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Fluid Inclusion Study of Shear Zone Hosted Lode Gold Type Deposits: El Bagre Mining District, Antioquia-Colombia EARTH SCIENCES

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Fluid Inclusion Study of Shear Zone Hosted Lode Gold Type Deposits: El Bagre Mining District, Antioquia-Colombia EARTH SCIENCES EARTH SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL GEOLOGY Earth Sci. Res. J. Vol. 24, No. 3 (September, 2020): 245-257 Fluid inclusion study of shear zone hosted lode gold type deposits: El Bagre mining district, Antioquia-Colombia Edwin Naranjo Sierra1 and Mauricio Alvaran Echeverri2 1Geólogo MSc. Operadora Minera S.A.S. Cra. 43A N° 14-109, Edificio Nova Tempo. Medellín, Colombia 2Geólogo MSc. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas. Universidad de Caldas. Cl. 65 N°26-10, Manizales, Colombia *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]; ABSTRACT Keywords: Fluid inclusions; El Bagre Mining The El Bagre mining district is located in the northeastern zone of the Antioquia department of Colombia, in the District; Shear Zone; Lode Gold Deposits. lower Cauca-Nechi river basin. The shear zone hosted lode-gold type deposits are located in the northern part of the El Bagre mining district. The characteristics of ore-forming fluids were investigated using fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry analysis. Two stages, were identified in this study, namely a quartz-pyrite pre- mineralization stage (1) and a reactivation-sulfide-telluride mineralization stage (2). Microthermometry analysis revealed the presence of two types of fluid inclusions. Primary aqueous-carbonic inclusions (type I) are trapped in massive quartz, are characterized by the presence of clathrate, with salinities between 1.5 and 8.3 wt% NaCl equiv. and homogenization temperatures (to liquid) between 238.1° and 297.1°C. Secondary aqueous saline inclusions (type II) are trapped in reactivated quartz (type IIA) and crosscutting calcite veins (type IIB). The salinity displays a positive correlation trend from low to relatively high salinity, with 3.82 wt% NaCl equiv. (type IIB) to 9.21 wt% NaCl equiv. (type IIA). Homogenization to a liquid phase occurred between 150.8° and 210.6°C for the type IIA inclusions and between 130.3° and 190.4°C for the type IIB inclusions. Based on these results, the shear zone hosted lode-gold type deposits from the El Bagre mining district, show characteristics of orogenic gold deposits. Estudio de inclusiones fluidas de los depósitos vetiformes de oro hospedados en zona de cizalla: distrito minero El Bagre, Antioquia-Colombia RESUMEN Palabras clave: Inclusiones fluidas; Distrito minero El distrito minero de El Bagre está localizado al noreste del departamento de Antioquia-Colombia, en la cuenca baja de El Bagre; Zona de Cizalla; Depósitos Vetiformes. los ríos Cauca-Nechi. Los depósitos vetiformes hospedados en zonas de cizalla están localizados en el sector norte del distrito minero El Bagre. Las características de los fluidos mineralizantes se investigaron con un análisis petrográfico y microtermométrico de inclusiones fluidas. Se identificaron dos etapas en este estudio, nombradas cuarzo-pirita Record premineralización (etapa 1) y reactivación-sulfuro-telururos mineralizante (etapa 2). El análisis microtermométrico Manuscript received: 25/06/2019 reveló la presencia de dos tipos de inclusiones fluidas. Inclusiones acuo-carbónicas primarias (tipo I) atrapadas Accepted for publication: 01/05/2020 en cuarzo masivo, caracterizadas por la presencia de clatratos, con salinidades entre 1.5 y 8.3 w%t NaCL equiv. y temperaturas de homogenización entre 238.1° y 297.1°C. Las inclusiones acuosas secundarias (tipo II) están atrapadas en cuarzo reactivado (tipo IIA) y venas de calcita (tipo IIB). Las estimaciones de salinidad muestran una tendencia How to cite item de correlación positiva con miembros de baja a relativamente alta salinidad, con 3.82 wt% NaCl equiv. (tipo IIB) a Naranjo Sierra, E., & Alvaran Echeverri, M. 9.21 wt% NaCl equiv. (tipo IIA). La homogenización a una fase líquida ocurrió entre 150.8°C y 210.6°C para las (2020). Fluid inclusion study of shear zone inclusiones tipo IIA y entre 130.3° y 190.4°C para el tipo IIB. Con base en estos resultados, los depósitos vetiformes hosted lode gold type deposits: El Bagre mining district, Antioquia-Colombia. Earth Sciences hospedados en zonas de cizalla al interior del distrito El Bagre, muestran características de depósitos de oro orogénico. Research Journal, 24(3), 245-257. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v24n3.80653 ISSN 1794-6190 e-ISSN 2339-3459 https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v24n3.80653 246 Edwin Naranjo Sierra and Mauricio Alvaran Echeverri Introduction Mejía (2011), demonstrated according to sericite K-Ar dating of 280±6 Ma and isotope geochemistry data (208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb) that vein-type The El Bagre mining district is located in the NE part of the Antioquia mineralization at El Bagre pre-dates the Jurassic intrusions of Segovia batholith department of Colombia (Figure 1A), in the region known as Bajo Cauca in (188.9±2.0 Ma., U/Pb in Zircon, Spikings et al., 2015), and proposed an intimate the Cauca-Nechí river basin between Zaragoza and El Bagre municipalities spatial relationship between gold vein mineralization and the carboniferous El (Figure 1B). This region has long been recognized as an important historic Carmen stock. The sericite K-Ar dating of 280±6 Ma reported by Leal-Mejía alluvial gold district in Colombia (Shaw, 2000; Sillitoe, 2008; Londoño et al., (2011) from the La Ye mine and sericite Ar-Ar dating of 276±5 Ma reported by 2009; Leal-Mejía, 2011). Lode gold type mineralization is hosted in shear zones Naranjo-Sierra (2019) from the Los Mangos mine, are the only evidence of a with fragile-ductile deformation within Carboniferous granitic rocks (diorite Permian gold mineralization to date in Colombian Andes. and tonalite) of the El Carmen stock (Leal-Mejía, 2011; Naranjo-Sierra et al., Based on δ18O, δD and δ34S isotopes, Naranjo-Sierra et al., (2016) 2016). Few studies (Londoño et al., 2009; Leal-Mejía, 2011; Naranjo-Sierra et proposed that the ore fluids from the La Ye shear-zone lode-gold-type deposit at al., 2016; Naranjo-Sierra and Alvaran-Echeverri, 2018; Naranjo-Sierra, 2019) El Bagre are compatible with magmatic and/or metamorphic origin. Although related to geological characteristics, structural controls, ore-forming fluids, the fluid inclusion characteristics of the gold lodes were hitherto unknown, the and metallogenic processes regarded the El Bagre area, have been reported. authors proposed H2S or HS ligand species as the predominant sulfur species, - Londoño et al., (2009), highlighted the marked structural control of vein-type indicating that Au(HS) 2 was likely the gold-transporting complex. This paper mineralization and the displacement associated with dextral inverse faults. Leal- presents the first microthermometric data of the main lodes from the El Bagre Figure 1. A). Simplified map showing the location of Colombia and Antioquia department.B). Regional map of the NE region of the Antioquia department, showing the main major faults and (in green) the region of Bajo Cauca. C). Simplified geological map of the study area based on Gomez-Tapias et al., (2015). Fluid inclusion study of shear zone hosted lode gold type deposits: El Bagre mining district, Antioquia-Colombia 247 mining district, with the aim of characterizing the thermal and compositional et al., 2015). The western limit of the Segovia batholith and the El Carmen evolution of the hydrothermal fluids and discuss their implications for gold stock is marked by the N to NNW trending Otu-Pericos East fault (Figure 1C). mineralization. The evolution of the hydrothermal system is discussed in terms The kinematics of this regional fault are not fully understood in detail; however, of fluid composition and temperature, with emphasis on fluid sources, gold right-lateral as well as left-lateral faulting and thrusting seem to have occurred transportation, pressure estimates, and depositional mechanisms. (Horner, 2018). To the East, along the El Bagre reverse fault system, San Lucas Precambrian metamorphic rocks make contact with the Jurassic granitic rocks of the Segovia batholith (Figure 1C). This fault system forms branches of N to NNE trending Palestina fault system, which has been recognized as a regional Geological setting fault with right and left-lateral movement (Horner, 2018). Based on Restrepo and Toussaint (1988) and Cediel et al. (2003), the El Lode gold deposits at the El Bagre mining district are best described as Bagre mining district is characterized by accreted terranes (Chibcha and Tahamí structurally controlled mesothermal gold-sulphide-telluride-bearing quartz vein terranes). Major strike-slip Otu-Pericos fault system (Figure 1B and 1C) is the deposits, with veining emplacement in the NS shear zones within the competent dominant structure in the area. This major fault system separates the Triassic intrusive rocks of the El Carmen stock (Figure 2). low to medium grade metamorphic rocks associated to the Cajamarca Complex These shear zones have undergone brittle-ductile deformation and from the carboniferous intrusive rocks of the El Carmen stock (Gómez-Tapias are usually mylonitized around their contacts. Boudinage and vein off-sets are Figure 2. Local geological map of the El Bagre mining district, showing the main lode gold deposits and the samples used in this study. 248 Edwin Naranjo Sierra and Mauricio Alvaran Echeverri common associated structures in these deformed rocks. According to Starling massive reactivated quartz veins (Qv2) related to NNW Riedel shearing with (2015), four deformation events can be recognized at the El Bagre mining high gold grades. Based on these observations and previous studies (Londoño district. The D1 deformation that formed the NS-NNW structural corridor. et al., 2009; Leal-Mejía, 2011; Naranjo-Sierra et al., 2016; Naranjo-Sierra This stage covers all the pre-mineralization events. The D2 deformation event and Alvaran-Echeverri, 2018) mineralization processes could be divided into reactivated the NS-NNW corridor as a dextral transpressional shear structure, two stages (Figure 4): the quartz-pyrite stage (1) and the reactivation-sulfide generating WNW low-angle thrust faults and introducing significant volumes of (galena-chalcopyrite)-telluride stage (2).
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