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Soft Power 0 6 4 4 - 4 7 2 2 A N A L Y S E S | E N T R E T I E N S | C O M P T E S R E N D U S L E S C A H I E R S D U C O M I T E A S I E N . 1 6 SOFT POWER 0 6 4 4 - 4 7 2 2 : N S S I o r é m u N A U T O M N E 2 0 1 9 À PROPOS LES JEUNES IHEDN LES CAHIERS DU COMITÉ ASIE L’association des Jeunes IHEDN est la Continent d'une surface équivalente au tiers première association française de jeunes du globe terrestre et foyer de près des deux sur les questions de défense, de sécurité tiers de l'humanité, l'Asie est le théâtre de et d’engagement. plusieurs événements majeurs contemporains. Plus que jamais, le monde que nous connaissons change et se transforme. Les Les Jeunes IHEDN compte parmi ses équilibres sont bouleversés, tant en membres des personnes particulièrement matière de politique que de géopolitique attachées à comprendre certains pays de ce ou d’économie, rendant très incertaine et vaste ensemble géographique. Le comité complexe la partie qui se joue sur Asie a donc été créé en 2011. l’échiquier mondial. Aujourd'hui, cette revue est le fruit de Nous vivons dans une époque où 55% de recherches et de réflexions de ses membres, la population mondiale est âgée de moins ainsi que de nos partenaires. Notre objectif de 27 ans. Au sein des Jeunes IHEDN, est de permettre au maximum de nos nous sommes convaincus que la jeunesse membres de pouvoir publier, pour certains est aujourd’hui autant un sujet de société pour la première fois. qu’un réservoir de solutions bienveillantes et pertinentes pour notre avenir commun. Je tiens à remercier chacun d'entre eux, et C’est dans ce contexte que les Jeunes de en particulier qui font vivre ce comité au l’IHEDN, forte de près de 2 000 jeunes delà des publications. Merci également à citoyens, dynamise une réflexion ceux qui nous conseillé et relu. Merci à tous. innovante et impertinente autour des problématiques de défense regroupant les sphères militaires, diplomatiques, | Responsable du comité économiques, civiles et culturelles. Marie Pavageau Asie [email protected] DOSSIER SPECIAL SOFT POWER PRÉFACE PAR CÉDRIC LEGENTIL Secrétaire général du comité Qu’est-ce que le "soft power" ? Joseph Nye, qui a forgé ce concept, estime que c’est « l’habilité d’obtenir ce que vous désirez par attraction plutôt que par la coercition ou le paiement. Il est issu de l’attractivité de la culture, des idées politiques et de la politique d’un pays. »[1]. Cette définition englobe les moyens d’influence auxquels peut avoir recours un Etat sans recourir à la voie des armes. L’Asie-Pacifique n’a attendu ni la fin du XXe siècle ni Joseph Nye pour mettre en pratique ce principe. Depuis des siècles, l’influence culturelle chinoise est conséquente sur ses voisins coréens et japonais. L’objectif des première caravelles européennes à atteindre le sous- continent indien est, avant tout autre chose, de s’approvisionner en épices. Au XIXe siècle, la France est touchée par le mouvement des « chinoiseries » et du japonisme. La capacité inhérente des nations et cultures asiatiques et pacifiques à s’exporter sans heurts n’est plus à démontrer. Cependant, le soft power s’inscrit désormais dans une logique complexe. L’équilibre international est constamment remis en question, entre puissances traditionnelles et nouvelles. La culture, les arts, la langue d’un pays sont autant d’outils à exploiter pour s’affirmer à l’échelle mondiale. Cela, tous les acteurs étatiques l’ont compris. Le soft power se décline dans une infinité de domaines ; celui de la défense n’est pas en reste. Conscients de cet état de fait, les membres du Comité Asie des Jeunes de l’IHEDN se sont en conséquence faits fort d’aborder le sujet du soft power. Par une série d’articles sur des sujets variés, les différents auteurs ont traité d’une thématique commune, le soft power en Asie-Pacifique. Ce sont ces mêmes articles, accompagnés d’entretiens avec des gens d’expérience sur le sujet, que vous allez retrouver dans les pages suivantes. Le Comité Asie souhaite remercier quatre ensembles d’individus : le Comité Directeur des Jeunes de l’IHEDN, pour leur soutien matériel et leurs encouragements à cet effort ; les membres ayant participé à l’écriture et à la relecture, véritables architectes de ce projet ; celles et ceux qui ont eu la gentillesse et la patience de nous accorder les entretiens présents dans ces cahiers ; nos lecteurs enfin, qui, nous l’espérons, apprécieront la lecture qui leur est proposée ! [1] « Soft Power, The means to success in world politics », PublicAffairs New York, 2004, page X DOSSIER SPÉCIAL SOMMAIRE SOFT POWER PRÉFACE 45 L'ARSENAL DE Par Cédric legentil YOKOSUKA, SYMBOLE DE LA COOPERATION 01 INTRODUCTION FRANCO-JAPONAISE Par Ludivynn Munoz Par Cédric Legentil 03 LE SOFT POWER AU 55 LE SOFT POWER SERVICE DE INDONÉSIEN : OUTIL L'IDENTITÉ DE RAYONNEMENT N ATIONALE Par Etienne Hal CHINOISE Par Wassim Alidra 63 TAIWAN À LA RECHERCHE D'UN NOUVEAU SOFT CHINE : "IL NE 18 P OWER SUFFIT PAS DE TIRER LA POUSSE DE Par Hugo Tierny R IZ POUR ESPÉRER U NE BELLE RÉCOLTE" 69 LES RELATIONS INSTITUTIONNELLES Par Philippie Courtin FRANCO-KHMERS Par Maveric Galmich 20 LE SPORT COMME INSTRUMENT DU LE SOFT POWER SOFT POWER DE LA 72 SAOUDIEN EN RUSSIE ET DE LA MALAISIE ET CHINE I NDONÉSIE Par Gauthier Mouton Par Ariane Bouf 31 HALLY'S GROWING 74 L'INFLUENCE DE INFLUENCE IN L'IRAN EN ASIE JAPAN : CAN THE CENTRALE KOREAN WAVE Par Nicolas Guillaume WASH AWAY MUTUAL RESENTMENT ? Par Simon Godart TOUTES LES ROUTES MÈNENT A LA SOIE 84 "BELT AND ROAD 104 LES ROUTES INITIATIVE" : QUE ENERGETIQUES DE NOUS DISENT LES LA SOIE ET LA CHIFFRES SUR SON D IPLOMATIE DU REEL OBJECTIF ? VOISINAGE CHINOIS Par Wassim Alidra Par Emmanuel Véron 91 TERRES RARES : DES ENJEUX DE LA TRANSITION E NERGETIQUE AUX ENJEUX GEOPOLITIQUES Par Wassim Alidra et Louis-Marie Zeller ENTRETIENS & COMPTE-RENDUS DE CONFÉRENCES 116 SOFT POWER AU 130 LE SOFT POWER SERVICE DE INDONÉSIEN EN L'INFLUENCE : FRANCE L 'EXEMPLE DE LA Entretien avec Rizki Ramdhani CHINE EN AFRIQUE Entretien avec Selma Mihoubi 133 FRANCE-VIETNAM : 45 ANS DE RELATIONS 120 LE SOFT POWER DIPLOMATIQUES, VERS CHINOIS EST-IL UN RENOUVEAU DES L IENS BILATÉRAUX ? EFFICACE ? Par Pham Quang Entretien avec Emmanuel Veron 125 GÉRER L'APPARITION DE LA CHINE DANS LE PAYSAGE DES NORMES INDUSTRIELLES I NTERNATIONALES Entretien avec Laure Deron d’État étasunien de l’époque (de 2001- LE SOFT POWER, 2005), Colin Powell, a finalement reconnu L'APANAGE DE TOUS en 2013 que Saddam Hussein ne possédait pas d'armes de destruction massive. LES PAYS ? Concernant la France, Nye pense qu’elle gé- nère du soft power et que c’est un des États européens le plus dynamique à ce niveau, PAR LUDIVYNN MUNOZ notamment grâce à la portée internationale Membre du Comité Culture & Influences de sa langue et de sa culture qui est impor- tante. Ce rayonnement est indéniable, en témoigne dernièrement l’émotion qui a Joseph Nye, universitaire étasunien, est à touché le monde entier suite à l’incendie de l’origine du concept de soft power, qu’il a Notre-Dame de Paris dans la nuit du 15 avril conceptualisé et développé. Il explique et 2019, et l’élan de solidarité financière qui décrit ce pouvoir « doux » dans son ouvrage s’en est suivi par la suite. Soft Power, the means to success in world politics. L’auteur oppose son pouvoir Cependant, selon lui, ce pouvoir n'apparaît « doux » (soft power) au pouvoir « dur » pas suffisant à la France pour pouvoir domi- (hard power) basé notamment sur l’in- ner sur la scène internationale. Ainsi, la fluence militaire ; ces deux pouvoirs pou- France reste une puissance moyenne, vant interférer l’un envers l’autre. même si sous la présidence de Nicolas Sar- kozy puis de François Hollande, elle a tenté Le soft power se base ainsi sur l’influence de de s’imposer comme puissance militaire sur la culture, les valeurs politiques et la poli- la scène internationale, grâce à sa présence tique étrangère de chaque prétendant à pe- sur plusieurs fronts (Afghanistan, Côte ser sur la scène internationale. Le soft po- d’Ivoire, Libye, Centrafrique, Mali), démen- wer, cette « seconde face du pouvoir […] le tant la tendance prise sous Jacques Chirac pouvoir attractif » est avant tout généré par (opposition à la guerre en Irak en 2003) et des grandes puissances comme les États- reprenant les rennes dans le sens d’un Unis d’Amérique ou encore l’URSS en son « hard power ». temps. Par ailleurs, Nye pensait que dans un futur proche, la Chine et l’Inde allait déve- Pourtant en évoquant la France comme lopper leur soft power/, ce qui est effective- émettrice de soft power dès 2005, Joseph ment devenu le cas. Par exemple ces der- Nye ne s’y trompait pas, car celle-ci arrive nières années, la Chine a construit de nom- en tête du classement Soft Power 30 en breux instituts Confucius sur tous les conti- 2017 (en passant de la 5ème à la 1ère place). nents afin de promouvoir sa culture et sa Le classement Soft Power 30 classe chaque langue (il en existe une quinzaine en année les 30 nations les plus influentes dans France). le monde. Les États-Unis d’Amérique possèdent un soft power qui permet à l’anglais d’être au- jourd’hui la langue internationale domi- nante.
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