SKRIFTERSKRIFTER UTGIVNA UTGIVNA AV AV SVENSKASVENSKA INSTITUTETINSTITUTET II ATHEN, ATHEN, 4°, 4”, XXXII XXX11 ACTAACTA INSTITUTI INSTITUTI ATHENIENSIS REONIREGN1 SUECIAE. SUECIAE, SERIES SERIES IN IN 4°,4@, XXXII XXX11

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TheThe MinoanMinoan ThalassocracyThalksocracy MythMyth and and Reality Reality

ProceedingsProceedings of the ThirdThird InInternational terna tional Symposium Symposium atat the the Swedish Swedish Institute Institute in in Athens, Athens, 31 31 May May-5-5 June,June, 19821982

EDITEDEDITED BYBY RobinRobin Hagg H&gg andand NannoNanno MarinatosMarinatos

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STOCKHOLMSTOCKHOLM1984 1984 CreteCrete andand the Cyclades inin LMLM I: TheThe TaleTale ofof thethe ConicalConical Cups bybY MalcolmMalcolm H.H. Wiener

TheThe nature of MinoanMinoan presencepresence andand influence influence in in the the Cy-CY- AA "Versailles“Versailles effect"effect ” is is mostmost likely to occur wherewhere thethe cladesclades inin LM I1 is my central topic.topic. Before Before turning turning to to the the ar- ar- culturalcultural prestige of one societysociety withinwithin an an interconnecting interconnecting set set chaeologicalchaeological evidence, letlet usus consider consider two two cautionary cautionary tales tales ofof societiessocieties isis great,great, as was surely the case in thethe BronzeBronze Age Age ofof historical interaction betweenbetween societies.societies. ForFor these these two two AegeanAegean with regard toto Crete Crete from from the the beginning beginning of ofthe theold old typestypes ofof interaction,interaction, whichwhich are are polar polar opposites opposites with with respect respect palacespalaces through through LM LM IB. IB. toto movementmovement ofof peoplepeople versusversus adoptionadoption of culture,culture, II shallshall KeepingKeeping in in mind mind thesethese cautionary cautionary tales,tales, let us begin our useuse thethe termsterms "karum “karum contact" contact ” and and "Versailles “Versailles effect". effect”. inquiryinquiry intointo thethe nature of MinoanMinoan impactimpact onon the the Cyclades Cyclades AsAs thethe obvious exampleexample ofof karum contact,contact, considerconsider thethe withwith aa brief reviewreview of thethe relevantrelevant historicalhistorical background. background. AssyrianAssyrian trading colony ofof Kultepe—KarumKttltepe-Karum Kanesh. FromFrom TheThe Minoan settlement on on Kythera Kythera beginning beginning in in EM EM II andII and thethe tabletstablets we know itit existedexisted for for 150-200 150-200 years years as aas trad- a trad- thethe appearanceappearance in Crete ofof gold,gold, silver,silver, tin,tin, ivory, ivory, ostrich ostrich inging centercenter where large quantitiesquantities of of goods goods including including metals metals eggs,eggs, EgyptianEgyptian stonestone vases and scarabsscarabs togethertogether with with the the andand textiles werewere exchanged.exchanged. The tablets showshow thethe karumkarum emergenceemergence ofof what seemseem toto be be harbor harbor towns towns in Easternin Eastern leviedlevied taxestaxes on passing caravans,caravans, offered offered storage storage facilities, facilities, CreteCrete at Mochlos.Mochlos, PalaikastroPalaikastro and and Zakros Zakros in EMin EM II or II EM or EM providedprovided creditcredit in the mannermanner ofof a abank bank and and operated operated a a IIIIII give the first evidenceevidence ofof MinoanMinoan overseas overseas interest. interest. With With complexcomplex judicial system.system. It It had had intensive intensive commercial commercial rela- rela- MMMM IA,IA. Minoan potterypottery begins begins to to appear appear at at various various sites sites in in tionstions withwith atat least one other karumkarum and and controlled controlled other other As- As- syriansyrian tradingtrading colonies. YetYet asas MachteldMachteld Mellink,Mellink, JamesJames Mellaart andand others others have have * observed,observed, had thethe tabletstablets not not survived survived little little else else would would sug- sug- gestgest thethe existence ofof an AssyrianAssyrian colony, colony, since since the the colonists colonists Acknowledgements.Acknow/cdgements. MyMy thanks thanks are are due due first first to to P. P.Betancourt. Betancourt, G.G. Cadogan. E. Davis,Davis, J. J. Davis, Davis, 0. Dickinson,0. Dickinson, E. French. E. French, V.Y. adoptedadopted local architecture andand pottery. pottery.' ’ Cadogan, Hankey,Hankey. S. Iakovidis.lakovidis, J.J. Ruttcr,Rutter, P.P. Warren, Warren, and and V.Y. WatrousW8trous for The situationsituation with regardregard toto Karum Karum Kanesh Kanesh is is not not unique. unique. theirtheir generous responsesresponses toto manymany requestsrequests forfor information information and and Tablets tell us of manymany Assyrian Assyrian trading trading colonies colonies in in Anato- Anato- advice.advice. E. Bennett,Bennett, N. N. Coldstream. Coldstream, K. K.Demakopoulou, Demakopoulou, K. Erim. K. Erim, S. S. lia.lia. At otherother major major excavated excavated sites suchsuch asas BogazkayBogazkOy and Hood, V.V. Lambrinudakis. Lambrinudakis, J. J. Lloyd, Lloyd, Y. Y. Lobos,Lolos. S. Martin.Martin. J. J. Alishar, again only thethe tabletstablets givegive anyany clearclear indicationindication ofof Mellaart,Mellaart. M. Mellink,Mellink. L. Morgan,Morgan, J.J. Muhly, Muhly, P. P. Muhly, Muhly, T. T. Pa- laima,Iaima. andand T.T. StechStech have have provided provided comments comments on on aa draft ofof the the mo- mo- the presence of an Assyrian trading colony.colony. the presence of an Assyrian nograph fromfrom which which this this paper paper is taken,is taken, or givenor given other other significantsignificmt Whereas trading colonies maymay leaveleave littlelittle or or no no trace, trace, assistance.assistance. My apologies apologies go go to anyoneto anyone also alsodeserving deserving of thanks of thanks conversely close similarity inin architecture,architecture, furniture, furniture, paint- paint- whose name I have omittedomitted inadvertently. inadvertently. ing,ing, decorativedecorative arts,arts, clothing, clothing, jewelry, jewelry, the the pastimes pastimes of of ’ PersonalPersonal communications.communications. See,Sec. however, thethe paperpaper byby K.K. Bra- youth andand even the language of thethe upperupper classesclasses maymay ap-ap- nigan at thisthis SymposiumSymposium (infra)(infro) and thethe references references there there cited cited sug-sug- pear in two or moremore societies societies without without political political control, control, eco- cco- gesting thatthat intramuralintramural burials burials at at the the site site might might indicate indicate the the pres-prcs- ence of Assyrians.Assyrians. Lacking Lacking a cemeterycemetery or or burials burials of ofa knowna known date date nomic domination or a major movementmovement of of people people from from the the nomic domination or a major we do notnot knowknow what what the the standard standard burial burial practice practice was, was, and and it is it is culturally dominant society.society. I I have termed thisthis typetype of of possible thatthat some of thethe burials burials encountered encountered may may have have beenbeen extra- interactioninteraction thethe "Versailles “Versailles effect",effect ”, after thethe widespreadwidespread mural before expansionexpansion ofof thethe site.site. WithoutWithout the the tablets tablets it seemsit seems imitation of thethe courtcourt of of Versailles Versailles in in the the 18th 18th Century. Century. doubtful therethere would would be be any any suggestion suggestion that that these these burials burials were were spe-spc- French influence beganbegan to to rework rework the the style style of ofpolite polite life lifein in cifically Assyrian.Assyrian. ForFor the the Assyrian Assyrian colonies colonies in in general, general, seesee M.M. T. Larsen, 'The ‘The old AssyrianAssyrian coloniescolonies in Anatolia',Anrtolia ’, JAOS 94,94, 1974.1974, Germany duringduring andand after thethe ThirtyThirty Years Years' ’War War (1618-(1618- pp. 468-475. Of Of course course the the Assyrian Assyrian karum karum was was but but one one type type of of 48),48). sparked in partpart byby the the arrival arrival of of Huguenot Huguenot emigres,imigr&, trading colony, andand notnot all all trading trading colonies colonies lack lack distinctive distinctive arti-mi- during the periodperiod knownknown asas the the Alamode. WithWith thethe 18th 18th facts. RelevantRelevant factorsfactors include include easecase of transport,transport, whether whether the the Century came aa second.second, greater greater wave wave of of cultural cultural influence, influence, settlers includeinclude womenwomen oror artisans, andand the acceptabilityacceptability ofof local local pottery bothboth forfor daily daily use use and and ritual. ritual. as minimini-Versailles-Versailles' sprang ’ sprang up up in in Gotha, Gotha, Kassel Kassel andand Berlin. 2* H.H. and and R. R. Kahanc. Kahane, ‘Decline 'Decline and and survival survival of ofwestern western prestige prestige Voltaire, whilewhile in inBerlin Berlin in 1750, in 1750,commented: commented: "Je“Jc meme languages',languages ’, LanguageLsnguage55. 55, 1979.1979, p. p. 188. 188. This This article article was was brought brought to to trouve iciici en en France. France. On On ne ne parlepark que notrcnoire langue."languc.“’2 my attention by by J. J. Davis. Davis. 18IS Malcolm H. H. Wiener Wiener the South-eastern and and North-eastern North-eastern Peloponncsc, Peloponnese, particu- particu- LM IAIA and and give give evidence evidence of aof “Pax a "Pax Minoica”. Minoica", at least at least larlylarly at Lerna.Lerna.' ’ within CreteCrete itself. itself. With thethe startstart of of MM MM IBlB and and the the protopalatial protopalatial period, period, The contributioncontribution of of wide-ranging wide-ranging Minoan Minoan trade trade to the to the Zak- Crete begins aa majormajor advance advance in inall allfields, fields, including including archi- archi- prosperity ofof LM LM I inI inCrete Crete can can be seenbe seen most most clearly clearly at at Zak- tecture,tecture, hydraulichydraulic engineering. engineering, metallurgy. metallurgy, stone stone and and sealseal-- ros,ros. which is unique among majormajor Minoan Minoan habitation habitation sites sites carving, ceramics,ceramics, administration, administration, literacy literacy and and(on the(on evi- the evi- inin having nono significant significant easily easily accessible accessible fertile fertile agricultural agricultural dence of architecturearchitecture and and engineering) engineering) numeracy.numeracy. TheThe hinterland.hinterland. Yet Yet a apalace palace evolved evolved here here at theat the beginning beginning of the of the protcc- palacespalaces themselves speakspeak of of the the degree degree of social of social organiz- organiz- neopalatialneopalatial periodperiod to to take take advantage advantage of theof thesplendid splendid protec- ation andand cohesioncohesion in in Crete Crete and and the aspirationthe aspiration of the of the tedted harborharbor andand location location for the purpose ofof trade.trade ’ Kea and Thera in LM 1. 1 shall governinggoverning elites.elites. It wouldwould be be strange strange if improvementsif improvements in in LetLet usus nownow turnturn to Melos,Melos. Kea and Thera in LM 1. I shall shipbuildingshipbuilding and navigationnavigation did did not not accompany accompany these these other other touchtouch onlyonly briefly on Melos.Melos. Finds Finds from from Phylakopi Phylakopi include include developments,developments, andand if if the the palace palace rulers rulers did did not notshow show an in- an in- considerableconsiderable importedimported MinoanMinoan pottery, pottery, fragments fragments of Mi-of Mi- terestterest inin the luxury goodsgoods thatthat could could be be obtained obtained through through noannoan stone bowls andand of of fresco fresco in in Minoan Minoan style, style, and anda frag- a frag- foreignforeign trade oror raid. raid. In In particular particular it appears it appears likely likely that Mi-that Mi- mentarymentary tablettablet in in Linear Linear A. TheA. locallyThe locally made potterymade pottery noannoan rulersrulers would have wishedwished toto controlcontrol the the importation importation "while“while alwaysalways clearly clearly local local both both in infabric fabric and and in style. in style, is in- is in- in the entire repertoire of form and ofof metal fromfrom which which was was made made not not only only luxury luxury vessels vessels and and stantlystantly recognizable,rccognixablc, in the entire repertoire of form and cultcult objects but alsoalso weapons,weapons, of of necessity necessity a amatter matter of criti-of criti- decoration,decoration, as based on Cretan prototypesprototypes of of the the Late Late Mi- Mi- As at Kea and Thera, there are masses of calcal interestinterest forfor the the rulers. rulers. noannoan IAIA period."'period.“ ’ As at Kea and Thera, there are masses of with implications which are considered bc- EvidenceEvidence of of widespread Minoan trade trade and and maritime maritime ac- ac- conicalconical cups,'"cups,” with implications which are considered be- tivitytivity in thethe protopalatialprotopalatial periods periods is is seen seen indirectly indirectly in inthe the low.low. Phylakopi alsoalso hashas aa pillarpillar crypt, crypt, the the only only one one known known referencesreferences to to Caphtor—most Caphtor-most likely likely Crete-in Crete—in the the Mari texts texts toto datedate outside Crete. andand in thethe widespreadwidespread appearanceappearance of of Kamares Kamares ware ware and and otherother Minoan potterypottery in in Anatolia. Anatolia, Syria, Syria, and and Cyprus, Cyprus, in in Egypt as far up the Nile as Aswan, and at Helladic sites Egypt as far up the Nile as Aswan, and at Helladic sites Sympu- 3’ See thethe paper paper by by C. C. W. W. Zcrner Zerner and and J. B.J. RutterB. Rutter at this at this suchsuch as as Ayios Ayios Stephanos, Stcphanos, Asine, Asine. Lerna, Lerna. Kolonna Kolonna and Pef-Pef- Sympo- siumsium (infra). (infra). kakia Magoula. as well as in the Cyclades. In MM 11, imita- and Aegean history c. kakia Magoula, as well as in the Cyclades. In MM II, imita- ’ A.A. Furumark.Furumark, ‘The'The settlement settlement at at lalysoslalysos and Aegean history c. tiontion KamaresKamarcs ware sherdsshcrds in in local local (or atat least least non-Minoan) non-Minoan) 1550-14001550--14OOB.C:. B.C.', OpOpArch6. Arch 6, 1950,I950,pp. pp. 180-181.180--181. ’ See generally J. Vcrcouttcr. L ‘&?ypte a le monde Cgccn prChel- fabricfabric appearappear in in EgyptEgypt at Kahun andand HaragehHarageh and and in in Rho- Rho- See generally J. Vercoutter, L'Egypte et le monde egeen prihel- (lnstitut francnis d’archtologie orientale, Bib- settlc- lenique,ICnique. CairoCairo 1956,1956. (Institut francais d'archeologie orientate, Bib- des.des. In In MM MM IIII-MM—MM III HI there there is is evidence evidence for for Minoan Minoan settle- Die Beziehungen iigyptens und tiothequelioth&pte d'etude,d’Ctudc, 22); W. Helck,Helck, Die Beziehungen Agyptens and ments on Rhodes, Kos, Kasos and Karpathos and on the Y. Chr.. Danstadt ments on Rhodes, Kos, Karpathos and on the VorderasiensVorderasiens zurzur Agaisiig#is bishis insins 7. JahrhundertJahrhunderr v. Chr., Darmstadt Al- AnatolianAnatolian coast at Miletos,Miletos, iasos lasos and and probably probably Knidos. Knidos. Al- 1979;1979; and thethe paperpaper by by Y. Y. and and E. E.Sakellarakis Sakellarakis at this at thisSymposium Symposium thoughthouah wewe have no directdirect evidence evidence for for Minoan Minoan naval naval activ-activ- (infra).tinfra). e.g.. J. Karageorghis, ‘Origine du syllabaire Chypro-Mi- ity, ii seems to me most probable that the bulk of Middle 6‘ See,Sec. e.g., J. Karageorghis, 'Origine du syllabaire Chypro-Mi- ity, it seems to me most probable that the bulk of Middle Horn Ill, noen',nocn ’. RARA 1958,1958. pp. pp. 1-19; l-19; A. A. Heubeck, Heubcck. Schrift Schriff = = Arch Hom III, MinoanMinoan trade, contactcontact and and colonization colonization was was carried carried out pnout pn de vingt-six boules Ch.Ch. X X (1979),(1979). pp. pp. 54-73; 54-73; E.E. Masson,Masson. Etude Etude de vingt-six boules Minoan ships. Hnla Sultan Tekkc Minoan ships. d'argiled’argile inscritainscrites trouv&strouvees i Enkomi3 Enkomi et et Hala Sultan Tekke Masson. InIn LM 1I MinoanMinoan ovcrsea oversea activity activity and and influence influence reach reach (Chypre),(Chypre), Goteborg GOutborg 19711971 (SIMA(SIMA 31:1);31:l); T. MitfordMitford and and 0. O. Masson, CAHr ill, 3. pp. 71-82; E. Masson, theirtheir climax.climax. Furumark long_ aao_ noted the seeminn flo- 'The‘The Cypriot Cypriot Syllabary', Syllabary CAH ’. 2 III, 3, rip. 71-82; E. Masson, Furumark long ago noted the seeming flo- probable dcs 'L'apparition‘L’apparition de de l'ecriture I’kriture tlI Chyprc:Chypre: TCmoignageTemoignage probable des rescencercsccncc of of the the period, period, andand in particularparticular the the fact fact that that the the tours de la pre- contactscontacts entre cntre Pilede de Crete Crete et et lile I’ile dede ChypreChypre auau tours de la pre- settlementsettlement at at Trianda Trianda on Rhodes takes on a more refined ol the international ar- Rhodes takes on a more refined mieremiere moitio moitiC du du deuxierne deuxicme millenaire', millcnaire ’. Acts of the international ar- appearance in LM IA with houses rebuilt in grander style, between Cyprus and appearance in LM IA with houses rebuilt in grander style, chaeologicalchaeological symposium. symposium, 1978, 1978, "The ” The relations relations between Cyprus and 134-138. For a somesome with with ashlar ashlar facades,facades. onon the the same same foundations foundations without without Crete,Crete. ca. ca. 2000-500 2ooO-500 B.C.",B.C.“, NicosiaNicosia 1979.1979, pp. 134-138. For a contrary view of the character of the Enkomi tablet. see L. Godart interveningintervening destruction.'destruction. ’ Evidence for for Cretan Cretan contact contact with with contrary view of the character of the Enkomi tablet, see L. Godart and A. Sacconi. ‘La plus ancicnnc tablette d'Enkomid’Enkomi et et le Ic lintaire lintairc EgyptEgypt increasesincreases asas depictionsdepictions ofof Minoans Minoans and and Minoan Minoan and A. Sacconi, 'La plus ancienne tablette A',A’. Relations(supta), Relationsfsupra). pp. 128-133.128- 133. objects appear on the walls of Thcban tombs. ’ In Cyprus (infra) re- objects appear on the walls of Theban tombs.' In Cyprus ’ See,Sm. e.g..e.g., the the paper paper by by P. P. Warren Warren at atthis this Symposium Symposium (infra) re- thethe first first scriptscript appears andand it it is is not, not, as as one one might might expect, expect, a a gardinggarding LM LM II site density in the Gulf of of Mirabcllo. Mirabello. The The south south coast coast variantvariant ofof one of thethe highly highly developed developed scripts scripts in in use use at at Uga-Uga- betweenbetween Arvi andand MyrtosMyrtos also also has has many many new new foundations foundations in inLM LM I: I: TheAegean civilizafions. Oxford 1975. p. 103. rit but Cypro-Minoan, a “second cousin” of Linear A. ’ P.P. Warren, Warren, The Aegean civilizations. Oxford 1975, p. 103. rit but Cypro-Minoan, a "second cousin" of Linear A.6 protected both ’ ZakrosZakros is calm evencvcn onon roughrough days, forfor itit is is protected both InIn Crete Crete itself,itself, therethere is is an an increase increase in in site site density density particu- (be- particu- fromfrom thethe generallygenerally prevailingprevailing westerly windswinds and and currents currents and and (be- larly along the coast, both in the North along the Gulf of larly along the coast, both in the North along the Gulf of causecauxc the coast extends toto the the northeast) northeast) from from the the Mcltemi Meltemi which which Hogarth dc- MirabelloMirabcllo and in thethe South South between between Arvi Arvi and and Myrtos. Myrtos.' ’ The The occasionallyoccasionally blows blows with with such such force force from from the the North. North. Hogarth de- scribed Zakros at the turn of the century as the best-known port of rebuildingrebuilding in in a a grandergrander style similarsimilar to what Furumark not- scribed Zakros at the turn of the century as the best-known port of to what Furumark not- call for the fishing fleets of the eastern islands and the principal sta- eded at at Trianda Trianda isis evident.evident. Ashlar is is used used more more frequently, frequently, not not call for the fishing fleets of the eastern islands and the principal sta- tiontion forfor sailing vesselsvessels on thethe path path from from the the Aegean Aegean to Libya. to Libya. Often Often onlyonly at at Knossos but at many other sites as well. At Gournia, IO and 35. rode Knossos but at many other sites as well. At Gournia, 1010 to IO 20 sailingsailing vessels,vasels. carryingcarrying crews crews of of between between 10 and 35, rode forfor example,example, thethe main buildingbuilding receives receives aa new new ashlar ashlar fa- fa- toto anchor anchor at at once:once: D. D. Hogarth, ‘Excavations'Excavations atat Zakro,Zakro, Crete Crete', ’, cade.cade. TheThe country houses (of which there are now 18 BSABSA7. 7. 1900-01, 1900-01. p. 123.123. houses (of which there are now 18 M. known) appear, many with facades or at least threshold * C.C. Rcnfrew.Renfrew, ‘Prehistoric'Prehistoric exchange',exchange ’, in: in: C. RcnfrewRenfrew andand M. known) appear, many with facades or at least threshold island polity: The archaeology of exploitation Wagstaff,Wagstaff. eds., cds.. An An island polity: The archaeology of exploitation blocksblocks of of ashlar. ashlar. It It isis thesethese countrycountry houses,houses, many many sitting sitting inin Melos, Me/as. CambridgeCambridge 1982,1982. p.p. 225. 225. i d m d and undefended. which as much as the unwalled ci- trench DA coverinn nart of the “Mansion” or main admin- isolated and undefended, which as much as the unwalled ci- '6lo In ln trench nA covering part of the "Mansion" or main admin- con- tiesties and and palaces palaces show show the the security security andand prosperity of of Crete Crete inin istrativeistrativc building, building, aa "striking“striking steadysteady increaseincrease in in locally-made locally-made con- TheThe Tale Tale of of the the Conical Conical Cups Cups 19I9

18! A Concerningconcerning Kea,Kea, one longs first toto knowknow moremore aboutabout its its camecame from from at at single single undisturbed undisturbed LC LC 1 deposit1 deposit in in room room 18! A smallsmall room room inin AreaArea C produced anotheranother 566 566 conical conical cups."cup~.~ relationrelation toto thethe mines atat Laurion.Laurion. As As the the GalesGales havehave shown.shown, BecauseBecause the the presencepresence ofof tens of thousandsthousands of of conical conical cups cups LaurionLaurion was was an an importantimportant sourcesource ofof silver, leadlead andand per-per- Ayia Irini it- constitutesconstitutes aa special category ofof evidenceevidence respecting respecting Aegean Aegean hapshaps coppercopper forfor Crete and thethe Cyclades.”Cyclades." AtAt Ayia1rini it- lf there is good evidsnce for smeltingsmelting Of of coppercopper from from cop-COP- interrelations,interrelations, further consideration consideration is is in in order. order. selfse there is good evidence for pcr sulfide ores and lead and silver TheThe contrastcontrast isis strikingstriking between between Ayia Ayia lrini lrini and and a site a site like like per sulfide ores and for thethe extractionextraction of of lead andSilver AyiosA yios Stephanos, Stephanos. for example,example, whichwhich produced produced a smalla small throughthrough cupcllationcupellation fromfrom galena.galena. Many Many crucibles crucibles werewere stonestone objectobject with twotwo LinearLinear A A signs* signs" and where ’ and pottery where ofpottery of found,found, particularlyparticularly inin LevelLevel VIIVII (LM(L M IB), IBI, 17 17 inin HouseHoUSe AA it- lf 12 Ayia Dini is clearly a significant metallurgicalmetallurgical site. site. MinoanM inoan style style and and technique in locallocal fabricfabric is is sufficiently sufficiently self."se Ayia Irini is clearly a significant near Laurion commoncommon in in MM MM III III-LM—LM 11 to to suggest suggest thethe possible possible presencepresence OnGn thethe mainland directlydirectly opposite. opposite, Thorikos Thorikos near LaWiOn ofof MinoanMinoan or KythcranKytheran potters, potters, but but where where conical conical cupscups areare hashas anan impressiveimpressive MH toto LHLH I-11I-II tomb complexcomplex withwith rich rich rare.= Conical cups are generallygenerally present present only only in relativelyin relatively burialburial goods,goods, and therethere areare traces traces of of MH MH occupation occupation onOn thethe rare." Conical cups are small numbers if at allall at at mainland mainland sites.” sites." Yet Yet they they are are ubi- ubi- top"top” andand inin the saddle"saddle ” ofof Velatouri Velatouri hill, hill, but but as as usual usual LH LH I I small numbers if habitationhabitation isis elusiveelusive although although transitional transitional MH-LH MH—LH I I quitousquitous in Crete inin thethe ncopalatial neopalatial period, period, constituting constituting a a reaching sherdssherds areare present.present. largelarge proportionproportion of thethe potterypottery at at every every site site and and reaching their numerical peakpeak in LMLM I.I. Conical Conical cups cups appear appear much much ItIt isis worth worth pausing pausing to to note note the the contrast contrast in in LM L IA—LH M IA-LH I: I: their numerical onon thethe mainland,mainland, aa society which to date hashas providedprovided nono evidenceevidence of of writing,writing, of thethe useuse of of seals seals to to show show ownership, ownership, originorigin oror administrative sanction, oror ofof impressive impressive dwel- dwel- icaliul cups"cups” was notednoted in thethe sequencesequence ofof fivefive LCLC I floors:I floors: J. CherryJ. Cherry andand J.J. Davis,Davis, 'Phylakopi‘Phylakopi inin LCLC I: 1: A A pottery pottery seriationstriation study’,study', aa pa-pa- lings, and which puts muchmuch ofof its its wealth wealth into into burials; burials; on on lings, perper readread at at thethe workshopworkshop onon CycladicCycladic chronology chronology held held at theat the Insti- Insti- Did mainland wealth,wealth, as as CreteCrete andand KeaKea thethe opposite.”opposite." Did mainland tutetute of of Archaeology,Archaeology. London,Londoti. 1983. 1983. shownshown byby thethe tombs,tombs, come come from from control control of theof metalthe metal "‘I N. GaleGale and and Z. Z. Stos-Gale.Stos-Gale, ‘Lead'Lead and and silver silver in in the the ancientancimt Ae- source,source, andand KcianKeian wealth fromfrom introducingintroducing the the metal metal in in gean',gean ’,ScientificScientific AmericanAmeric8n 244,244. JuneJune 1981,1981. p. 188;188; GaleGale and and Stos-Stos- Gxlc. ‘Brouxe Age copper sources in the Mcditerranun: A new l p- somesome formform into aa Minoan-dominated Minoan-dominated trade trade network? network? Cer- Cer- Gale, 'Bronze Age copper sources in the Mediterranean: A new ap- proach',preach’. Science 216/4541,216/4541. 2 April 1982.1982, pp. 11-20; GaleGale andand tainlytainly LC I showsshows a relative explosionexplosion inin metallurgy,"mctallurgy, ‘6 and Stos-Gale,StosGalc. ‘Cycladic'Cycladic leadlead and silver metallurgy’.metallurgy', BSABSA 76, 76. 1981, 1981. PD.pp, LMLM 1 1 Crete isis rich in bronze,bronze, as as indicated indicated by by the the enormous enormous 169-221;169-221; Gale, ‘Cycladic'Cycladic metallurgy’, metallurgy', a apaper paper read read at atthe the work- work- cauldronscauldrons fromfrom Tylissos,Tylissos. double axesaxes fromfrom Nirou Nirou KhaniKhani shopshop onon Cycladic chronologychronology held held at at the the institute Institute of Archaeology. of Archaeology, andand swordsswords fromfrom Arkalochori.”Arkalochori." At At this this point point it isit isnot not poss- poss- London,London, 1983.1983. 12‘I PersonalPersonal communication communication from from J. Davis.J. ibleible to to judgejudge whether whether the the rolerole ofof Ayia Irinilrini with respect to Davis. 12” V. Stais.Stais, Arch Arch Eph Eph 1895, 1895, col.col. 222222 ff.If. Laurion was similar,similar, for example.example, to to that that of of Pithecussae Pithecussae on on Laurion was "” H. F.F. Mussche,Mussche. J. Bingen,Bingen. J. Servals,Smals. J. DeGeyter,DcGcyter. T.T. Hac- thethe islandisland of of Ischialschia withwith respectrespect toto the mines of Etruria inin kens,kens, P. P. Spitaels Spitaels and and A. A. Gautier, Gautier, Thorikos Thorikos 1965: 1%5: rapport rapport preimi-pMmi- thethe IronIron Age.Age. , nairenaire sursur lala troisiEmetroisieme campagnecampagne de fouilles,fouiiks. Bruxelles 1967,1967, pp.pp. TheThe discoverydiscovery on KcaKea of aa tablettablet in in local local fabric fabric with with Lin- Lin- 20-2420-24 and and Thorikos 1966/67:N&5/67: rapport preliminaireprtliminaire sursur la/a qua-qua- triemetri&nc campagnecampagne dede fouilles,fouillcs, BruxellesBruxella 1969,1969. p. 68,68. n. 7; 0. Dickin- Dickin- earear AA signssigns alongalong with three other examplesexamples of of Linear Linear AA andand son,son, TheThe origins origins of of MycenaeanMJcenrean civilisation,civifisation. GoteborgGOteborg 19771977 (SIMA(SIMA hundreds of potters ’ marks, many of Minoan type,” is of hundreds of potters' marks, many of Minoan type," is of 49),49). pp. 9696 and 124,124. n.n. 16;16; R. R. Hope Hope Simpson Simpson and and 0. 0. Dickinson, Dickinson, A A greatgreat interest,interest, but standingstanding alone alone this this could could be be evidence evidence of of gazetteergaxetmcr ofof AegeanAegean civilizationcivilixation inin thethe BronzeBronxe Age,Age. I,I, TheThe mainland mainland MinoanMinoan tradetrade links links rather rather than than the the presencepresence ofof aa Minoan Minoan andandislands, islands, GoteborgGotcborg 19791979 (SIMA(SIMA 52), p.p. 209.209. colony.colony. TheThe laterlater adoptionadoption by the GreeksGreeks ofof aa PhoenicianPhoenician "” On KcaKea we we do do not not yet yet have have sufficient sufficient evidence evidence from from unplun- unplun- dereddered tombs. scriptscript waswas notnot thethe resultresult ofof Phoenician colonization or thethe 14I6 Gale.Gale, ‘Cycladic'Cycladic metallurgy’,metallurgy', (supra(supra n.n. I I). presencepresence ofof a large percentagepercentage of of Phoenicians Phoenicians in inearly early Iron Iron "” J.J. MuhlyMuhly has has observed observed thatthat itit would would be be necessarynecessary to go toto AgeAge Greece, although there were inin allall likelihoodlikelihood Phoeni-Phoeni- AnyangAnyang inin ChinaChina to to match match the the size size of the of Tylissosthe Tylissos cauldrons, cauldrons, and and ciancian craftsmencraftsmen and traderstraders present present in in Athens, Athens, Knossos Knossos and and thatthat the material fromfrom the the Arkalochori Arkalochori cave. cave, including including masses masses of of bronzebronze double axesaxes as well as the swords, was what remained after otherother places."places.” well as the swords, was what remained after thethe great bulkbulk of of the the metal metal objects objects had had been been removed removed and soldand tosold to The existence atat Ayia Irini of aa locallocal stone stone vase vase workshop workshop coppersmiths.coppersmiths. (Personal communication.) communication.) using Minoan techniquestechniques is is worth worth noting, noting, as asof courseof course are are "” T.T. Palaima. Palaima, ‘Linear 'Linear A A in in the the Cyclades: Cyclades: The The trade trade and and travel travel of of thethe largelarge terracottaterracotta statuesstatues with with tight tight bodices bodices and and bare aa script',script’, TUAS 7. 7, 1982, 1982, pp. pp. 15-22.15-22. breasts excavated in what appearsappears to to be be the the major major shrine shrine of of "I9 J.J. N.N. Coldstream. Coldstream, GeometricGeometric Greece.Greece, London 1977,1977, pp.pp. 7070 andand 132. thethe site,site. which isis adjacentadjacent to thethe mainmain building,building, HouseHouse A,A, 2°z” E.E. Schofield,Schofield. ‘Kca'Kea and and its its AqcanAegean connections connections inin thethe Late Late probably the home of thethe locallocal ruler.ruler. Bronze AgeAge', ’. typescripttypescript of of talk talk delivered delivered at atthe the London London MycenaeanMyceaaun Fine imported MinoanMinoan LM LM I ceramicI ceramic wares wares are are found found in in Seminar, 1616 May 1979,1979, p. p. 6;6; E. Schofield,Schofield, KeosKeos III. HI. AyiaAyia Irfni:Irini: almostalmost every house,house, and and a awide wide range range of of Minoan Minoan shapes shapes in- in- House A,A, MainrMainz 1983. 1983. AtAt the the Troullos Troullos hilltop hilltop 500500 meters meters fromfrom Ayia lrini partsparts ofof 149 conicalconical cups of LMLM IB/LHIB/LH II11 type type were were cluding cups,CUPS , bowls, traystrays andand pithoi pithoi is is imitated imitated in inlocal local found:found: J.L.J.L. Caskey, ‘Investigations 'Investigations in in Kcos.Keos, partpart I: I:Excavations Excavations fabric.fabric. ((Minyan M inyan and and matt matt-painted-painted wares wares alsoalso appearappear in andand explorations,explorations, 1966-1970',1966- 1970’. Hesperia Hcspcria 40,40. 1971,1971, p.p. 395.395. quantity as mightmight bebe expected expected given given Kca Kea's proximityproximity ’s toto the the 21*’ R.R. Janko.Danko, ‘A 'A stone stone object object inscribed inscribed in in Linear Linear A fromA from Ayios Ayios mainland.) MMinoan inoan-type-type tripodtripod jars, presumablypresumably used used for for Stephanos,Stephanos. Laconia',Laconia’. Kadmos Ksdmos 21,21. 1982, pp. 46-48. cooking or heating liquids,liquids, areare particularly particularly common. common. np J.J. B. B. and and S. S. H. H. Rutter. Rutter, TheThe transitiontransition toto Mycenaean:Mycetmun: A strati- fied Middle HeliadicHelladic 11 11 to to Late Late Hclladic Helladic IIA HA pottery pottery sequence sequence from from What isis especiallyespecially notable asas aa MinoanizingMinoaniting feature feature at at Ayios StephanosStephanos in in Laconia,Laconia. LosLos Angeles,Angeles, Calif.,Calif., 1976 (Monu- Ayia Irini,lrini, however,however, isis thethe enormousenormous number number of conicalof conical mentamcnta Archaeologica,Archaeologica. 4),4). pp. 3 and 64-65. 23 cups.Cups. HouseHouse A A alone alone produced produced over over 8,000,8.000, ofof which which 820 *’ SeeSeen. n. 40 (infra).finfral. 20 Malcolm H. W iener 20 Malcolm H. Wiener

less frequently after L M Ill A l, become rare during LM passed in cups? W hatever the reason, “a superabundance less frequently after LM 111A1, become rare during LM passed in cups? Whatever the reason, "a superabundance Ill B and are almost extinct in LM IIIC and sub- M ioan. . . . was essential to the well-being of any M inoan society of extinct in LM IIIC and sub-Mioan. . • . was essential to the well-being of any Minoan society of IIIB andConical are almostcups seem to be all-purpose vessels, used not only this period”, as Coldstream observed in the publication of cups seem to be all-purpose vessels, used not only this period", as Coldstream observed in the publication of Conicalto hold food and drink but for various other things as well. Kythera.” drink but for various other things as well. Kythera." to Thehold scorchedfood and lip on some and the blackened rim of more The appearance of this superabundance of conical cups on some and the blackened rim of more The appearance of this superabundance of conical cups Thesuggest scorched a use lip as lamps, y although there are other M inoan at Kythera. Phylakopi, Ayia lrini and (as described below) suggest a use as lamps,' although there are other Minoan at Kythera, Phylakopi, Ayia lrini and (as described below) la mp shapes better suited for the purpose. They may have Akrotiri seems to me better evidence for the actual presence lamp shapes better suited for the purpose. They may have Akrotiri seems to me better evidence for the actual presence been used as spindle whorls, to judge from deliberately of significant nu mbers of M inoans or descendants of M i- been used as spindle whorls, to judge from deliberately of significant numbers of Minoans or descendants of Mi- pierced examples.” At Phylakopi a conical cup was built noans than the appearance of M inoan or M inoanizing ar- pierced examples." At Phylakopi a conical cup was built noans than the appearance of Minoan or Minoanizing ar- into the base of another pot, at Akrotiri one was used as a chitecture, wall paintings or luxury goods, all of which into the base of another pot, at Akrotiri one was used as a chitecture, wall paintings or luxury goods, all of which stopper for a large stirrup jar, and at Ayia Irini conical CUPS could result fro m a “Versailles effect” without any signifi- stopper for a large stirrup jar, and at Ayia Irini conical cups could result from a "Versailles effect" without any signifi- are built into the breasts of fe male terracotta figures fro m cant movement of people. or of people other than itinerant terracotta figures from cant movement of people, or of people other than itinerant arethe built shrinc.z6 into the breasts of female artisans.artisans. The The appearance appearance at at thesethese sitessites ofof MMinoan inoan oror MMi- i- the shrine.Some 26kind of ritual use of conical cups seems likely. likely. Ho-HO- noannoan-inspired-inspired cooking cooking ware ware and and loomweights loomweights for weaving isis garthSome found kind ofalmost ritual 200, use containing of conical carbonized cups seems remains of furtherfurther evidence evidence of of a asimilar similar nature, nature, pointingpointing inin the the same same di- di- garthfood, found inverted almost in rows200, incontaining the pillar carbonized crypt of a houseremains on ofthe rection.''rection.@° food,lower inverted Gypsades in rows hill nearin the the pillar Palace crypt of ofKnossos.” a house onIn anthe In an loweraltar-like Gypsades construction hill near in thethe Diktaian Palace Caveof Knossos." he found many found many altarmore,-like together construction with fragmentsin the Diktaian of about Cave thirty he offering offering more,tables together and several with “fruit fragments stands”.” of aboutThey arethirty present in tables and several "fruit stands"? They are present in great numbers at peak sanctuaries: at Juktas there were uSchofield Schofield (supra (supra n.n. 20).20). -. Juktas there were u E. A. Catling. H. W. greatmasses numbers of conical at peakcups, sanctuaries:many of them at inverted and in layers 22 E. A. Catling, H. W. Calling. andand D.D. Smyth. Smyth, ‘Knossos 'Knossos 1975: 1975: Middle Minoan masses of conical cups, many of them inverted and in layers Middle Minoan 111Ill and and Late Late Minoan I Ihouses houses by by the the acropolis acropolis', ’, in one of the rooms against the upper terrace wall, and at BSA 74. 1979. p. in one of the rooms against the upper terrace wall, and at BSA 74, 1979, p. 15.15. Kato Symc many again along with numerous chalices.” ti J. L. Caskey. ‘Excavations in Keos. 1964-l%5 ’, HCS~CI+J Kato Syme many again along with numerous chalices? 2° J. L. Caskey, 'Excavations in Keos, 1964-1965', Hesperia From Karphi comes a cup containing a figurine with raised 35.35, 1966, 1966. pp. pp. 370-371; 370-371; K. K. Thorpe-Scholes,Thorpe-Schola. ‘Akrotiri.'Akrotiri, genesis, genesis, lifelife From Karphi comes a cup containing a figurine with raised and death ’, in: TA W I (1978). p. 442. Several of the examples of arms bearing a miniature conical cup on her head. ‘0 A and death', in: TAW 1 (1978), p. 442. Several of the examples of arms bearing a miniature conical cup on her head." A thethe uses uses of of conical cups were brought toto mymy attention attention by by V. V. house by the acropolis above the village at Knossos yielded Watrous. house by the acropolis above the village at Knossos yielded Watrous. a “foundation deposit” of m inute conical cups,” and an- * D. G. Hogarth. ‘Knossos:-Il. Early town and ccmeteri~ ‘. a "foundation deposit" of minute conical cups," and an- 27 D. G. Hogarth, `Knossos:-11. Early town and cemeteries', other foundation deposit of conical cups, accompanied by BSA6. J899--1900. p. 76. other foundation deposit of conical cups, accompanied by BSA 6, 1899-1900, p. 76. bones of young sheep, was found in the Palace of Zakros.” " uD. D. G.G. Hogarth,Hogarth, 'The‘The Dictaian Dictaian cave', cave ’. BSA BSA 6, 6. 1899-1900, 1899--1900. p. p. bones of young sheep, was found in the Palace of Zakros.32 98. In an open space in the southeast section of the Palace of 98. in an open space in the southeast section of the Palace of n A. Karctsou, Praktika 1979. p. 415;415: Ergon Ergon 1978.pp. pp. 62-64; Knossos. in an area of rooms with ritual &ma ins, Evans $ A. Karetsou, Praktika 1979, p. 1978, 62-64; Knossos, in an area of rooms with ritual remains, Evans 1979,1979. pp. pp. 29-30; 29-30; P. Muhly, personal personal communication.communication. found numerous fragments of tripod offering tables and so 1o M. Seiradhaki, ‘Pottery from Karphi ’, BSA 55, 1960. p. II found numerous fragments of tripod offering tables and so 2° M. Seiradhaki, 'Pottery from Karphi', BSA 55, 1960, p. 11 many conical cups that the workmen named the area “the andand Pl. PI. 4c, 4c, cited cited in in A.A. Kanta, Kanta. TheThe LateLate Minoan 111Ill periodperiod inin many conical cups that the workmen named the area "the Kaphcncion”. ” An LM IB deposit from the North side of CreteCrete-a—a survey of of sites,sires, p'bttery pbttery and and their their distribution, distribution, GOteborg Goteborg 1980 (SIMA 58). p. 268. Kapheneion"." An LM IB deposit from the North side of 1980 (S1MA 58), p. 268. the Royal Road included a cup with two Linear A signs in ” Coding. Catling. and Smyth (supra n. 25). p. 77. the Royal Road included a cup with two Linear A signs in 31 Catling, Catling, and Smyth (supra n. 25), p. 77. ligature, which had been used as a lamp.” At N irou Khani a ‘* C. Boulotis. ‘Ein Grundungsdcpositum ligature, which had been used as a lamp? At Nirou Khani a 22 C. Boulotis, 'Ein GrUndungsdepositum imim minoischenminoischen Paiast Palast “votive deposit” of hundreds of di m inutive conical cups von Kato Zakros-minoisch-mykcnische Bauopfer ’, Archgologi- "votive deposit" of hundreds of diminutive conical cups von Kato Zakros—minoisch-mykenische Bauopfer', Archaologi- was found in a small walled enclosure under a doorway schesscha Korrespondenzblatt Korrezpondenzblatt 12, 12.1982. 1982, pp. pp. 153-166. 153-166. was found in a small walled enclosure under a doorway ” Evans, PM which once connected two rooms, the smaller full of ashes 32 Evans, PM 11II (1921).fJ92JJ. pp. 307-308.307-308. The The relationship relationship ofof thethe ‘Kaphencion ’ to the surrounding structures may be whichand the once larger connected containing two four rooms, enormous the smaller ceremonial full ofbronze ashes 'Kapheneion' to the surrounding structures may be seenseen clearlyclearly inin and the larger containing four enormous ceremonial bronze thethe recently recently published published plan: plan: S. S. HoodHood and W.W. Taylor, Taylor, TheThe Bronze Bronze double axes. Most of the conical cups held a lump of pum- Age pahcc of Knossos. plans and secrions (BSA double axes. Most of the conical cups held a lump of pum- Age palace of Knossos, plans and sections (BSA Suppl. Suppl. Vol. Vol. 13, 13, ice, causing Platon to suggest a connection to the eruption 1981),1981). groundground plan. ice, causing Platon to suggest a connection to the eruption of Thcra.” " y S. Hood, ‘An'An inscribed cupcup from from a a LateLate Minoan IBIS deposit deposit atat of Thera."Conical cups are also found in great numbers in tombs. Knossos',Knossus ’. Kadmos Kadmos3.1965,pp. 3, 1%5, pp. 111-113. 111-113. Conical cups are also found in great numbers in tombs. 22” N.N. Platon,Platon. KrChron I,1, 1947, 1947, pp.pp. 631~-640.631-640, citedcited inin S. Hood, A t Myrtos Pyrgos the LM IA tomb deposit contained about ‘Traces of the eruption outside At Myrtos Pyrgos the LM IA tomb deposit contained about 'Traces of the eruption outside Thera',Thera’. in: in: TAWTA W I I (1978),(1978). pp.pp. 450 conical cups.” at Poros the L M IA to mb had many, at 681--690. 450 conical cups? at Poros the LM IA tomb had many, at 681-690. Kythera tombs D and E each contained between 75 and 100 2°)6 V. Hankcy.Hankey, personal personal communication. communication. Kythera tombs D and E each contained between 75 and 100 ” Poros: A. conical cups, and at the Phourni cemetery of Archanes Poros: A. Lembesc,Lembcx. "Avnoxaoq“Avaaraou zciopout6q0u etc&i< flifipovndpOV 'Hpax-‘HpW conical cups, and at the Phourni cemetery of Archanes kbu’. Praktika 1967. pp. 199-200. Kythera: J. N. Coldstream. scores of conical cups were found in the W . room of Build- )ztou', Praktika 1967, pp. 199-200. Kythera: .1. N. Coldstream, scores of conical cups were found in the W. room of Build- in:in: Kythera: ExcavationsExcavations andand studies,studies, London 1972,1972, p.p. 285. 285. in8 4 adjacent to Tholos B.” Archancs: Y. Sakellarakis. Ergon 1977 1978), ing 4 adjacent to Tholos B." Archanes: Y. Sakellarakis, Ergon 1977 (pr.(pr. 1978), p. p. 171, 171, Fig.Fig. 113.113. A t Ayia Triada a Linear A tablet lists much smaller num- Conical cups continue to appear in quantity in some LM Ill tombs, At Ayia Triada a Linear A tablet lists much smaller num- Conical cups continue to appear in quantity in some LM III tombs, bers of other vessels, but 3,000 conical cups.“ forfor exampleexample tombtomb BB at at EpiskopiEpiskopi inin the the PediadhaPediadha district inin Crete Crete bersW of hy other there vessels, should but be such3,000 masses conical of cups." conical cups at whichwhich contained 6464 conical conical cups cups and and relatively relatively few otherfew other shapes: shapes: Why there should be such masses of conical cups at Mi-Mi- Kanta fsupra n. 30). p. 268. noan or Minoanired LM I sites, even allowing for a multi- Kanta (supra n. 30), p. 268. noan or Minoanized LM I sites, even allowing for a multi- "” L. Godart andand J.J. P. P. Olivicr. Olivier, RecueilRccucil dcsdes inscriptionsinscriptions enen LiLi-- plicity of uses, is a m ystery. W ere they used only once in ntairc A I (Etudes CrCtoiscs 21, 1976), pp. 58-59. This tablet WAS plicity of uses, is a mystery. Were they used only once in :Maim A l (Etudes Cretoises 21, 1976), pp. 58-59. This tablet was frequent religious and funerary rites? Were they broken af- calledcalled toto my attention by by R. R. Stieglitz.Sticglitz. frequent religious and funerary rites? Were they broken af- n Coldstrcam (supra n. 37). p. ter banquets? W as there a system of communal 3° Coldstream (supra n. 37), p. 285285. cited cited in: in: E. E. Schofield, Schofield, ‘The 'The meals. as in Western Cyclada and Crete: A “special relationship” terlron banquets? Age Dorian Was Crete, there during a system which of foodcommunal and drink meals, were as in Western Cyclades and Crete: A "special relationship" ',‘, Oxford Iron Age Dorian Crete, during which food and drink were JournalJournal of Archaeology 1,1, 1982,1982. p. 18.18. 21 TheThe Tale Tale of of the the Conical Conical Cups Cups 21

•

.0 •

Fig. 1. Conical cups from Mycenae (see foot- Fig. 1. Conical cups from Mycenae (see foot- note 40). (Photograph by Dr. Elizabeth note 40). (Photograph by Dr. Elizabeth French.)French.)

y) Limitations ofof spacespace permitpermit only only a briefa brief summary summary of conicalof conical positsposits below below the the floors floors of of the the Palace.. Palace. . . . (T)his. . (T)his type type . . . .. wwith ith pro-Pro- cups on the mainland. The shape (FS 2&t) appears, generally in nounced string-marks on the base showing how it had been Cut Off cups on the mainland. The shape (FS 204) appears, generally in nounced string-marks on the base showing how it had been cut off relatively small numbers, at some sites in LH I-II. continues into from the wheel see m s to IJ C very characteristic of LH J-II de- relatively small numbers, at some sites in LH I-11, continues into from the wheel . .. . .seems to be very characteristic of LH I-lI de- LH JllAJ and goes out of use thereafter. Examples include prc-LH posits. They occur in LH I-II strata at Korakou, and one was LH IIIA I and goes out of use thereafter. Examples include pre-LH posits. They occur in LH 1-11 strata at Korakou, and one was found with the earliest group of interments in Tomb 517 At 111BIIJB depositsdeposits at at Pylos, Pylos, the the Gouvalari Gouvalari tombs, Nichoria (a (a few few in in LH LH found with the earliest group of interments in Tomb 517 ...... At Knossos and other Cretan sites cups of this shape are extremely 1-11;I-II; 4%4% by rimrim countcount inin anan LHLH JIIAIII1A1 deposit), deposit). Korakou Korakou (even (even Knossos and other Cretan sites cups of this shape are extremely common at the end of the Middle Minoan Period and in LM J-II. amongamong unpaintedunpainted wares,wares, jugsjugs and and stemmed stemmed goblets goblets more more com- com- common at the end of the Middle Minoan Period and in LM 1-Il. Here too below the floor-of this lobby we find them with LH I mon),mon). Prosymna,Prosymna, Asine,Asine. Dendra Dendra and and TirynsTiryns (Pylos(Pylos 1, 1. pp.pp. 223.223, Here too below the floor of this lobby we find them with LH I 359-360 and Figs. 337, 353-354; III. pp. 35. 42, 47. 51, 52, 92. sherds. On the other hand, in tombs which contain typical LH III 359-360 and Figs. 337, 353-354; III, pp. 35, 42, 47, 51, 52, 92, sherds. On the other hand, in tombs which contain typical LH Ill 198 and 205: G. Korres. ‘Messenia’. Ergon 1975. p. 132; 0. Dickin- pottery, cups of this type are as rare as they arc common in the ear- 198 and 205; G. Korres, 'Messenia', Ergon 1975, p. 132; 0. Dickin- pottery, cups of this type are as rare as they are common in the ear- son and S. Martin, pcrs. comm. rc Nichoria; C. Blegen. Korakou: lier period. For instance, in the deposits of the early strata by the son and S. Martin, pers. comm. re Nichoria; C. Blegen, Korakou: lier period. For instance, in the deposits of the early strata by the A prehistoricsettlement near Corinth, Boston 1921. pp. 43.57-59 Lion Gate, cups of this type hardly occur. This type of handleless A prehistoric settlement near Corinth, Boston 1921, pp. 43, 57-59 Lion Gate, cups of this type hardly occur. This type of handleless and Fig. 81. and J. Davis, ‘Late HelladicI pottery from Korakou ’, cup begins at Mycenac in LH I. was common throughout LH II and Fig. 81, and J. Davis, 'Late Helladic 1 pottery from Korakou', cup begins at Mycenae in LH 1, was common throughout LH 11 Hcsperia 48, 1979, pp. 234-263; C. Blegen, Prosymna, Cam- and died out at the beginning of LH Ill, and can therefore be used Hesperia 48, 1979, pp. 234-263; C. Blegen, Prosymna, Cam- and died out at the beginning of LH III, and can therefore be used bridge, Mass. 1937, pp. 413-414; B. Frizcll. An early Mycenaean as valuable evidence in dating deposits when painted pOllCry is bridge, Mass. 1937, pp. 413-414; B. Frizell, An early Mycenaean as valuable evidence in dating deposits when painted pottery is lacking.” (Refs. omitted. A. Wan, ‘Excavations at Myccnae, settlementsettlement at at Asine: Asine: The The Late Late Helladic Helladic IIB-IIIAHE-HlAl I pottery, pottery, GOte-G&c- lacking." (Refs. omitted. A. Wace, 'Excavations at Mycenae, borg 1980. pp. 32.44.49.68 and 109, Fig. 8. nos. I52 and I53 and J92l-l923’, BSA 25, pp. J50--151. Fig. 33c.) Conical cups were borg 1980, pp. 32, 44, 49, 68 and 109, Fig. 8, nos. 152 and 153 and 1921-1923', BSA 25, pp. 150-151, Fig. 33c.) Conical cups were also “very common” in the drain below the room N. of the W. Fig.Fig. 12, 12, nos.nos. 249249 andand 250;250; P. Astrom,Astrom. TheThe Cuirass Cuirass Tomb Tomb and and other other also "very common" in the drain below the room N. of the W. finds from Dendra, SJMA IV. Goteborg 1977. p. 100; A. Persson, Portal (p. 218). (Fig. I shows II of the conical cups excavated by finds from Dendra, SIMA IV, GOteborg 1977, p. 100; A. Persson, Portal (p. 218). (Fig. / shows 11 of the conical cups excavated by New tombs at Dendra near Midea,Lund 1942. p. 42 and Fig. 47, Wacc.) From below the court of the palace came I3 fragments (p. New tombs at Dendra near Midea, Lund 1942, p. 42 and Fig. 47, Wace.) From below the court of the palace came 13 fragments (p. nos. 2 and 3. pp. 92-93 and Fig. 104. nos. 3 and 4, and p. 99 and 197) and a small test below the Ante-Chamber to the Domestic nos. 2 and 3. pp. 92-93 and Fig. 104, nos. 3 and 4, and p. 99 and 197) and a small test below the Ante-Chamber to the Domestic Quarters yielded 27 cups, listed as LH II (p. 259). About ten sherds Fig.Fig. 110, I JO, no. no. 5; 5; H. H. DOhI, Dohl, in: in: Tiryns Tiryns VIII, VJII,Mainz jvlainz 1975, 1975, p. 145, nos.nos. Quarters yielded 27 cups, listed as LH II (p. 259). About ten sherds 51-52.). At Voroulia in a closed LH I deposit totaling 120 vases were found in the dromos of the Tomb of Aegisthus. possibly com- 51-52.). At Voroulia in a closed LH 1 deposit totaling 120 vases were found in the dromos of the Tomb of Aegisthus, possibly com- and many shcrds no conical cups appeared (Y. Lolos, pers. ing from the fill (p. 3 I I). Many conical cups also appeared in units and many sherds no conical cups appeared (Y. Lobos, pers. ing from the fill (p. 311). Many conical cups also appeared in units of the fill levels of the Citadel House along with LH II-III A comm.).comm.). Their Their scarcity scarcity at atAyios Ayios Stephanos Stephanos has alreadyhas already been beennoted. noted. of the fill levels of the Citadel House along with LH 11-111A In Athens, 4 wells with LH II B-IIIAI material contained conical painted ware; here tonical cups were much more frequent than In Athens. 4 wells with LH IIB-IIIAI material contained conical painted ware; here tonical cups were much more frequent than cups; in one well 196 fragments represented 5.6% of the idcnti- goblets. (My profound thanks go to Dr. E. French for the photo- cups; in one well 196 fragments represented 5.6% of the identi- goblets. (My profound thanks go to Dr. E. French for the photo- fiablefiable sherds.sherds. Certain aspectsaspects ofof thethe nearby nearby contemporary contemporary tombs tombs graph,graph, information about about the the Citadel Citadel House House and and much much other other ad- ad- alsoalso suggested suggested ties tics with with Crete Crete (P. (P. Mountjoy, Mountjoy. FourFour early early Mycenaean Mycenaean vicevice and and aid.)aid.) wellswells fromfrom the south slopeslope of of thethe Acropolis Acropolis atat Athens, MIGRAMIGRA ThatThat conicalconical cups cups appear appear at at Mycenae Myccnae in inLH LH 11A -111A1II A-IIIAJ (LH (LH 1- I- Fasc.Fast. IV, GentGent 1981,1981. pp.pp. 70-7170-71 and and 79; 79; S. S. Jmmerwahr, Immerwahr, The Neo- IIll in WaccWace andand BlegenBlegen's ’s ter terms) ms) and and are are common common in in deposits deposits be- be- lithiclithic and Bronze Ages, Princeton 1971,1971, The The AthenianAthenian Agora XIII.XIII, neathneath thethe palace and in thethe Citadel Citadel House House fill fill but but not not in gravesin graves or or p.p. 151;ISI; idem,idem, ‘The 'The use use of of tin tin on on Mycenacan Mycenaean vases vases', Hesperia ’, 35, tombs,tombs, in contrastcontrast to to Crete Crete where where they they appear appear in vast in numbersvast numbers 1966,1966. p.p. 386386 (3(3 tin-coatedtin-coated examples);examples); see see alsoalso M.M. Benzi,Benz& Ceramica Ceramica muchmuch earlierearlier and inin tombs, tombs, seems seems significant. significant. While While conical conical cups cups MiceneaMicenea in in Attica, Attica. Milan Milan 1975, 1975. pp. pp. 48-50.). 48-50.). At At Kokla Kokla an an import- import- maymay havehave been more common atat Mycenac Mycenae than than at at other other excavated excavated mainland sites. it is unlikely the numbers or proportion relative to antant tholos recently excavatedexcavated byby K. K. Demakopoulou Demakopoulou yielded yielded three three mainland sites, it is unlikely the numbers or proportion relative to conicalconical cups ofof silver,silver, the the first first examples examples known known in precious in precious metal. metal. otherother potterypottery approached those of Crete.Crete. Melos,Melos. KeaKea oror Thera. TheThe TheThe tomb seemsseems to showshow otherother MinoanizingMinoanizing featuresfeatures andand to to have have lackJack of of well-preserved LHLH J-II I-11 habitation habitation levels levels makes makes interpret- interpret- beenbeen in use in in LH LH 11-111A1Jl-III A (K.(K. I Demakopoulou.Demakopoulou, pers.pcrs. comm.). comm.). At ationation hazardous,hazardous. butbut thethe nature nature of of the the finds finds at at Mycenae Mycenae may may poss- poss- thethe hilltop sanctuarysanctuary of of Apollon Apollon Maleatas Maleatas near near Epidauros Epidauros early early iblyibly offer somesome support support for for the the proposed proposed presence presence of Minoanof Minoan or or MycenaeanMycenaean levels revealed part ofof a aterrace terrace wall, wall, ashes, ashes, bones bones of of MinoanizedMinoanized traderstraders or craftsmen (e.g..(e.g., E.N.E.N. Davis, Davis, The The Vaphio Vaphio bullsbulls and goats,goats, fragmentsfragments of of stone stone vases. vases, and and a long a long series series of of cupscups and and AegeanAegean gold gold and and silver silver ware, ware, New New York York 1977,1977. p. 332).332). doubledouble axes. TheThe pottery pottery includes includes about about 100JO0 conical cup cup fragments fragments OtherOther explanations suchsuch asas adoptionadoption of of a Minoana Minoan cult cult practice practice or or comprisingcomprising about about 20%20% of thethe totaltotal sherds.sherds, comparedcompared toto about about 30% 30% custom,custom. high-level intermarriageintermarriage with with accompanying accompanying retainers, retainers, or or eacheach forfor Vaphio cups and kylikakylikes (V. (V. Lambrinudakis. Lambrinudakis, pers. pers. comm.comm. merelymerely enthusiastic local local acceptance acceptance of ofa useful a useful shape shape cannot cannot bebc en-en- SeeSee alsoalso V.V. Lambrinudakis, 'Remains ‘Remains of the of Mycenaeanthe Myccnaean period period in in tirelytirely excluded.cxcludcd. Further,Further, we we have have no no way way of ofknowing knowing whether whether the the thethe sanctuarysanctuary of of ApollonApollon Maleatas', Maleatas ’. in:in: SCABASCABA (1981).(1981), pp.pp. 59- putativeputative craftsmen came in responseresponse to thethe attractionattraction ofof Myce-Myce- 63; Praktika 1974 (pr. 1976). p. 96: 1975 (pr. 1977). pp. 167- 171; 63; Praktika 1974 (pr. 1976), p. 96; 1975 (pr. 1977), pp. 167-171; naeannaean wealth,wealth, were sent because ofof a "special“special relationship"relationship” be-bc- 19761976 (pr. (pr. 1978), 1978). pp. 202-207;202-207; 1977 1977 (pr. (pr. 1980). 1980), pp. pp. 187-191).187-191). tweentwccn aa CretanCretan palace palace and and Myccnac Mycenae (Dickinson, (Dickinson, supra supra n. n. 14,14. pp. TheThe most significantsignificant appearance appearance of ofconical conical cups cups on theon mainlandthe mainland 53-55)53-55) or or came came from from Thcra Thera after after the earthquakethe earthquake or eruption. or eruption. occursoccurs atat Mycenac.Mycenae. Wace,Wace. describingdescribing thethe pottery pottery from from below below the the What cancan be be said said is is that that on on the the mainland mainland conical conical cups cupsappear appear more more W. LobbyLobby of of the the palace palace lists lists “Handleless "Handleless cups. cups, five fragments”five fragments" frequentlyfrequently at sitessites whichwhich showshow other other indications indications of of significant significant Mi- Mi- andand adds,adds, "This“This type of cupcup . . . .. isis extremelyextremely commoncommon in in all all the the de-de- noan contact and and influence. influence. 2222 MalcolmMalcolm H. WienerWiener

LetLet us nownow turnturn to to Thera. Thera, where where the the suggestive suggestive presence presence potterypottery allall suggestsuggest participation,participation, direct direct or indirect,or indirect, inin a ofof masses of of conical cups is accompaniedaccompanied byby many many other other widespreadwidespread trade network, network, as as does does the the appearance appearance of of manymany kindskinds of archaeologicalarchaeological data. data. InIn weighingweighing thethe Theran evi-evi- leadlead weights."weights.& dence,dence, we should firstfirst recognizerecognize the the present present limits limits ofOf our AsAs to AkrotirianAkrotirian architecture, architecture, we wenote note the the useUSC inin oneone knowledge.knowledge. We havehave as yetyet nono cemeteries cemeteries oror sanctuaries sanctuaries buildingbuilding of gypsumgypsum imported imported from from Crete. Crete, the theappearance appearance of of (apart(apart fromfrom household household shrines). shrines). Except Except forfor thethe area easteast of thethe pierpier-and-door-and-door partition,partition, the the resemblance resemblance of of the the south- south- SectorSector Delta in the stream bed and aa few other placesplaces where where westwest corner ofof Delta Delta room I616 toto a aMinoan Minoan shrine shrine stor- stor- therethere were stratifiedstratified remains remains beginning beginning inin MC, what weWC eroom,eroom, and thethe Minoan-typeMinoan-type lustrallustral basinbasin in XateXeste 3, 3, with with havehave isis largelylargely limitedlimited to a partpart of of an an LCLC 1 I-LM—LM IAIA town.town. itsits remarkableremarkable wallwall paintingspaintings incorporatingincorporating iconographyiconography fa-fa- WeWe do notnot knowknow whetherwhether thethe section section excavatedexcavated isis repre-repre- miliarmiliar in Crete. TheThe useuse ofof ashlar ashlar is is common. common, as asin inCrete. Crete. sentativesentative of thethe whole,whole, or or whether whether further further excavation excavation would would ThereThere areare also architectural featuresfeatures with with no no exact exact parallels parallels revealreveal a Minoan palace. palace. What, What, for forexample, example, lies beyondlies beyond the the inin CreteCrete such asas thethe location location of of windows, windows, and and the the absence absence to to splendidsplendid facadefacade at at XesteXate 4?4? What restsrests atat Potamos,Potamos, 600600 me-mc- datedate of Minoan light wellswells or pillarpillar cryptscrypts hashas alsoalso beenbeen terstcrs toto thethe East, East, where where in in 1899 1899 Zahn Zahn uncovered uncovered nine nine stone stone noted."noted.” If ourour viewview asas to to the the presence presence of of Minoans Minoans and and de- de- vessels,vessels. four of them Minoan? OrOr atat Balos,Bales, over 1,000l,ooO me- greegree of MinoanMinoan influenceinfluence were were to to depend depend on onarchitecture architecture tersters towardtoward thethe North, wherewhere inin 18671867 andand 1870 MamctMamet andand GorceixGorccix discovered remainsremains ofof Bronze Bronze Age Age houses houses with with "‘I P.P. Warren. Warren, ‘The'The stone stone vessels vessels from from the the Bronze Bronze Age Age settlement settlement largelarge pithoipithoi andand fresco fragments of lilies?lilies? S. MarinatosMarinatos atat Akrotiri,Akrotiri. Thera', Then ’.ArchEphArchEph 1979, 1979. p.p. 109;109; N.N. Platon,Platen. Zakros: TheThe suggestedsuggested in in 19761976 that that thethe AkrotiriAkrotiri site might extend toto Ba-Ba- discoverydiscovery of a lostlost palace,palace. New YorkYork 1971,1971. p. 272:272; F.F. Fouqui. Fouque, San-San- torintotin et scsses &uptions,eruptions, Paris Paris 1879.. 1879.. pp.pp. 110-111;1 IO-I I I: S. S. Marinatos. Marinatos, Ex-Ex- los,10s. inin which case what we have toto datedate isis aa very very small small part part cavationscavations at it Thera Theta VII, VII. Athens 1976;1976: J.J. Sperling,Spcrling. ThemThera and and Thera- Thera- ofof anan enormous settlement.” settlement." sia,sia. Athens 1973, 1973. p.p. 13I3 andand pp.pp. 53-56. 53-56. AtAt Akrotiri, as at PhylakopiPhylakopi andand AyiaAyia lrini.irini, thethe whole whole 42u Seen. JO10 (supra).(supra). MinoanMinoan pottery repertory of bowls,bowls, basins,basins, jars,jars, pithoi pithoi and and 4”' M.M. MarthariMarthari andand C.C. Palyvou,Palyvou. 'A‘A late MC Ill-earlyIll-early LCLC I1 de-dc- cookingcooking trays,trays, both tripodtripod andand flat,flat, is is imported imported or or pro- pro- structionstruction in Akrotiri: Archaeological Archaeological evidence evidence', a ’.paper a paper read read at althethe workshop on Cycladic chronologychronology held held at at the the Institute Institute of Archae-of Archae- ducedduced locally. The decoration of almostalmost allall thethe largelarge storage ology,ology, London, 1983.1983. pithoi is Minoan of Minoanizing. Minoan types of spindle pithoi is Minoan of Minoanizing. Minoan types of spindle U C.C. Cl.G. Doumas. Doumas, 'The ‘The MinoanMinoan thalassocracythalassocracy and thethe Cyclades'.Cyclada ’. whorls and Minoan shapesshapes ofof lamps lamps and and “fireboxes” "fireboxes" (or. (or, AA 1982,1982. p. 9:9; Thorpe-ScholesThorpe-Schola (supra (supra n. n. 26). 26), p. p. 444. 444. perhaps better, containerscontainers for for distillation distillation or orincense incense bur- bur- "” M.M. MartJtari.Marthari, ArchEphArchEph 1980. 1980, pp. pp. 182-210.182-210. See Sec also also J. .1.F. F. Cherry and J.J. L. L. Davis, Davis, 'The ‘The CycladesCycladcs andand the Greek mainlandmainland in in ners) areare common.common. AtAt Akrotiri as at PhylakopiPhylakopi" there ” there is is Cherry LC 1:I: The evidence evidence ofof thethe pottery pottery', AJA ’,AJA 86. 86.1982. 1982, pp.pp. 333-341. 333-341. evidenceevidence forfor increasingincreasing MinoanizationMinoanization during thethe coursecourse ofof "* C. G.G. Doumas.Doumas, Santorini.Santorini. AA guide toto islandisland and and its its archaeo- LC 1: the local pottery ofof latelate MC MC III-early III-early LC LC I datedate reco-reco- logicallogica/ treasures, treasures, Athens 1980 1980 (Engliih (English edition). edition), p. p.27. 27. Separate Separate de- de- vered fromfrom thethe pitspits dugdug toto hold the roofing pillars and fromfrom posits are are noted noted in in C. C. G.G. Doumas, Thera:Thera: Pompeii Pompeii of of thethe Ancient Ancient thethe excavation of thethe NWNW cornercorner of of Xeste Xeste 2 2in in 1978 1978 is is sig- sig- Aegean, LondonLondon 1983,1983. pp. 61-62, PI. Pl. I I11 (conical (conical cups cups fallen fallen from from anan upper storey of RoomRoom 6 6 in in the the West West House); House); S. Marinatos,S. Marinatos, Ex-Ex- nificantly differentdifferent in the degree and mannermanner ofof adaptationadaptation cavationscavations at at Thera Thera IV, IV. Athens 1971,1971. p. I5IS (“dozens ("dozens of of small small of Minoan features from the pottery of the finalfinal destructiondestruction handleless cups” cups" from from Delta Delta 7 “were 7 "were used used in thein thereligious religious ceremo- ceremo- level."level: However, thethe locallocal ceramic ceramic tradition tradition persists persists nies and wcrcwere sometimes sometimes placed placed upside-down upside-down on onthe thesacred sacred throughoutthroughout LC I inin thethe way way Minoan-inspired Minoan-inspired motifsmotifs areare ground");ground”); idem,idem. TheriTherra V.V, Athens Athens 1972. 1972, p. p. I313 and and PI. Pl. 6r 6a (deposit (deposit appliedapplied and in many shapes,shapes, includingincluding loop-handled loop-handled bowls bowls fromfrom the NW cornercorner of of the the Vestibule Vestibule of of the the Ladies, Ladies, described described as as “a "a hoard ofof handlelesshandleless bowlsbowls peculiarpeculiar toto sanctuaries”):sanctuaries"); idem.idem. TheraThem of Middle Cycladic origin, oblong vessels(kymbat) often la- of Middle Cycladic origin, oblong vessels (kymbai) often la- VI,VI. Athens 1974,1974, p. 21,21. PI.Pl. 336.33b. vishly decorated,decorated, ribbedribbed vases, cylindrical "plant“plant pots”,pots", 4“' WarrenWarren (supra(supra n. 41),41). pp.pp. 105-106. 105-106. andand particularly nippled ewers.ewers. SomeSome ofof the the nipplcd nippled ewers ewers U Marinatos.Marinatos, TheraThera IV IV (supra (supra n. n. 46). 46), p. p. 14. 14. have paintedpainted eyes,eyes, somesome ears,ears, somesome singlesingle or double neckla- neckla- 49e SeeSee H. H. G. G. Buchholz. Buchholz, ‘Some 'Some observations observations concerning concerning Thera'sThera ’s contacts overseasoverseas duringduring the BronzeBronze AgeAge', in: ’, in:TAWTA W 11 II (1980), (1980). pp. ces, andand sometimes theythey are are portrayed portrayed on on other other vessels; vessels; the the 227-240. One One system system of of lead lead weights weights in inuse use at atAkrotiri. Akrotiri, Ayia Ayia lrini lrini decoration may containcontain religious religious iconography iconography and and imply imply andand Phylakopi is is said said to to bc be the the standard standard Minoan Minoan system, system, but thebut the cultic use."USC.~ There are are also also small small numbers numbers of of mainland mainland vases vases existencecxistcncc ofof large numbersnumbers ofof weights weights said said to to belong belong to toother other sys- sys- in the final LC I destructiondestruction levellevel atat Akrotiri, Akrotiri, just just as as there there tems, and thethe processprocess ofof “rounding "rounding off” off" variations variations in weight in weight re- re- are a fewfew TheranTheran oror Theran-inspired Theran-inspired vasesvases in in the the Shaft Shaft quired toto research research the the conclusion conclusion may may make make it prudent it prudent to suspend to suspend judgemenljudgement in in this this regard regard until until further further evidence evidence is available.is available. SeeSee K. Graves, but this inin itselfitself suggestssuggests nothing more than minor nothing more than minor M. Petruso.Petruso, ‘Systems 'Systems ofof Weight Weight in in the the Bronze Bronze Age Age Aegean Aegean', In- ’, In- trade contact.”contact." What isis mostmost strikingstriking again, again, however, however, are are diana University dissertation,dissertation, 1978 1978 and and 'Lead ‘Lead weights weights from from Akroti-Akroti- the thousandsthousands ofof conicalconical cups, cups, some some perhaps perhaps from from cultic cultic ri: Preliminary observationsobservations', in: ’, in: TAWTA W I (1978),I (1978). pp. pp. 547-554.547-554. Cri- Cri- contexts."contcxts.Q tiques of thethe evidenceevidence are are presented presented by by E. E. Bennett Bennett in in KadmosKadmos 19.19. Apart from pottery,pottery, MinoanMinoan stone bowls areare imported imported inin 1980,1980. pp. 12-23.12-23, and and by byJ. Cherry .1. Cherry in in ‘Quanta1'Quantal analysis analysis of of metro- metro- logical data fromfrom the the prehistoric prehistoric Aegean Aegean', a ’, papera paper presented presented at atthe the quantity,quantitY. andand a local stone vase industry using Minoan tcch- a local stone vase industry using Minoan tech- 82nd general meetingmeeting ofof the the Archaeological Archaeological Institute Institute of America,of America, niques flourishes."flourishes.” Linear AA appears appears inin thethe formform ofof anan in- New Orleans.Orleans, 1980.1980. In In any any event event the the adoption adoption of aof convenient a convenient sys- sys- scriptionSCriPtiOn of fourfour signssigns onon aa TheranTheran nippled ewer.”ewer." HornsHorns of of tem of weightsweights and and measures measures need need not not in itselfin itself indicate indicate anyany pro- consecrationCOnsCcrntiOn areare present present in in Sector Sector Delta Delta and and are are depicted depicted in in found impactimpact of of one one society society on anotheron another or even or veryeven extensivevery extensive trade,trade. anyany moremore thanthan in in the the case case of of the the adoption adoption of theof theMaria the “miniature"miniature fresco"fresco” andand the frescoesfrescoes from Xeste 3 andand Maria Theresa ThalerThaler by by Abyssinia. Abyssinia. the L’POrter’s"Porter's Lodge” Lodge" in in Sector Sector Alpha. Alpha. Ostrich Ostrich eggs, eggs, red red ja-ja- "1o J.J. W.W. Shaw. Shaw, 'Consideration ‘Consideration of thethe sitesite of AkrotiriAkrotiri as as a aMi- Mi- rosite Paintpaint Pigmentpigment perhapsperhaps from from Cyprus Cyprus and and Canaanite Canaanite noan settlement',settlement ’. in:in: TATAW W I(l978).1(1978), p. p. 434. 434. TheThe Tale Tale of of the the Conical Conical Cups Cups 2323

alone, it would be difficult to judge whether land in LB I. we alone, it would be difficult to judge whether thethe differences differences land in LB 1. Even Even if if we assume assume mainland mainland manufacture manufacture for for could be explained by differences could be explained by differences inin local local building building materials mJterialS allall of of them, them, boar's boar ’s tusk tusk helmets helmets would would have have made made splendidsplendid or by the style of a particular architect. and or by the style of a particular architect, and converselyCOnVCrSClY itemsitems for for gift gift exchange exchange oror trade, andand it it is is easy easy to to imagine imagine whether the similarities could whether the similarities could bebe due due to to the the "Versailles “VCrSaillCS ef- cf- MinoansMinoans receiving receiving them them in in exchange exchange for for the the Type Type A A swords swords fect",feet”. or or to residentresident oror itinerant itinerant Minoan Minoan craftsmen. craftsmen. We We andand Minoan Minoan luxury luxury goods goods found found in in the the Shaft Shaft Graves.Graves. InIn the should note, should note, however,however, that that thethe toilets in thethe individual individual Iliad,Iliad, Autolycus Autolycus steals steals a a boar's boar ’s tusk tusk helmet helmet in in BoeotiaBoeotia and houses at Akrotiri connect to a well-built common drainage houses at Akrotiri connect to a well-built common drainage givesgives it itto to Amphidamas Amphidamas of of Kythera, Kythcra. from from whom whom it it goes gOa as as a a system. indicating central planning, and that at Akrotiri as system, indicating central planning, and that at Akrotiri as guestguest-gift-gift to to Molos Molos the the Cretan, Cretan, who gives itit to his sonson Me-Mc- at Trianda and many sites at Trianda and many sites inin Crete Crete LM LM IA IA is is a a periodperiod ofof riones,riones. who who gives gives it itto to Odysseus." Odysscus.J9 Given Given the the fact fact that that the the grand building or rebuilding. grand building or rebuilding. tusktusk of of a a boar boar splinters splinters easily,` easily.”° it it may may bebe thatthat suchsuch helmets WhenWhen we WC come come to to thethe wall paintings, we we face face the the accident accident werewere for for display display rather rather than than fighting. fighting. If, If. however, however. thesethese hel- hel- of preservation and recovery in a special sense. of preservation and recovery in a special sense. WhatWhat thethe metsmets were were effective effective for for warfare,warfare. then they would constituteconstitute volcanic tephra has preserved is so striking that it rivets at- volcanic tephra has preserved is so striking that it rivets at- a a"survival “survival factor" factor” of of thethe kindkind neighboringneighboring societiessocieties inin vio-vio- tention and sways tention and sways judgement.judgcment. ConsiderConsider the wallwall paintingspaintings lentlent times times quickly quickly adopt adopt if theythey can?can. ’° from above the lustral basin in Xcste 3, which include Mi- from above the lustral basin in Xeste 3, which include Mi- ItIt should should be be notednoted that otherother helmets helmets are are also also shown shown in in noan iconographic noan iconographic featuresfeatures suchsuch asas women gathering saf-Snf- thethe miniature miniature fresco, fresco, includingincluding a a hookedhooked type whichwhich wewe fron fron crocusescrocuses and and pouringpouring themthem on on the the ground ground near near a seated a seated knowknow from from Minoan Minoan representations. represcntations.”° female,female, probably probably a goddess. The The seated seated female female wears wears a gold a gold pendant of the Mallia bee or wasp pendant type. In front of pendant of the Mallia bee or wasp pendant type. In front of her is a monkey, and a griffin appears at her flank as in the ” Marinatos,Marinatos. Excavations atThera Thcra VII, VII. Athens Athens 1976, 1976. pp. pp. 58- JE- her is a monkey, and a griffin appears at her flank as in the Excavations at two Minoan seals discussed by Dr. Helga Reusch.” Finally, 66,66. Pl. PI. C; C; C. C. G. G. Doumas, Doumas. Ergon Ergon 1980 1980 (pr. (pr. 1981), 1981). pp. pp. 40-41 4041 andand two Minoan seals discussed by Dr. Helga Reusch." Finally, supra n. 46. pp. 106-07. Figs. 5 and 7, and Pls. the lustral basin fresco of Xestc 3 includes a representation supra n. 46, pp. 106-07. Figs. 5 and 7, and Pls. 30-32;30-32: H. H. the lustral basin fresco of Xeste 3 includes a representation Reusch,Reusch. 'Zum ‘Zum Wandsschmuck Wandsschmuck des dcs Thronsaals Thronsaals in in Knossos'. Knossos ’. in: in: Mi- Mi- ofof horns horns of of consecration, consecration, asas doesdoes thethe lustral basin frescofresco at noica,noica. Berlin &rlin 1958, 1958, pp.pp. 334334 ff. If: ” A. Megaw. ‘Archaeology in Greece, thethe Minoan Minoan palacepalace at Zakros.Zakros."‘I The The influence influence of of Minoan Minoan re- rc- " A. Megaw, 'Archaeology in Greece, 1966-67',1966-67 ’.ArchRep ArchRep 1966-67, p. 23. ligiousligious iconography iconography seemsseems evident. 1966-67, p. 23. The “miniature fresco” has already spawned a consider- " ” S.S. lmmerwahr,Immerwahr. 'Mycenaeans‘hlycenacans atat Thcra: Thera: Some Some reflections reflections on on The "miniature fresco" has already spawned a consider- the paintings from the West House ’. in: K. H. Kinzl. cd.. Grcccc able literature, including suggestions of Minoan, Cycladic the paintings from the West House'. in: K. H. Kinzl, ed., Greece able literature, including suggestions of Minoan, Cycladic andand the the Eastern Eastern Mediterranean Mabtemnean in in ancientancient history history and and prehistory. prehistory. andand Mycenaean Mycenaean elements presentpresent in in the the fresco fresco and and by by exten- exten- StudiesStudies presented presented to to Fritz Fritz SchachermeyrSchachermeyr onon thethe occasion of hishis eightieth birthday, Berlin-New York 1977. sionsion at at Thera." Thcra.” Here Here in in particular, particular, penetrating the world of eightieth birthday, Berlin—New York 1977, p.p. 177; L. Morgan Morgan painter and patron involves difficult questions of naturalis- Brown,Brown, 'The ‘The shipship procession in thethe miniatureminiature fresco fresco', ’, in: in: TAWTA W I I painter and patron involves difficult questions of naturalis- (1978). pp. 629-644; 0. Ncgbi. tic depiction versus artistic convention, of specific incident (1978), pp. 629-644; 0. Negbi, ‘The 'The “miniature "miniature fresco” fresco" fromfrom tic depiction versus artistic convention, of specific incident TheraThem and and thethe emergenceemergence of of Mycenaean Myccnaun art', art ’,ibid., ibid., pp. pp. 645-655; 645-655; versusversus genre genre scene,scene, of culturalcultural characteristic characteristic versus versus interna- interna- S.S. lakovidis, Jakovidis. 'Thera ‘Thcra and and MycenaeanMycenaan Greece', Greece ’.AJA AJA 83, 83. 1979,1979. p.p. tionaltional style style or or Versailles Versailles effect effect-in—in short,short, of of the the inspiration inspiration 101;JOJ; P. P. Warren, Warren, 'The ‘The miniature fresco from thethe WestWest HouseHouse at at Akrotiri. Thera. and its Aegean setting ’, JHS 99. 1979, pp. J IS- ofof the the artist artist andand the aspiration ofof thethe owner. owner. Consider, Consider, for for Akrotiri, Thera, and its Aegean setting', JHS 99, 1979, pp. 115- example, what a visitor to Syme might have seen on the 129;129; G. G. Gesell,Gescll, 'The‘The "town“town fresco”fresco" of of Thcra: Thera: A reflectionreflection of Cre- Cre- example, what a visitor to Syme might have seen on the tan topography ’, Proc4CretCongr I (1980). pp. 197-204; J. Da- walls of the house of Nircus. whose three ships arc the tan topography', Proc4CretCongr 1 (1980), pp. 197-204; 1. Da- walls of the house of Nireus, whose three ships are the vis,vis, 'Mycenaeans ‘Myccnauns at at Thera: Thera: Another Another look', look ’, AJA AJA 85, 85. 1981, 1981, pp. pp. 69- 69- smallestsmallest contingent contingent inin HomerHomer's ’s Catalogue, “a"a weak weak man man 70;70; J. J. L. L. Crowley,Crowlcy. AJAAJ(L 87, 87, 1983, 1983. PP. pp. 83-85; 83-85; E. E. Davis, Davis. ‘The 'The ico-ico- nography of the ship fresco from Thcra ’. in: W. Moon, cd., An- withwith a a smallsmall following."" following.“Y SurelySurely NireusNireus might wellwell havehave nography of the ship fresco from Thera', in: W. Moon, ed., An- cientcient Greek art and iconography, Madison, Wisconsin 1983. pp. chosenchosen to to be be depicted depicted withwith otherother shipsships and wearing the sta- Greek art and iconography, Madison, Wisconsin 1983, pp. tus military item of the day, the boar ’s tusk helmet, and to 3-14.3-14. tus military item of the day, the boar's tusk helmet, and to "y Homer, IliadIliad 2.671-675.2.671-675. havehave his his wifewife or or daughterdaughter shown wearing large round gold gold " ” LembeseLcmbcse (supra (supra n. 37).37), p. 208 and P1.PI. 1926.192b. earrings.earrings. " y J. Borchhardt, HomerischeHomerische Helme: He/me: Helm Helmformm formen der der Agais Aggis inin ihren Beziehungcn zu orientalischen und curopaischen Hclmen WeWe knowknow the the boar'sboar ’s tusktusk helmethelmet first andand bestbest fromfrom ihren Beziehungen zu orientalischen und europaischen liehnen inin Middle Helladic and Myccnaean contexts, but this may be derder Bronze- Bronze- und und frilhen frtthen Eisenzeit, Eisenzeit. MainzMaim 1972, Kat. 9B1,9BJ. p. 52. Middle Helladic and Mycenaean contexts, but this may be ” Evans, PMJV,Z. p. 867 and Fig. 854. due to the great difference between Hclladic and Minoan " Evans, PMIV,2, p. 867 and Fig. 854. due to the great difference between Helladic and Minoan "” Schofield (supra n. 20). 20). burialburial customscustoms andand to the factfact thatthat almost almost all all our our evidence evidence "n Homer, Iliad JO. 10. 260-270,260-270. cited cited in in G. G. L. L. Huxley, Huxley, Minoans Minoan inin Greek sources: A lecture, Belfast forfor LHLH I1 comescomes from burials,burials, whereas whereas almost almost all all our our knowl- knowl- Greek sources: A lecture, Belfast 1968,1968. p. 1. edge of LM I comes from settlements and sanctuaries. @ Personal communicationcommunication from from H. H. Blitzer Blitzer Watrous. Watrous. edge of LM I comes from settlements and sanctuaries. ” .Thc immediate assimilation by the North American Plains Jn- Worked boar ’s tusks probably intended for a helmet have 61 The immediate assimilation by the North American Plains In- Worked boar's tusks probably intended for a helmet have diansdians ofof guns and horses,horses, acquiredacquired from from East East Coast Coast tribes tribes before before an beenbeen foundfound in in an LMLM IA IA tombtomb atat PorosPoros in Heraklion."Heraklion.” The thethe arrivalarrival of CaucasiansCaucasians onon the the Plains. Plains, and and the the resulting resulting transfor- transfor- sealingsealing fromfrom AyiaAyia Triada showingshowing whatwhat LeviLevi described,described, mationmation of PlainsPlains Indian Indian culture culture is ais notable a notable example: example: J. .1. Jablow,Jablow. The Cheyenne in Plains Indian trade relations, Seattle 1952 (Amer- probablyprobably correctly,correctly, as as aa boarboar's ’s tusktusk helmet, listed by J.J. The Cheyenne in Plains Indian trade relations, Seattle 1952 (Amer- Borchhardt as MM lllH but more safely described as burnt icanican Ethnological Ethnological Society, Monograph 19);19); F. F. Secoy, Secoy. Changing Changittg mi- mi- Borchhardt as MM 111'6 but more safely described as burnt litarylitarypatternsin patterns in the the Great Great Plains, Plains, Seattle 1953 (American E~Jmolo- in the LM IB destruction, is in any event from a Minoan Seattle 1953 (American Ethnolo- in the LM IB destruction, is in any event from a Minoan gicalgical Society.Society, MonographMonograph 21). 21). Also Also illustrative illustrative is the is thediffusion diffusion of of sealseal whichwhich isis notnot laterlater thanthan LMLM I. OneOne ofof the the Zakros Zakros scal-seal- defensivedefensive improvementsimprovements via via the the "fortification“fortification families”families" ofof Sang-Sang- allo. Savorgnano, Peruzzi and GcnJta. who carried the ingsings fromfrom thethe LMLM IBIB destruction appears appears to to show show a helmeta helmet allo, Savorgnano, Peruzzi and Genga, who carried the "trace“trace ita-ita- lienne"Jicnnc” fromfrom thethe Baltic Baltic to to the the Caribbean. Caribbean. Sec. e.g., J. Kccgan. withwith a fewfew boarboar's ’s tusks.tusks."” There are piercedpierced boar boar's ’s tuskstusks See, e.g., 1. Keegan, from Kca in LM I.” 'Command‘Command performances',performances ’, New YorkYork reviewreview of of books books 29, 29, 21 21 and from Kea in LM I." 22,22. 1983. p. JO.10. Boar ’s tusk hclmcts arc 1983, Boar's tusk helmets arc clearlyclearly not not limitedlimited to thethe main-main- `U2 SeeSec the the remarks remarks of of L. L.Morgan Morgan at this at this Symposium Symposium (infra). (infra). 24 Malcolm H. H. Wiener

Other aspectsaspects of the the wall wall paintings paintings have have also also beenbeen cited asas As to political control,control, we we may may never never know know the the answer, answer, evidence forfor MycenaeanMycenacan presencepresence oror influence influence at at Akrotiri, Akrotiri, unlessunless TheraThera holds an archive ofof LinearLinear A A tablets tablets with with rele-rclc- includingincluding rectangular body body shields, shields, earrings earrings resembling resembling jew- jew- vant information.information. We We should should note, note, however,however, S. S. Hood Hood's ’s elry from the Shaft Graves, and thethe similaritysimilarity ofof thethe profile profile "Melian“Mclian dialogue”dialogue" argument argument that that in in the the Bronze Bronze Age Age force force of the “admiral”"admiral" toto the the profile profile head head on on the the amethyst amethyst bead bead was frequently exercised exercised and and the the stronger stronger prevailed.” prevailed." seal fromfrom ShaftShaft Grave Grave Gamma.” Gamma." The The general general observations observations K.K. Branigan hashas recently recently suggested suggested that that the the lack lack of ofevi- evi- made regarding thethe helmetshelmets apply apply as as well well to to the the shields.“ shields." dence of a totaltotal destruction destruction indicating indicating conquest, conquest, or or of ofbar- bar- The jewelry seems to meme insufficientlyinsufficiently diagnosticdiagnostic or or (with (with racksracks or other indications of aa garrison,garrison, argues argues against against a a be- be- respectrespect toto thethe scalloped scalloped earrings) earrings) not not traceable traceable to a to particu- a particu- lieflief that Melos.Melos, Kea Kea and and Thera Thera were were governed governed directly directly or in- or in- larlar source, exceptexcept perhaps perhaps in in the the case case of theof theMallia-type Mallia-type in- in- directly from Crete.Crete. Cretan Cretan dominion dominion or oroverlordship, overlordship, sect pendant wornworn by by the the seated seated figure figure in thethe lustrallustral basin basin however,however, could havehave come come about about gradually gradually and and relatively relatively scene. JewelryJewelry above all isis subjectsubject to to the the dictates dictates of ofstyle style peacefullypeacefully (or(or at leastleast withoutwithout a a violent violent destruction destruction leaving leaving and to thethe Versailles Versailles effect. effect. As As for for the theprofiles profiles inin thethe paint-paint- unmistakableunmistakable signs signs of of warfare warfare in inthe the archaeological archaeological record), record), inging andand seal, I I would follow J. Betts,Betts, J. J. Boardman. Boardman, and and S. S. and forms of controlcontrol could could have have been been exercised exercised without without the the HoodHood in regarding thethe sealseal asas Minoan Minoan in in manufacture manufacture and and prior stationing of aa garrison,garrison, as as in in the the case case of of the the Athenian Athenian probablyprobably in subject; the detaileddetailed analysisanalysis byby J.J. Betts Betts is is par- par- subjugation of Melos when it refusedrefused toto join join the the DelianDelian ticularlyticularly persuasive."persuasive.” AA dagger"dagger ’or or fragment of swordsword League.League. TheThe gradual growth of a MinoanMinoan tradingtrading colonycolony blade"blade6 ’ inlaidinlaid withwith gold gold battle battle axes, axes, purchased purchased in 1873in 1873 in in and intermarriage (perhaps includingincluding intermarriageintermarriage of of lead- lead- Athens andand saidsaid toto come from Thera,"Thera. has ’ has been been called called a a inging or rulingruling families)families) could could have have led led to toMinoan Minoan political political simplersimpler counterpart of of the the grand grand inlaid inlaid daggers daggers from from Shaft Shaft control.control. Nor isis impoverishmentimpoverishment ofof native native inhabitants inhabitants a anec- nec- GravesGraves IVIV and V,"V.” butbut thethe complexcomplex pyrotechnology pyrotechnology re- re- essaryessary concomitant ofof control,control, direct direct or or indirect, indirect, exercised exercised quiredquired for such "painting“painting in metal"metal” makes it unlikely in my : view that thesethese daggersdaggers were were the the product product of ofa mainland a mainland tra- tra- dition establishedestablished prior prior toto thethe eruptioneruption ofof Thera."Thera.” ” Jmmmahrlmmerwahr (supra (supra n. n. 53); 53); Crowley Crowley (supra (supra n. n. 53): 53); Jakovidis lakovidis (supra n. 53). For a contrary view, see especially (supra n. The naturenature of thethe wall wall paintings paintings permits, permits, indeed indeed invites, invites, a a (supra n. 53). For a contrary view, see especially DavisDavis (supra n. 53).53). variety of interpretations.interpretations. As As evidence evidence of ofthe the presence presence of of "y L.L. Morgan Morgan has has observed observed that that mainland mainland representations representations of the of the particularparticular people, II prefer thethe many many thousands thousands of of conical conical rectangularrectangular bodybody shield shield appearappear only only on on four four objects objects from from Shaft Shaft cups.cups. GraveGrave IVIV at MycenaeMycmac andand oneone shcrdsherd fromfrom Tiryns.Tiryns, compared compared to to at at OnOn the whole, evidence of MyccnacanMycenaean presencepresence oror influ-influ- leastleast eight representationsrepresentations on on the the "miniature “miniature fresco”fresco" from from Thera Thera (personal(personal communication). At At least least two two of theof four objects from enceence onon TheraThcra towardtoward thethe end end of of LC LC I seemsseems slight,slight, com-com- the four objects from ShaftShaft GraveGrave IVIV-the—the Lion Lion Hunt Hunt Dagger Dagger and and the the Silver Silver Siege Siege Rhy-Rhy- paredpared to the weightweight of MinoanMinoan impact. impact. Let Let us us recall, recall, how- how- ton—areton-are debatable debatable as as representative representative of ofa Myccnacan a Mycenaean artistic artistic tradi- tradi- ever,ever, ourour cautionarycautionary tales, for at aa timetime ofof increasingincreasing Myce-Myce- tion.tion . naeannaean wealth andand foreign foreign contacts contacts there there could could well well have have "” J.J. Betts.Betts, 'The ‘The seal seal from from Shaft Shaft Grave Grave Gamma Gamma-A—A "Mycenaean“Myccnaun Chieftain”? ‘. TUAS6, 1981. pp. 2-8; J. Boardman. Greek gems beenbeen a MyccnacanMycenaean "karum “karum contact",orcontact”,or other contactcontact of aa Chieftain"?', TUAS 6, 1981, pp. 2-8; J. Boardman, Greek gems andand fingerfinger rings, London 1970,1970. p. 54, PI.Pl. 44;44; S.S. Hood,Hood, The arts inin kindkind difficult to to detect detect in the archaeological record, particu- in the archaeological record, particu- prehistoricprehistoric Greece, HarmondsworthHarmondsworth 1978.1978, pp.pp. 224-242. 224-242, and and 273. 273, larlylarly here due toto thethe Versailles Versailles effect effect and and other other pervasive pervasive n.n. 105.105. imprintimprint of Minoan culture. culture. There There may may have have been been significant significant "y Hood (supra(supra e65),n?65). pp. 181 and and 267. 267, n. n. 57 57 (“The ("The low low midrib midrib Mycenaean-TheranMycenaean-Theran trade trade in in the the kind kind of of goods goods that that generally generally suggestssuggests a a daggerdagger rather than than a asword.“). sword."). "” DickinsonDickinson (supra (supra n. n. 14),14). pp. 6868 andand 117. 117. n. n. 7 7 (“The Thcra hilt- leaveleave little little or or no no trace,trace, such as metals, textiles,textiles, hides, food-food- ("The Thera hilt- fragmentfragment was bought, withwith a a fragment fragment of of inlaid inlaid blade blade that that from from its its stuffsstuffs and slaves. A millenniummillennium later, thethe Carthaginians Carthaginians dimensionsdimensions shouldshould belong belong to to a sword,a sword, perhaps perhaps the thesame same weapon, weapon, in in werewere formidableformidable marinersmariners and traders, butbut we we would would never never 18731873 . .. . .")..“). knowknow itit fromfrom non-literarynon-literary archaeological archaeological evidence. evidence. More- More- u Thorpe-ScholaThorpe-Scholes (supra (supra n. n. 26). 26), p. p.440. 440. "w Jakovidis (supra n. 53). p. 101: photographs in E. Vermeule, over,over, even identity ofof ethnic ethnic background background and and geographic geographic lakovidis (supra n. 53), p. 101; photographs in E. Vermeule, GreeceGreecein in thetheBronzeAge. Bronze Age, Chicago Chicago 1964,1964. Pls. XIIXII and and XIIIC.XIIIC. origin may not be a reliable indicator of political origin may not be a reliable indicator of political relation-relation- '°M AA workshopworkshop for for manufacture manufacture of the of inlaidthe inlaid blades blades may havemay have ships.ships. ForFor example, itit is remotelyremotely possiblepossible thatthat thethe wallwall beenbeen established established at at somesome point point atat Mycenae,Mycenac. but if thethe technological technological paintingspaintings reflect thethe moment moment when when a aMinoan Minoan or orMinoanized Minoanized traditiontradition hashas itsits origin origin elsewhere elsewhere the the Thcran Theran blade blade may mayalso. also.A A colonycolony onon ThcraThera gainedgained independenceindependence withwith MycenaeanMycenaean 'Caphtorite'‘Caphtoritc ’weapon weapon decorateddccoratcd withwith gold gold and and lapis lapis lazuli lazuli is listedis listed onon one of thethe Mari tablets tablets burnt in the destruction attributed to aid."aid.” However, thethe evidenceevidence wewe dodo have have suggests suggests a aheavy heavy burnt in the destruction attributed to HammurabiHammurabi in the 18th Century B.C.: G.G. Dossin,Dossin. SyriaSyria 20.20, 1939.1939, MinoanMinoan impactimpact at Akrotiri. Indeed,Indeed, this this is is what what we we should should p.p. 112,112. cited in Hood (supra(supta n. 65).65), p.p. 178. 178. expectexpect at a site soSO closeclose toto CreteCrete atat thethe timetime of maximum Mi- "” TheThe American American colonies colonies established established independence independence with with French French noannoan wealth, securitysecurity and and expansion expansion in in LM LM IA. IA. aidaid at thethe moment moment when when their their artifacts artifacts and andarchitecture architecture most close- most close- ly resembled those of England. WhatWhat then can wewe saysay in in summary summary about about the the nature nature of the of the ly resembled those of England. 72” Warren (supra n. 7),7). p.p. 103103 andand (supra (supra n. n. 41), 41), p. p. 108; JOE; Doumas Doumas relationshiprelationship of of MinoanMinoan CreteCrete toto the Cyclades andand about thethe (supra(supra n. n. 43), 43), pp. pp. 5-14: Schofield Schofield (supra n. 20); J..1. L. Davis, Davis, 'Mi-‘Mi- thalassocracy?thalassocracy? Various viewsviews andand models models have have beenbeen ad- nosnos and and Dexithca: Dexithea: Crete andand thethe Cycladcs Cyclades inin the the later later Bronze Bronze Age',Age’. vancedvanced including including those those of ofK. K. Branigan, Branigan. J. J. Davis,Davis, C. Dou-Dou- in:in: PapersPapers in in CycladicCycladic PrehistoryPrehistory (1979),(1979). pp. pp. 148-150;l48-150: K. K. Brani-Brani- mas,ma& C. Renfrew,Renfrew, E. E. Schofield, Schofield, and and P. Warren.P. Warren." Let ‘* Let us us gan,gan, 'Minoan ‘Minoan Colonialism', Colonialism BSA ’,ESA 76, 76. 1981, 1981. pp.pp. 23-31; Renfrew Renfrew (supra(supra n. n. 9),9). pp. 223-227; Renfrew,Renfrcw. ‘Bronze Age Melor ’. (supra herehere addressaddress thethe question simply inin termsterms ofof (I)(I) politicalpolitical 'Bronze Age Melos', (supra n.n. 9),9). pp. 40-41;40-41: Rcnfrew. Renfrew, ‘Polity'Polity and and power: power: Interaction. Interaction, intensi- control, intensi- control, (2)(2) economic impact,impact, (3)(3) religiousreligious andand cultural cultural in-in- ficationfication andand exploitation'.exploitation (supra ’. (supra n. n. 9), 9). pp. pp. 271-290. 271-290. fluenceflUCnCe and (4)(4) movement of of people. people. "‘I’ SetSee the the paper paper by by S. S. Hood Hood at at this this Symposium Symposium (infra). (infra). The Tale of the Conical CupsCups 25 by aa CretanCretan palace. palace, in thein theCycladcs Cyclades anyany more more than than in custom, andand probably some some movement movement of ofpeople people creating a Crete.'Crete.” Even Even unprepossessing unprepossessing colonies colonies sometimesSOmCtimes acquire population with with a asignificant significant component component of Minoans of Minoans or de- or de- friends at court. Moreover,Moreover, a a“tithe "tithe forfor Minos",Minos”. Oror even a scendants of Minoans. quarter, might might have have seemedseemed a small price to pay for securitysecurity But whetherwhether the the sons sons of of Minos Minos becamebecame governors governors of of the the and expanding horizons.horizons. islands,islands, and ifif soso whether whether through through colonization, colonization, conquest, conquest, As to economic impact, P.P. Warren’s Warren's conclusion conclusion that that the the or dynastic intermarriage (either(either atat their their insistence insistence or or in in re-rc- wealth ofof the the islands islands can can only only be beexplained explained in relation toto a a sponsesponsc toto the the coaxing coaxing of of Cycladic Cycladic parents). parents), none none can can say.say. wider Minoan-dominatedMinoan-dominated trading trading network network seems seems justified.” justified." Throughout historyhistory the the Cyclades Cyclades have have experienced experienced isola- isola- Malcolm H. WienerWiener tion, abjectabject poverty poverty and and partial partial abandonment abandonment at times at times of of in-in- 151 EastEast 83rd 83rd Street Street security andand piracy, asas in in the transitiontransition fromfrom Early Early to to New York, New New York York 10028 10028 Middle Cycladic,Cycladic, beginningbeginning ofof the Iron Age.Age, and 16th16th Cen-Cen- tury A.D.,"A.D.,‘6 and on thethe otherother hand hand relative relative prosperityPrOSPCritY par- ticularly duringduring periods periods when aa dominantdominant power provided provided ” ForFor aa somewhatsomewhat contrvy contrary view view of ofCycladic Cycladic economic economic history history security forfor sea-borne sea-borne trade. trade, as as inin thethe case case of of Venice, Venice, Ge- Ge- and the consequencesconsequences ofof the appearanceappearance of of a a dominant dominant power, power. seesee Renfrew,Rcnfrew. ‘Polity'Polity and and power: power: Jntaaction. Interaction, intensification intensification and andl ex-x- believe, Crete in noa, Byzantium, Athens for for a time,time, and, and, II believe, Crete in ploitation',plohation’. (supra (supra n. 9),9). pp. 275-276. LM I.”1." Intensive Intensive trade trade in in metals, metals, luxury luxury goodsgoods andand manymany "” WarrenWarren (supra (supra n.n. 41),41). pp.pp. 107-108.107-108. other items,items, often often accompanied accompanied by by Minoan Minoan traders, traders, appears appears 'l6 C.C. Rcnfrew. Renfrew, TheThe emergence of of civilization:civikarion: The CycladesCycladcs and likelylikely from thethe evidence. evidence. the Aegean in in the the third third millenniummillennium B.C.,B.C., London 1972,1972. pp. 366366- 370; J. Rutter.Rutter, ‘Some 'Some observations observations onon the the CycladesCyclada in thethe laterlater Religious impact seemsseems likely, likely, particularly particularly at atAkrotiri Akrotiri third and early second millennia millennia B.C.', B.C. ‘, AJAAIA 87. 87. 1983, 1983. pp. pp. 69-76; 69-76; given the lustral basin frescofresco andand the the existence existence ofof what what ap- ap- WagstaffWautaff andand Cherry,Cherry, ‘ScttJemmt'Settlement and and population population chan8c’.change', (supra (supra pear to be household shrines ofof a a Minoan Minoan type.“type." Indeed, Indeed, as as n. 9).9), p.p. 140;140; W. W. Miller,_ Miller.. The The LatinsLatins inin the the Levant, Levant, 1908, 1908, cited cited in in N. MarinatosMarinatos has has argued, argued, it mayit may not notbe possible be possible inin thethe case case RenfrewRcnfrew (supra); F.F. Hasluck,Hasluck. ‘Depopulation'Depopulation inin thethe AelunAegean of ncopalatialneopalatial Crete Crete to to separate separate religious religious influence influence from from islands',islands’, BSAESA 17,17.1910--1911. 1910-1911, p. p. 151. 151, cited cited in in Renfrew (supra).(supra). "n J..1. Cherry, Cherry, ‘Four 'Four problems problems inin Cycladic Cycladic prehistory',prchistory’. in: in: PapersPipers political and economic impact." political and economic impact.‘9 in Cycladic Prehistory,Prehistory, pp. pp. 43-46;43-46; WasstaffWagstaff and and Cherry. Cherry, ‘Scttle-'Settle- Cultural influenceinfluence isis obvious. obvious. However, However, while while II wouldwould ment andand populationpopulation change’,change', pp.pp. 136-155136155 and and ‘Settlement 'Settlement and and describe Minoan influence influence on on the the mainland mainland and and particularly particularly resources',resources’. pp.pp. 246-263.246-263, in: in: Renfrew Renfrew and and Wagstaff,Waastaff. cds.eds. (supra (supra n. n. Mycenae during during LM LM I I asas resultingresulting largely fromfrom the the Vcr-Ver- 9); see gcnerslly.generally, F. F. Braudcl. Braudel, TheThe MediterraneanMediterranean andand thethe hlcditer-Mediter- sailles effect,effect, actingacting primarilyprimarily throughthrough the the upper upper strata, strata, per- per- ranean world in thethe age of of PhilipPhilip II,Il. 1972:1972; A. Tcncnti.Tenenti. PiracyPiracy and the declinedaline of VeniceVenice 1580-161515&I--1615 (translated from VeneziaVencxia e i cor- haps facilitatedfacilitated byby somesome movement movement of of craftsmen craftsmen or orother other sari, ISgO-161s.1580-1615, Bari Bari 1960). 1960), Berkeley Berkeley and and Los Los Angeles Angeles 1967.1967. Of people or eveneven byby high-level high-level intermarriage,intermarriage, ‘0s° thethe MinoanMinoan course thethe correlation correlation is is notnot absolute; the the islands islands have have enjoyed enjoyed pe-pc- impactimpact on Melos, KeaKea and and Thcra Thera surely surely represents represents some- some- riods of prosperityprospcriry inin thethe absenceabsence of aa dominantdomhunt power, forfor ex-cx- thing greater. Our tell-taletell-tale superabundancesuperabundance of of conical conical cups cups ample from the the 8th 8th to10 6th CenturiesCenturies B.C., B.C., and and at attimes times the the relative relative prosperity of of certain certain islands islands may may have have largely largely been been due dueto piracy. to piracy. widely distributed throughout the ,sites of Phylakopi, Ayia widely distributed throughout the sites of Phylakopi, Ayia "m SeeSee the the paper paper by by N. N. MarinatesMarinatos at at this this Symposium Symposium (infra). (infra). lrinilrini and Akrotiri inin LCLC 1I stronglystrongly suggestssuggests thethe adoption by by "n N.N. Marinates Marinatos (supra (supra n. n. 78). 78). a large partpart of the populace of a peculiarly Minoan ritual oror IID" SupraSupra n. n. 40. 40. ‘

Discussion

Ch. Starr:Starr. WeWe have have to to be be careful careful about about terms. terms. The The term term N. MarinatesMarinatos: ThisThis is is exactly exactly what what I waswas gettinggetting at. at. When 'colony'‘colony’ suggests suggests somethingsomething to usus which which would would not not be be appli- appli- speaking aboutabout frescoes frescoes one one has has to totake take into into account account their their cable to antiquity. TheThe colony colony ofof the the Assyrians Assyrians was was a a trad- trad- content, thethe iconology, iconology, inin orderorder to to determine determine the the degree degree of of inging postpost without overtones of political control. PerhapsPerhaps the the Minoanization. If If the the religious/symbolical religious/symbolical meaning meaning isis Mi-Mi- word 'post' ‘post’ (applicable (applicable to British,British, French, French, Portuguese, Portuguese, Da- Da- noan, thisthis showsshows a a high high degree degree of of Minoan Minoan influence. influence. The The nish settlements on thethe coastcoast of of India) India) would would be be more more ap- ap- other pointpoint regardsregards thethe absence absence of of shrines shrines at Akrotiri.at Akrotiri, propriate than than 'colony'. ‘colony’. Thera.Thcra. I1 have have in in fact fact identified identified many many shrines shrines which which are are dis- dis- cussed in my paper.

N. Marinates:Marinatos: Would Would you you consider consider frescoes, frescoes, such such as theas the M. Wiener:Wiener. II mentioned that we dodo not havehave as as yet yet from from ones found at Akrotiri,Akrotiri, luxury luxury items? items? Thera any any evidence evidence for for cemeteries cemeteries or or sanctuaries,sanctuaries, as as distin- distin- guished from household shrines.shrines. Also, Also, sometimes sometimes religious religious iconographyiconography in oneone cultureculture becomes becomes status status iconography iconography in in M. Wiener:Wiener: 1 1presume presume that that members members of ofthe the higher higher classes classes another. ForFor example, example, on on the the mainland mainland the the religious religious con- con- were expectedexpected to havehave frescoes frescoes in in their their houses. houses. The The frescoes frescoes tent of whatwhat we we take take to to be be Minoan Minoan cult cult objects objects may may have have found nearnear the the lustral lustral basin basin in inXeste Xeste 3 at 3 Theraat Thera may may be in be a in a been lost. II agree, however, thatthat the the wall wall painting painting from from the the somewhat different category,category, in in view view of of their their Minoan Minoan or or lustrallustral basinbasin inin Xeste Xeste 3 3certainly certainly appears appears to retainto retain its re- its re- Minoanizing religiousrelisious content. ligiousligious content. 26 MalcolmMa lcol mH.H. Wiener

J. Davis:Davis. The The earliest earliest contextcontext in in which which pictorial pictorial fresco fresco frag- frag- elements. BoarBoar's tusks ’s tusks are arepresent present in inthe the mainland mainland sincesince ments have been found atat AyiaAyia IriniIrini isis notnot inin HouseHouse A A nor nor MiddleM iddle Helladic times. in thethe Temple,Temple, but in House JJ inin thethe westernwestern partpart ofof thethe site site near thethe fortificationfortification wall: wall: namely namely the the dolphin dolphin fresco fresco re- re- 0. Dickinson:Dickinson: There are boarboar's tusks ’s tusks and and plates plates from from Eu- cently publishedpublished byby K.K. Abramowitz (Hesperia(Hesperia 42, 1973, pp. tresistrcsis and Eleusis at thethe end end of of the the Middle Helladic M iddle Helladicperiod period 284-296). which, in fact, isis notnot much muchearlier earlier than thethan Shaft the Shaft Graves Graves This does not,not, ofof course,course, preclude preclude the the possibility possibility that that themselves,themsclvK. whichwhich containcontain boarboar's tusks ’s tusksand platesand plates also. also. other frescoesfrescoes were as earlyearly oror earlier earlier but but remained remained inin situsitu However, II am unhappyunhappy aboutabout assumingassuming thatthat armament armament on reused walls for a longer time.time. ItIt isis worthworth notingnoting that that we we found in the Shaft GravesGraves isis necessarilynecessarily Mycenacan.Mycenaean. We do W e do have no pictorial frescofresco fromfrom thethe Temple, Temple, but but we we have have pic- pic- not knowknow whatwhat Minoan Minoan or or Cycladic Cycladic warriors warriors looked looked like, like, torial frescoes fromfro House m House A and A andfrom from other other houses houses in thein the and wewe cannotcannot assumeassume that that they they did did not not wear wear boar boar's tusk ’s tusk eastern partpart of of the the site. site. helmets. Going back to Ch.Ch. StarrStarr's paper ’s paperand the and "peaceful" the “peaceful” Mi- Mi- M. Wiener:Wiener. WWhat hat is the qualityquality of of the the house house with with the the ear- ear- noans created byby Evans,Evans, Evans Evans never never implied implied that that the the Mi- Mi- liest pictorial fresco?fresco? noans controlledcontrolled the the Aegean Aegean by by entirely entirely peaceful peaceful means. means. In-ln- deed hehe thoughtthought thatthat Greek Greek myths myths went went back back not not to to the the J. DavisDavis Although its its plan plan in in LM LM IA IA isis iimperfectly mperfectly known, known, GreeksG reeks butbut to thethe Minoans.Minoans. I amam sure sure that that there there were were Mi- Mi- it does not seemseem toto have have been been on on the the scale scale of ofHouse House A and A and is is noan warriors andand theythey probably probably did did wear wear boar boar's tusk hel- ’s tusk hel- no grander thanthan other other houses. houses. mets and figure-of-eightfigure-of-eight shields,shields, butbut the the fact fact is iswe we just just do do not know.know. R. H#ggHagg•. I Iwas was interested interested in in what what you you told told us us about about the the bu- bu- rial customs atat KilltepeKultepe andand the the contrast contrast between between the the literary literary M.M . Wiener:Wiener: Apparently,Apparently, thethe Minoans M inoans developed developed so- so- and the archaeologicalarchaeological evidence.evidence. We think W that e think burial that cus- burial cus-phisticated weaponsweapons duringduring Middle Middle Minoan Minoan times times as theas the toms areare conservative.conservative. The The Assyrian Assyrian residents, residents, however, however, swords fromfrom Mallia M alliashow. show. And AndS. Hood S. Hood has hasshown shown that that had, as youyou said,said, adoptedadopted new new burial burial customs. customs. It Itwould would be be type A swords,swords, foundfound inin the the Shaft Shaft Graves, Graves, originate originate in in interesting toto investigateinvestigate what theythey keptkept andand what what they they Crete. adopted fromfrom this this new new environment. environment. W.W .Niemeier. Niemeierz WeWe have have a a representation representation of of a a boar boar's tusk ’shel- tusk hel- M.M . Wiener. W iener Anatolian Anatolian burial burial customs customs is is aa subject about met on a scalingsealing fromfrom Hagia Hagia TriadaTriada dateddated LM IBIB (Borch- which II know veryvery little.little. K.K. Branigan Branigan has has called called my my atten- atten- hardt,hardt. Homerische Helme, Helme, Pl.Pi. 4.9).4,9). AA representationrepresentation ofof aa tion to the factfact thatthat T.T. andand N.Gzgttc Ozgilc N .have have suggested suggested thatthat figurefigure-of-eight-of-eight shieldshield eveneven appears appears onon aa sealseal ofof thethe protopa-protopa- burial underunder the the floor floor is isan an Assyrian Assyrian custom custom from from which which the the latial era fromfrom Knossos Knossos (CMS(CMS II II 2.2, no. no. 32). 32). presence ofof Assyrians atat KiIltepeKttltepe mmight ight be be iiaferred.ipferrcd. ItIt is clear that therethere arcare differing differing views views among among specialists specialists as as to to Ch. Doumas.Doumas-. OneOne has has to to take take the the environm&tenvironment intointo ac- ac- whether anan Assyrian custom can bebe detecteddetected at Killtepe.Ktlltepe. OfO f count. OnOn thethe islands islands there there would would be be less less of of a needa need to useto use course, there are variousvarious burialburial customs customs in in Anatolia Anatolia at at this this armour sincesince thethe seasea acted asas aa protective protective moat moat and and the the time.ti me. I thinkthink itit wouldwould bebe veryvery difficult toto identifyidentify something ships as shields.shields. OnOn the the mainland, mainland, however, however, cities cities would would which is specifically Assyrian without without the the tablets. tablets. fight each other and thusthus there there would would be be a a greater greater need need for for weapons. J.1. Davis: To continuecontinue with burialburial customs, customs, Middle Middle Cycladic Cycladic graves continue manymany Early Early Cycladic Cycladic burial burial customs, customs, as as shown by John and GatcwoodGatewood Overbeck (('Consistency ‘Consistency andand G.G . Cadogan:Cadogam I Iagree agree with with Ch. Ch. Doumas, Doumas, but but I Iwould would like like to to DiversityD iversity in in the the Middle M iddleCycladic Cycladic Era', Era in: Papers ’, in: inin Cycla-Cyc/a- point out thatthat ourour evidence evidence from from the the mainland mainland comes comes from from dicdie Prehistory, pp.pp. 106-121).106-121), and and exhibit exhibit a agreat great degree degree of of tombs, whereaswhereas from from Crete Crete we we have have very very few few tombs tombs and and our our conservatism. main evidence comescomes from from buildings. buildings.

S. Immerwahr:Immerwahr. InIn defense defense ofof the the Mycenaean M ycenaean presence presence in in L.I.. Morgan:Morgan: Regarding Regarding the the tower tower shield: shield: Although Although there there are are Thera:Thcra: I agree with G.G. Cadogan about thethe MinoanizationMinoanization ofof at least eight represented in the TheranTheran MMiniature, iniature, therethere areare the Cyclades and thethe Dodccanesc.Dodecanese, but but we we cannot cannot discount discount only about fivefive examples from thethe mainland,mainland, all all but but one one of of the fact thatthat thethe Mycenaeans Mycenaeans are aredeveloping developing at exactlyat exactly the the which come from ShaftShaft Grave Grave IV, IV, and and two two or orthree three from from same period. We Whave e have a meld a meld of ofMinoan Minoan and and Mycenaean Myccnaean Crete. There are thereforetherefore fewfew inin all,all, and and more more from from Thera Thera elements during this periodperiod ofof expansion. expansion. The The Mycenaean Mycenaean than fromfrom anywhere anywhere else. else. presence isis notnot equally equally strong strong everywhere. everywhere. It is It true is true that thatwe we Regarding boarboar's tusk ’s tuskhelmets: helmets: It is It worthis worth pointing pointing out out have no MycenaeansMycenaeans inin TriandaTrianda until until after after the the LM LM IB pe-pe- that inin the Theran MMiniatures iniatures this type of helmet is only de- riod, andand wewe have have more more of of a Mycenaeana Mycenaean presence presence in Keain Kea picted in thethe N.N. Wall W scene; all scene; on the on theS. Wall, S. with W the all, shipwith the ship than at AkrotiriAkrotiri for for example. example. procession,procession. nonenone of of the the helmets helmets is strictlyis strictly of theof theboar boar's tusk ’s tusk It isis iimportant mportant to to tracetrace the Mycenaean elementselements suchsuch asas typetype-they—they are are variants variants of of the the zone zone helmet helmet and and all allare are indi- indi- the boarboar's ’stusk tusk helmet helmet or or the the largelarge shield andand otherother war-like war-like vidualized.