deficiency syndrome, fade-out, 51 declines, see also tables for Escherichia toxicosis, island,55 countries, 30, 453-476 Hepatitis, lakob-Creutzfeldt perpetuation, 54 demography, 10 disease, Kuru, Legionnaires' Epidemiologists, infections of, 60 forecasting, 34 disease, Viruses, slow, Epidemiology, 58, 59 generation, 32, 39 Zoonoses Epilepsy, 250, 295 General Index 599

Eradication and control of infective tuberculosis, 235 typhoid, see Enteric fever diseases, 174, 484 typhus, 161 Venezuelan equine, 159 Ergot, 241 extremes of life, 234 yellow, see also, Fever, relapsing, Erysipelas, 115, 285, 309,433 infanticide, 236 149-153 Erysipelothrix, 106 lethargy and pestilence, 234, 235 Fiber, 272 Escherichia coli, 75 migration, 231 Fiji, measles epidemic, 424 Escherichia toxicosis, 75 named, Claudius, 7 Filariasis, 199 Eskimos, 230 population size, 236 Finland, 407 Espundia, see Leishmaniasis, statistics, 236 famine, 232, 408 American war, 233 tuberculosis, 409 Eugenics, 298 Fertility Fleas, rat, 98 Europe, 388-395 amenorrhea, famine, 46 Flood,233 Evolution and population, 50 Focal Sepsis, 470 of human infections, 61 rates, net.and gross, 43 Fog, London, 267 of man, 1 Fetus, death of, 26 Food,227,502 Exanthemata, viral, see Smallpox, Fever destruction, 229 Measles, Vaccinia African tick-borne, 164 poisoning, 74 Exchange, Columbian, 425 American spotted, 164 protection and hygiene, 74 Excreta, disposal of, 79 arbovirus hemorrhagic, 157 storage, 229 Expectation of life, 40 Australian A or Q, 155, 164 toxicants, 241 Extreme old age, 369 Bankok hemorrhagic, 153 transport, 228 black, see 1Yphus Forecasting of death rates, 34 blackwater, see Malaria Foundations, medical, 473, 474 lx, fertility rate, 42 Bolivian hemorrhagic, 158 France, 388 Fade-out of epidemics, 51 boutonneuse, 164 civil war, 323 Faeroes, 400 cat scratch, 158 infections, 390 Falls, accidental, 347 Chikungunya (viral), 154 mortality, 392 Family, 52 childbed fever, see Puerperal sepsis parishes, 9, 388 Famines, 232-237 Colorado tick (virus), 155 Friendly societies, 492 abortions, 231, 236 Congo Crimean hemorrhagic, 155 Furuncle, 291 absence in hunter-gatherers, 235 dengue, 153 amenorrhea, 46, 236 dum dum, see Leishmaniasis bibliography, 237 Ebola, 158 Gall-bladder, see Cholecystitis, etc. breakdown in social order, 233, 234 enteric, see Enteric fever Gangrene, hospital, 117 causes glandular, 158 Garbage, 482 climatic changes, 230 Haverhill, 106 Gas warfare, 335 diseases of animals, 385 hospital fevers, 55 Gastroenteritis, 75 droughts, cold climate, 232 Japanese river, 163 as a great pestilence, 75 hot climate, 233, 234, 447 Lassa, 158 differential diagnosis from enteric, earthquakes, 233 Machupo, 158 70 epidemics, 234 Malta, see Brucellosis infants, 76 floods, 233 Marburg, 158 travellers, 77 food, destruction of, 229 military, 158 tribal man, 76 general, 502 Omsk hemorrhagic, 155 Genealogy, 8 insect pests, 234 O'nyong-nyong (viral), 153 General paralysis of the insane, 186 plant diseases, 384, 386 Oroya, see Bartonellosis Generation, spontaneous, 15 rinderpest, trypanosomiasis, 448 phlebotomus, see Fever, sandfly Genes, dominant and recessive, see tsunamis, 412 rat bite, 106 also Diabetes, Hemoglobin war, 233 relapsing, 234 anomalies, 295 control Obermeyer's (European), 183 Genetic deaths, prenatal, 300 distribution of food, 235, 412, 386 Spirillum, 184 Genetic resistance to disease, 296 government failure, 235, 412, 386 rickettsial (various), 163 Genetics, human, 293 official recognition, 235, 412, 386 Rift Valley (viral), 155 of diabetes, 295 edema, 231 Rocky mountain spotted, 164 of malaria resistance, 295 epidemics sandfly, 155 Genitourinary diseases, 278 bubonic plague, 234 Sao Paulo, 164 Gentry, mortality of, 482 diarrhea, 231 spotted, see also 1Yphus, 164 Germany, 393 measles, 235 sweating, 158 cholera, 67 pneumonia, 235 trench,334 ruling classes, 9 relapsing fever, 234 tsutsugamushi, 163 Gestational age, 26 600 General Index

Giardiasis, 75 multiple births, 302 Laboratory infections, see Epidemiol• Gladiators, 7 neonatal deaths, causes of, 303 ogists Glanders, 105 in the parishes, 310 Latitude, see also Tropical medicine, Glandular fever, 158 prematurity, 303 477 Global epidemiology, 10 progress in infant mortality, 306 Latitude and melanoma, 219 Goiter, 223 risks to development of fetus and Laws of mortality, see Mortality Goldmining, 494 infant, 301 Lawyers, mortality, 492 Gompertz law, 42 stillbirths and infant deaths, Legal intervention, 351 Gonorrhea, 189 301 Legionnaires' disease, 120 Granuloma inguinale, 189 Infanticide, 299, 300 Leishmaniasis, 179 Greenland, 397 Infections, 51 Leprosy, 107 Guinea worm, 200 evolution, 61 Leptospirosis, 191 not assigned to Class I, 500 Lethality, secular changes perpetuation, 53 diphtheria, 109 Helminths, 3, 193 seasonality, 61 scarlatina, 113 Hemochromatosis, 224 vector-borne, 153, 154 smallpox, 132 Hemoglobin anomalies, 245 Inflammation, 14 Lethargy in famines, 231 Hemorrhage, 282, 453 Influenza, 123-131 Leukoencephalopathy, 122 Hepatitis, viral, A,B,C=notA, not Injury and poisoning, 341-353 Life, sanctity of human, 341 B,156 accidents Life span, maximum, 41 Herd infections, control, 64 air and space, 345 Life table functions Herpes simp/ex, 139 falls, 347 dx deaths in lifetable by age, 41 Herpes zoster, 139 fire and flames, 347 ~x (complete) expectation of life at Histology, 13, 14 natural causes, 347 age x, 40, 41 History, general references, 10, 11 railway, 343 Ix survivors to age x, 38, 39, 40 Homicide, 351 road,344 mx andqx, 28 Hookworm, 200 water transport, 344 Px probability of survival within 1 Hospitals control of disasters, 347, 348 year at age x, 38 nosocomial disease, 464 disasters qx=I-Px, 28 sepsis, wound and puerperal, 117, bridge, 348 /l-x instantaneous death rate, 284 collision of ships, 345 41 Human genetics, 295 dams, 349 Life table population Hunter-gatherers, 227 seismic, 348 pyramid,46 tsunami, 348 stable, 47 Insecticide, 232 Life tables, 38 Iatrogenic disease, 469 Insects, 483 calendar, 39 Ice Ages, 230 Institutions, mortality and records, cohort or generation, 39 malaria in Europe, 168 496 historical Iceland, 398 Insurance records, 492 Australia, 41 Immunological methods International statistical classification, Graunt, 38, 39 complications of vaccination, 138 21 Halley, 38, 39 inoculation, 133, 138,461 Interpolation, 38 official serotherapy, 110 Intestinal disease, 3, 66 Australia, 44 vaccination Ireland, see Eire, Northern Ireland England and Wales, 44 with killed organisms or extracts Island epidemics, 54, 55,489 Japan, 45 of,461 Isolation, natural, 55 Norway, 45 with living organisms, 140, 157, Italy, 393 Lightning, 349 461 Listeriosis, 106 India, 412 Liver bubonic plague, 99, 100 Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, 122 abscess, see also Amebiasis, cholera, 67 Japan, 410 276 famine, 412 declines in mortality, 410 cholecystitis, 276 Infancy, 299 life table functions, 45 cirrhosis, 276 gastroenteritis, 75 population pyramid, 49 hepatitis, 276 in German nobility, 306 temple records, 10 Loiasis, 199 international and secular compari- Longitude, 477 sons, 310, 312 Louping ill, 155 low birthweight, 303 Kala azar, 179 Lymphogranuloma inguinale, malnutrition and bowel infection, Kuru, 122 189 304 Kwashiorkor, 231 Lymphoma, Burkitt's, 203 General Index 601

mx' mortality death rate at age x, 28 in the hospitals, 283 Multiple sclerosis, 251 mx andqx,28 measures of, 22, 27 Mumps, 157 Maize and pellagra, 238 in Vienna, 285 Muscardine, 14 Malaria, 165-178 Mathematical models, 38, 51 Musculoskeletal,292 abortions and stillbirths, 170 Measles, 139 Mutation of genes, 297, 298 algid form of disease, 167 alternation of yearly deaths, 140, Mycobacterium, see Thberculosis ancient world, 5 141 non-tuberculous, other, 101-108 Anopheles gambiae in Brazil, 169 childhood and infancy, 355, 357, Mycoses, 192 birth rate, 169 359 Mycotoxins, 241 childhood, 169 fade-outs, 51, 52, 53 Myxomatosis, 396, 397 complications, 167 genetic resistance, 296, 297 control, 177 island epidemics, 55 by country: Africa, 168, 169; as pestilence, 140 Naegleriajowieri, 75, 379 America, 168; Asia, 173; urban-rural differences, 143 Nagana, 2 Europe, 170; Italy, 171; North vaccine, living, 140 Nationality, in ancient Rome, 7 America, 168, 172; Oceania, war, 326 Native populations, see 1ribal 170; Polynesia, 170; pre• Measurement of mortality, 24 populations Columbian America, 168; Medical skill, 466 Neoplasms, 203-222 South America, 168,437 Medical therapy, 453 age,210,211,355-373 eradication and control, 174 Medical training, 475 carcinogenesis evolution, 168 Medicine, history of, 10 aflatoxins, 208 evolution of resistance, 167, 168 Melanoma, see Neoplasms air and water, 213 geographical distribution (zones), Melioidosis, 105 alcohol, 207 166 Meningitis, see also Encephalitis, and asbestos, 207 hemoglobinuria (blackwater fever), as secondary to other diseases burns, 209 167 enteroviral, 121 chemical,207 historical, 167, 168 meningococcal, 115 chronic infections and irritation, modes of infection, 167 Mental disorders, 247 209 morphology of parasite and Mercury, 186 cooking, 208 treatment, 167 Metal poisons, 241 in food, 208 Osler and discovery, 167 Mice, cage age, 38 general, 501 pathology, 167 Microbes, classification of, 15 genetics, 209 as pestilence, 168-178 Microscope, compound, 15 low fiber, 215 polymorphism, 169 Middle Ages in Europe, 7 metals, 207 quinine, 167 Migrations in famines, 231, 235 nutrition, 208 recorded mortality, 168 Milk as vehicle of infection, 79 radiation, 205 related zoonoses, 168 Miners' anemia, 200 electromagnetic, 205 "septicemic" or toxic, 167 Mining, 494 natural ionizing, 205 species of parasite Molluscum contagiosum, 158 occupational, 205, 206 falciparum, subtertian, passim Mononucleosis, infectious, 158 Roentgen (X rays), 205 malariae, quartan, 165, 166 Moon, influence on health, 42 ultraviolet (solar), 204 ovale, 165, 166 Morbidity, classification, 18 uranium ores, 205 vivax, benign tertian, 166 Mortality schistosomiasis, 209 suppression or prophylaxis, 168, age specific rates, 25, 28, 30 smoking and tobacco, 206 177 ancient world, 6 viruses, 208 thalassemia, 178 coding rules, 20 crude death rates, 210 treatment, 168 forecasting of, 34 environment, 203-208 zones for types, 166 Graunt's study of, 24, 25 experimental,212 Manor, 8 international classification, 19 familial,213 Mansonellosis, 199 international comparisons, 10 geographical, Japan, 471 Maori, see New Zealand laws of (Gompertz, Makeham), 42 history, 203 Marasmus, 312 maternal, 22 masculinity, 210 Masculinity, see Sex ratio measurement, 24 occupation, 203, 213, 493 Massacres, see War rates, regularity of, 24 pollution, air and water, 213 Maternal mortality, see also Puerperal rates, standard error of, 29 precursors, 203 sepsis role of therapy in declines, 482 registries, 211 age and parity, 280 social consequences, 482 site and type in Australia (New South Wales), 280 Mosquitoes benign, 203 delay in declines, 288 malaria, 165, 166 breast (female), 204 in England and Wales, 282, 283, 285 yellow fever, 149, 150 cervix,207 602 General Index

Neoplasms (cont. ) Nursing, 465, 466 ineffectiveness against viruses, 460 chorioncarcinoma, 218 Nutrition, human, 227-243, 485 isoniazid, 94 colon, 215 and alcoholism, 248 medicinals, 456 esophagus, 214 infant, 304, 305, 306 organotherapy (hormones), 459, genitourinary, 217 and infections, 76, 77,145,242 463 hemopoietic, see Neoplasms, maternal,301 penicillin, 459 leukemia in World War II, 340 quinine, 18, 167, 168,456,458 Hodgkin's disease, 221 sulfonamides, 459 intestine, large, 215 theory of therapy, 456 kidney, 219 Occupation, 493 Phocomelia, 294 larynx, 216 Oceania, 415 Pilgrimages and cholera, 67 leukemia, 205, 220 outer Pacific islands, 424 Pinta, 191 lung, 216 Officers, morality of, see War Placenta, 20 melanoma, 219 Oroya fever, see Bartonellosis transmission of infections: rubella, oral cavity, 214 Orphanhood, 5 54; American trypanosomiasis, ovary, 218 182; drug addiction, 250; pancreas, 215 Listeria, 106; malaria, 167;

prostate, 218 PX' probability of survival within 1 syphilis, 186; Toxoplasma, 293 rectum, 215 year at age x, 38 Plague, bubonic, 97 respiratory, 216 Pacific islands, other, 424 Antonine,5 scrotum, 202 Paragonimiasis, 197 of Athens, 4 skin, 219 Parasitology, 17 bacteriology, 98, 99 stomach, 214 Parrot disease, 185 Black death, 101 uterus, 217 Pathology, 12, 13 China, 102 statistics, 210, 211, 213 geogrphical, 477 classical world, 4, 101 surgery, 455 Pellagra, 238 control, 104 survival, see Neoplasms, statistics Penicillin, 459 fleas, 98 Nephritis, 278, 335 Perinatal deaths, 299, 300 human ectoparasites, 99 Nephropathy, immune complex of Perpetuation, see also Fade-out, 51, humidity, 99 tropics, 480 54 Justinian's pandemic, 101 Nephrosonephritis, hemorrhagic, 158 Pertussis, 112 Middle Ages, 101 Nervous system, 247-251, 467 bronchiectasis and masculinity, 113 mortality alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis, Pestilences, great church incumbents, 102 276 African trypanosomiasis, 182 land owners, 102 alcoholism, 248 American trypanosomiasis, 181 nidus, 98 drug dependence, 249 bubonic plague, 97 pandemic of 1894, 102 epilepsy, 250 cholera, 66 perpetuation, 97, 98 multiple sclerosis, 251 enteric fever, 70 pneumonic, 98 neurasthenia in war, 335 future of, 497 rats, 99 psychoses, care of, 250 gastroenteritis and related bowel sylvatic, 98 suicide, 249 infections, 75 temperature, 99 Netherlands, 395 influenza, 123 treatment, 100, 104 New Zealand, Maori, 422 leprosy, 107 war, 325 non-Maori, 423 malaria, 165 Plasmodium, see Malaria Nicotine, 206 measles, 139 Pneumoconiosis, 270 Nidus, 98 relapsing fever, 183 Pneumonia, 267 Nitrites, 208 schistosomiasis, 194 Poisonings, see also Toxins and Niugini, 424 smallpox, 132 toxicants, 346 Nobel Prizes (Laveran, Ross), 167 syphilis, 186 methylisocyanate (at Bhopal), 346 Nobility, 8, 491 tuberculosis, 81 trichlorphenol (at Seveso), 346 British,8 typhus, 160 Poliomyelitis German, infant mortality, 306 yellow fever, 149 acute, 121 Nomenclature of diseases, 18 Peyer's patches, 70 provocation paralysis, pertussis and Norden, 396-409 Pharmacodynamics, 456 tonsillectomy, 121 Northern Ireland, 385 allopathy, 457 vaccination, 122, 462 Norway, 45, 95, 400-402 bacteriotherapy (immunology), 460 Pollution, see also Water Supply, 75, Nosocomial diseases, 464 chemotherapy, 458 481-483 Nosography, 13 Ehrlich's principles, 459 Polymorphism, 297 Notifiable diseases, 53 curative v. maximal tolerated, 458 asthma, 270 Number mysticism, 42 homeopathy, 457 blood,245 General Index 603

diabetes, 224 pneumonia, 266 Sovereigns, mortality of, 492 sickle cell anemia, 169, 245 tribal incidence, 4 Spain, 395 Polynesia, 414, 424 Rheumatism, cardiovascular, 365 Sport, 492 Population, see also Fertility Rickets and osteomalacia, 239 Sprue, 277 classical world, 5 Rickettsioses, 160 Standardization of death rates, 29, distribution, 50 Rodents, see also Rats, 98 416 growth,38 Roman patriciate, 7 Starvation, 231 pyramids, 46, 48 Rubella, congenital malformations, Sterilization, 119 at risk, 27 56, 146 Stillbirth, 301 size and epidemics, 53 Rubrics, 66 Stock, diseases of, 2 stable life, 47 Streptococci, see also Wounds, subject, 495 Puerperal sepsis, 15 Postulates of Koch, 15 Sailing ships, epidemics on, 52 sore throat, 113 Potato blight, 14 Salmonellosis, 74 Strongyloides, 201 Potential years of life lost (PYLL), 50 Salt in hypertension, 257 Subpopulations, religious groups, 486 Poverty and prosperity, 495 Scarlatina, 113, 355, 359 Subsistence, crises of, 234 Pregnancy, 280 Schistosomiasis, 193 Sudden death, 304 Prematurity, 26, 303 Schizophrenia, 250 Suffocation, 349 Prenatal, care and death, 300, 304 Schools, epidemics in, 52 Suicide, 349 Prisoners of war, 322 Scientific method, 475 Sulfonamide, 459 Puerperal, see also Maternal mortality Scotland, 380 Surgery, 453 ectopic gestation, 282, 283 Scurvy, see Vitamin C aberrations in, 469 hemorrhages, 280, 282 Seasonality, 55, 61 Survivorship, lx, 38 Puerperal sepsis, 280 Secular changes, in case fatality or in Sweden, 402 autoinfection, 287 mortality, 62 famine, 232 autopsy as source, 287 Seismic, see Volcanic parish records, 10 bacteriology, 283, 287 Senility, 369 population pyramid, 48 chlorinated lime (Semmelweis), 287 Sepsis, wound, see also Puerperal, 117 Switzerland, 395 as hospital disease, 283 Serotherapy, see Immunological Syndromes, classification of, 18 inflammatory secretions (of methods Syphilis, 186 Simpson), 287 Sewage, 79, 411 endemic, 192 Liebigian theory, 287 Sex ratio of mortality, see also great pestilence, 187 tetanus, 116 Bronchiectasis, Diabetes, tabes dorsalis, locomotor ataxia, Drowning, Injury and 186 poisoning, Neoplasms by type, qx,28 Occupation, Perinatal, Q-fever, 164 Pertussis, Sport, Suicide, Taenia, 199 Quarantine, 64, 481 Syphilis, Tuberculosis, War, Term of pregnancy, 26 Quinine, see Pharmacodynamics 371 Tetanus, 116 Shellfish and enteric fever, 73 Thalassemia, 178 Shigellosis, 74 Thalidomide, 471 Rabies, 157 Shingles, see Herpes zoster Thallium, 470 Race, tuberculosis, 90 Silicosis, 92, 270, 493 Theory Radiation, see Neoplasms Skin and supporting tissues, 291 cellular, 13 Rat bite fever, 106 Slavery, 7, 479, 496 humoral,13 Rats, 97--104 Slow viruses, 122 medical, 475 Records Slums, 52 Therapeutics, rational, 456 ecclesiastical, genealogical, legal, Smallpox, 132 Therapy, 453-476 manorial, 8; German nobility, Alastrim, 132 aberrations, 469 parish,9 in disturbed times, 136 anesthetics, 454 Red Cross and Crescent, 322 epidemic curve, 134 antibiotics, 459 Relapsing fever, 183 eradication, 138 antiseptics and asepsis, 455 Reliability, 43 inoculation, 133 blood transfusion, 454, 472 Religious groupings, 492 lethality (case fatality rate), 135 chemotherapy, 458, 470 Reproduction, see Fertility vaccination, 138 doctrines received, 469 Respiratory diseases, 266-271 Smoking, see also Tobacco in endocrine, 463, 472 acute, 266 pregnancy, 302 food,463 asthma, 270 Social consequences of declines in hemorrhage, arrest of, 453 bronchiectasis, 113 mortality, 49 hospital care, 456, 464 emphysema, 270 Society, evolution of, 1, 7 immunological, 461 604 General Index

Therapy (cant. ) pneumoconiosis, silicosis, 91, 92 Epstein Barr (infectious mononucle• radiation, 463, 472 pregnancy, 91 osis), 158 surgery, 454 public health measures, effect of, 94 modes of perpetuation, 54, 55, 139 vaccination, 461 pulmonary, 82 slow, 122 vitamin, 463 race, 90 Vital power, 42 Tin, 470 sex, 91 Vitaminoses (hyper-), 238, 470 Thbacco social habits, e.g., spitting, 89 Vitamins as carcinogen, 206 spread A, low and high intake, 237, 238; in cardiovascular disease, 256 open cases, 82 B, complex: ariboflavinosis, synergistic action, 207 milk,93 beri-beri (thiamin), pellagra Thmbstone evidence, 7 surgery, 94 (niacin), 238; C, ascorbic acid Toxins and toxicants, 2, 241 therapy, 94 deficiency, scurvy, 238; D, Toxoplasmosis, 182 tribal society, 4 calciferols, osteomalacia, Transmission of infections (unnatural wages, level of, 90 rickets, 239 means) war, 93 Volcanic action, 233, 348 blood transfusion, 159, 182, 186 young adults, 361 drug or therapy, syringes, 159, 186 Thlaremia, 104 homosexual, 159 1Yphoid fever, see Enteric fever War, 314-340 Trematodes, other, 197 1Yphus (t. exanthematicus, 70; black airforce, 328 Trench fever, 334 or spotted fever; louse-borne ambulances, 319 Tribal populations t., 160; not to be confused with casualties, battle, 320 abortion, 2 enteric fever, 161, nor with cavalry, 315 carnivores, 3 relapsing fever) cholera, 321 extension of civilization, 487 in America (infection by clothes), civil,323 infanticide, 2 162 civilians, 316, 324 injury and poisonings, 2, 3 Assizes, Black, 163 compound fractures, 319 Western type diseases, 2 famine, 162 Crimean war, 321 Tropical medicine, 478 infection by inhalation, 163 diarrhea and dysentery, 321 Trypanosomiasis, 180 in Ireland, 385 disease, 324 African, 182 in jails and prisons, 352 early man, 2 American, 181 latency and Brill's disease, 161, 163 famines, 327 Tryptophan deficiency, 238 murine, 163 food confiscation, 317 Thbercle, 81 pestilence, 161 gas, 321 Thrberculosis, 81-96 scrub or mite, 164 Geneva convention, 322 age at infection, 90 tick-borne, 164 illnesses, 321 agricultural or tribal societies, 3, 4 Indian army, 317 alcoholism, 89 killed,315 bacille-Calmette-Guerin, 94 Ulcer, peptic, 273 medical officers, 318 bacteriology, 81 Urban death rates, 24 medical services, mobility, 320 chemotherapy, 94 Urban-rural comparisons military medical services, 318, 320 climate, 92 measles, 143 mortality, 315 death rates analysis, 83, 93, 94 tuberculosis, 95 navy, 328 declines, reasons for, 93 yellow fever, 150 officers, 316, 322 diabetes, 92 Urbanization, 229, 381, 406, 489, pestilences, 325 employment and wages, 92 490 population in Thirty Years War, 316 endogenous and exogenous prisoners of war, 322 infections, 82 prophylactic killing, 316 epidemics, local, 90 Vaccinia and vaccination, 138 punitive killing, 316 forecast for England and Wales, 90 Varicella (chicken pox), 139 Red Cross and Crescent, 322 great pestilence, 94 identity with herpes zoster, 139 religious, 316 housing, 89 perpetuation in Iceland, 399 Roman army medical services, 318 infancy and early childhood, 91 Variola, see Smallpox Roman population, 7 international comparisons, 95 Vector-borne infections, 149, 165, 179 sieges, massacres after, 324 masculinity, 83, 91, 96 uniquely human, 56, 165 soldiers in barracks, 317 milk,93 Venereal diseases, 186 sources, 314 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 81 Verruga peruana, see Bartonellosis statistics, 318 newly exposed populations, 90 Veterinarians, 492 surgery of wounds, 318, 320 nonpulmonary, 82 Violence, see Injury and poisoning technique, 314 nutrition, 89, 93 Virgin soil epidemics, 51, 146 Thirty Years War, 316 occupation, 82, 92 Viruses, 16, 121-155, 179 tribal,2 General Index 605

World War I, 328, 330 WHO, see World Health Organization in Cuba, South American cities, World War II, 337 Whooping cough, see Pertussis 152 wounds and wounded, 319, 320 World Health Organization, 20 in Gibraltar, 151 zone of passage, 317 World population and history, as a great pestilence, 150 Water supply, 72, 77, 482 11 historical and clinical, 149 Australia, 77 World War I, 328 in Panama, 152 England and Wales, 67, 77, 78 World War II, 337 among tribal populations, 4 Japan, 411 Wounds, 117, 320 Yersinia pestis, 97 United States of America, 72, 427 Weather, see Meteorology Yaws, 191 Zoonoses, 56, 58, 106 White man's grave, 453 Yellow fever, 149 bacterial disease, 2, 4, 97