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Pharmacopee De L'afrique De L'ouest ORGANISATION OUEST AFRICAINE DE LA SANTÉ PHARMACOPEE DE L’AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST ORGANISATION OUEST AFRICAINE DE LA SANTÉ PHARMACOPEE DE L’AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST @2020 OOAS ORGANISATION OUEST AFRICAINE DE LA SANTE (OOAS) BOBO-DIOULASSO (BURKINA FASO) Tel. (226) 20 97 57 75/Fax (226) 20 97 57 72 E-mail : [email protected] Site web : www.wahooas.org Tous droits réservés - Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ou utilisée sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit - graphique, électronique ou mécanique, par photocopie, enregistrement, collage ou par usage de systèmes de stockage d’information, sans l’autorisation écrite du Directeur général de l’Organisation ouest africaine de la santé. PHARMACOPEE DE L’AFRIQUEPHARMACOPEE DE L’OUEST DE L’AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST PAO 2020 TABLE DES MATIERES SOMMAIRE III AVANT-PROPOS IV PREFACE VI INTRODUCTION VIII MONOGRAPHIES 1 ABRUS PRECATORIOUS 2 ACANTHOSPERMUM HISPIDUM 12 ANACAARDIUM OCCIDENTALE 22 ANNONA SENEGALENSIS 37 CALOTROPIS PROCERA 49 CASSIA SIEBERIANA 65 CHROMOLAENA ODORATA 74 CHRYSANTHELLUM INDICUM 85 CITRUS PARADISI 94 COCHLOSPERMUM TINCTORIUM 107 COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM 117 DANIELLIA OLIVERI 126 EUPHORBIA POISONII 136 FLUEGGEA VIROSA 145 GARDENIA TERNIFOLIA 156 GUIERA SENEGALENSIS 165 JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA 176 NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS 187 OLAX SUBSCORPIOIDEA 197 PAVETTA OWARIENSIS 208 PILIOSTIGMA THONNINGII 216 PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA 225 POLYALTHIA LONGIFOLIA 235 SANSEVIERA LIBERICA 244 STROPHANTHUS GRATUS 253 TERMINALIA MACROPTERA 261 THEVETIA PERUVIANA 272 VISMIA GUINEENSIS 280 VITEX DONIANA 288 XIMENIA AMERICANA 297 ANNEXE 306 OOAS III PHARMACOPEE DE L’AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST PAO 2020 AVANT-PROPOS A l’échelle mondiale, l’utilisation de la médecine traditionnelle (MT), en particulier les médicaments à base de plantes, a crû au cours des deux dernières décennies et beaucoup de personnes y recourent maintenant pour le traitement de maladies diverses. Par exemple, en Europe, l’utilisation de la MT varie de 42 % en Belgique à 90 % au Royaume Uni, et de 42 % aux USA chez les adultes à 70 % au Canada. En Afrique, l’usage de la MT varie de 60 % en Uganda et en République Unie de Tanzanie, de 70 % au Ghana et au Rwanda, à 80 % au Bénin et 90 % au Burundi et en Ethiopie. La demande mondiale croissante en MT exige des normes monographiques harmonisées pour garantir la sécurité et la qualité des produits, pour gagner la confiance du consommateur et pour améliorer l’accès aux médicaments essentiels. En 1978, l’Assemblée mondiale de la santé a adopté la résolution WHA31.33 sur les plantes médicinales, qui a appelé l’OMS à coordonner les efforts des États membres pour élaborer et appliquer des critères et des méthodes scientifiques pour fonder l’innocuité et l’efficacité des produits à base de plantes médicinales et élaborer des normes internationales et des spécifications, en particulier pour les techniques galéniques et de fabrication. Pour suivre cette politique de guidance, l’OMS a publié des directives pour l’enregistrement des produits de MT et l’élaboration des monographies sur les plantes médicinales sélectionnées. Cependant, les monographies de l’OMS ne sont pas des monographies pour une Pharmacopée, mais plutôt des références scientifiques complètes qui visent à: a) fournir des informations scientifiques sur l’innocuité, l’efficacité et le contrôle de la qualité des plantes médicinales largement utilisées; b) fournir des modèles pour aider les Etats membres à élaborer leurs propres monographies ou formulations pour ces médicaments et d’autres plantes médicinales; et c) faciliter l’échange d’informations entre les pays. En 2013, l’Organisation ouest-africaine de la santé (OOAS) a publié le premier volume de la Pharmacopée de l’Afrique de l’ouest (PAO), un recueil à caractère officiel et réglementaire suivant les normes et les spécifications de qualité pour l’usage des médicaments au sein de la Communauté économique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO). Le premier volume de la PAO contient 55 monographies de plantes médicinales couramment utilisées dans la région pour le traitement des six maladies prioritaires retenues par l’OMS (le VIH/SIDA, la tuberculose, l’hypertension artérielle, le diabète, le paludisme et la drépanocytose). Il est à noter que, contrairement au premier volume, le deuxième contient 30 monographies qui concernent en premier, les plantes médicinales à potentialité antivirale pour le traitement des infections les plus mortelles de l’ère moderne. Par exemple, les plantes médicinales telles Euphorbia poissonii, Fluggea virosa and Pilostigma thonningii ont démontré leur habilité pour traiter les maladies opportunistes liées aux VIH/SIDA. Néanmoins, il apparaît qu’il n’y a pas d’étude de recherche sur le potentiel thérapeutique d’aucune des plantes figurant dans le second volume de la PAO pour le traitement des maladies émergentes ou ré émergentes. Mais, vu qu’un nombre présente des plantes dont les composants chimiques ont une propriété anti virale, une bonne formulation pour certaines d’entre elles pourrait fonder leur utilité pour le traitement des maladies émergentes et ré émergentes.. Dans le cadre de la réponse de l’OMS à la nouvelle flambée de coronavirus, le Plan directeur de l’OMS pour la R&D a été activé pour accélérer le développement de diagnostics, de vaccins et de produits thérapeutiques. Le plan directeur reconnaît également les interventions de changement de comportement et les initiatives visant à combler les lacunes critiques dans les connaissances scientifiques, afin de permettre la conception de meilleures mesures de contrôle des maladies. IV OOAS PHARMACOPEE DE L’AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST PAO 2020 C’est donc une opportunité pour les chercheurs ouest-africains en MT de poursuivre des activités de R&D rigoureuses visant à contribuer à la recherche de remèdes efficaces pour traiter les maladies émergentes, telles que le virus Nipah, la fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo, la grippe aviaire A (H5N1), la maladie à virus Ebola, le marburg, la fièvre de Lassa, le syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (SRMO), le syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS) et la fièvre de la vallée du Rift. Les premier et deuxième volumes de la PAO sont des ajouts utiles aux Pharmacopées disponibles en Afrique de l’Ouest, élaborées par les gouvernements nationaux du Ghana (1992, 2007 et 2015), du Nigeria (2008) et de la Côte d’Ivoire (2019) ; ainsi qu’au dictionnaire multilingue et aux monographies de plantes médicinales africaines pour huit États membres de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (2012). La préparation du deuxième volume de la PAO a impliqué un comité composé de quatorze membres chargés de son élaboration et choisis parmi les États membres de la CEDEAO. Les membres de ce comité comprennent des experts en anthropologie/sociologie, en botanique/ ethnobotanique ; des experts en communication, des spécialistes en technologies de l’information, en pharmacognosie, en pharmacologie, en santé publique; en recherche, en toxicologie; ainsi que de praticiens de la médecine traditionnelle et d’herboristes. Ils étaient assistés de huit membres suppléants, y compris un personnel de l’OMS/ AFRO. J’espère que d’autres CER suivront la voie de la CEDEAO pour élaborer des Pharmacopées afin de garantir l’identité, la pureté et la qualité des plantes médicinales de leur sous-région. Je recommande aux États membres de la CEDEAO d’utiliser les monographies du deuxième volume de la PAO pour le contrôle qualité, la formation et la fabrication locale de produits de MT. Cela contribuera à améliorer l’accès aux médicaments essentiels conformément à l’un des objectifs de la CSU qui est devenu plus urgent que jamais auparavant, au regard de la pandémie fréquente de maladies infectieuses émergentes. Dr Matshidiso Rebecca MŒTI Directrice régionale de l’OMS pour l’Afrique OOAS V PHARMACOPEE DE L’AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST PAO 2020 PREFACE Dans son document de « Stratégie pour la médecine traditionnelle pour 2014-2023 », l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) se fixe deux objectifs majeurs : soutenir les pays qui mettent à profit la contribution de la médecine traditionnelle à la santé et au bien-être, et favoriser un usage sûr et efficace de la médecine traditionnelle au moyen d’une réglementation. A ce sujet, depuis 2010, l’Organisation ouest-africaine de la santé (OOAS) a érigé comme priorité, la reconnaissance et la promotion des pratiques rationnelles de médecine traditionnelle par les États membres de la Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO). Les États membres sont encouragés et soutenus pour documenter, valider et réglementer l’utilisation des plantes et des médicaments à base de plantes dans la région. La médecine traditionnelle est désormais incluse en tant que module dans le programme de formation de nombreuses écoles de médecine de la région, et une journée consacrée à la médecine traditionnelle est célébrée chaque année dans chaque pays. Cette politique délibérée est le reflet de la volonté politique des chefs d’État et de gouvernement de la CEDEAO d’améliorer l’accès dans la région à des plantes médicinales de qualité et aux bénéfices thérapeutiques avérés. Dans le cadre de cette politique, l’OOAS a publié en 2013 la première Pharmacopée d’Afrique de l’Ouest qui a été adoptée en avril 2014 par la 15e session ordinaire de l’Assemblée des ministres de la santé de la CEDEAO tenue à Monrovia, au Libéria. Elle répertorie à travers la région, plusieurs remèdes et plantes traditionnels à efficacité médicinale et définit les critères et méthodes d’analyse à utiliser pour garantir la qualité, la sécurité et l’activité des plantes médicinales. Le deuxième volume de la Pharmacopée d’Afrique de l’Ouest est maintenant disponible. Selon la même approche que le premier, ce deuxième volume a également été élaboré par une équipe multidisciplinaire de professionnels comprenant des praticiens de la médecine traditionnelle, des herboristes, des experts en pharmacognosie, des pharmacologues, des toxicologues, des botanistes, des ethnobotanistes, des anthropologues, des sociologues et des médecins en santé publique.
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