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Redalyc.Cytotoxicity and Bacterial Membrane Destabilization Induced Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil PINTO, NÍCOLAS C.C.; SILVA, JUCÉLIA B.; MENEGATI, LAURA M.; GUEDES, MARIA CLARA M.R.; MARQUES, LUCAS B.; DA SILVA, THIAGO P.; DE MELO, ROSSANA C.N.; DE SOUZA-FAGUNDES, ELAINE M.; SALVADOR, MARCOS J.; SCIO, ELITA; FABRI, RODRIGO L. Cytotoxicity and bacterial membrane destabilization induced by Annona squamosa L. extracts Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 89, núm. 3, 2017, pp. 2053-2073 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32753602009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2017) 89(3 Suppl.): 2053-2073 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720150702 www.scielo.br/aabc | www.fb.com/aabcjournal Cytotoxicity and bacterial membrane destabilization induced by Annona squamosa L. extracts NÍCOLAS C.C. PINTO1, JUCÉLIA B. SILVA1, LAURA M. MENEGATI1, MARIA CLARA M.R. GUEDES1, LUCAS B. MARQUES2, THIAGO P. DA SILVA3, ROSSANA C.N. DE MELO3, ELAINE M. DE SOUZA-FAGUNDES2, MARCOS J. SALVADOR4, ELITA SCIO1 and RODRIGO L. FABRI1 1Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil 2Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 3Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil 4Departamento de Biologia da Planta, Universidade Estatual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Manuscript received on October 5, 2015; accepted for publication on May 4, 2016 ABSTRACT This study aimed to further investigate the cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines and several bacterial strains of Annona squamosa and its mode of action. Methanol extracts of A. squamosa leaves (ASL) and seeds (ASS) were used. ASL showed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and E. faecalis with MIC values of 78, 78 and 39 µg/mL respectively. Moreover, ASL exhibited significant biofilm disruption, rapid time dependent kinetics of bacterial killing, increased membrane permeability and significantly reduced the cell numbers and viability. Regarding the cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines, ASS was more active against Jurkat and MCF-7 cells, with CI50 1.1 and 2.1 µg/mL, respectively. ASL showed promising activity against Jurkat and HL60, with CI50 4.2 and 6.4 µg/mL, respectively. Both extracts showed lower activity against VERO cells and reduced the clonogenic survival at higher concentrations (IC90) to MCF-7 and HCT-116 lineages. The alkaloids anonaine, asimilobine, corypalmine, liriodenine nornuciferine and reticuline were identified in extracts by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. This study reinforced that A. squamosa presents a remarkable phytomedicinal potential and revealed that its antimicrobial mechanism of action is related to bacterial membrane destabilization. Key words: alkaloids, Annona squamosa, antibacterial, citotoxicity, herbal medicine. INTRODUCTION ethnic groups and communities in many countries (Sharma and Kumar 2011). In this context, the Although the use of medicinal plants is an ancient ethnopharmacology has contributed significantly to practice, nowadays it is still considered the main the studies aimed to evaluate the biological effects strategy to treat several diseases in a variety of of medicinal plants, corroborating the practice of Correspondence to: Rodrigo Luiz Fabri herbal traditional medicine (Coutinho et al. 2004, E-mail: [email protected] Oliveira et al. 2004). It is estimated that medicinal An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (3 Suppl.) 2054 NÍCOLAS C.C. PINTO et al. plants are used as the primary health care by 80% antiovulatory and insecticidal activities had been of the population in developing countries (Brasil reported (Fouque 1972, Vohora et al. 1975). 2006, Rosa et al. 2011). Besides, many studies have Rahman et al. (2005) showed the antibacterial demonstrated that natural products continue to play activity of four different extracts of A. squamosa a highly significant role in the drug discovery and seeds and Kotkar et al. (2002) reported the development process (Newman and Cragg 2010). antimicrobial activity of flavonoids isolated from In the recent years, the frequency of microbial the seeds. However, these activities were evaluated resistance and its association with serious only by preliminary tests, such as agar diffusion infectious diseases have increased gradually, so method. In addition, some studies have reported the that the search for new therapeutic tools is needed cytotoxic activity of A. squamosa seeds extracts, (Padua et al. 2013). A classical example of an however, the biological activities of the leaves are emergent microorganism is methicillin resistant less studied (Pandey and Barve 2011). Thus, the Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is virtually aims of the present study were to further investigate resistant to all antibiotics, except for vancomycin the cytotoxic actions and antibacterial activity of (Rossi 2011). Not less important, cancer, caused by A. squamosa seeds and leaves, and to evaluate disorders on cell proliferation, is the second leading whether its antimicrobial mechanism of action is cause of death in the world, the first in developed related to bacterial membrane destabilization. Also countries, and its mortality will probably continue the chemical characterization of alkaloids from to increase in the next years (Brandão et al. 2010, the extracts was performed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Jemal et al. 2011). However, the drugs currently analysis. available to treat those conditions present a variety of side effects and are not effective in many situations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Therefore, much attention has been given to plant PLANT MATERIAL extracts and their isolated compounds in the search for new therapeutic agents (Almeida et al. 2005, Annona squamosa L. leaves and seeds were Gurib-Fakim 2006). collected in Recreio, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, The Annonaceae family consists of in March, 2011. The plant was identified by Dr. approximately 120 genera which have tropical and Luciana Moreira Chedier from Federal University subtropical distribution worldwide (Joly 1979). of Juiz de Fora. A voucher specimen (CESJ 46005) According to Fouque (1972), this family is native to was deposited at the Herbarium Leopoldo Krieger tropical America. The species Annona squamosa L. of Federal University of Juiz de Fora. is cultivated in tropical South and Central America, PREPARATION OF THE EXTRACTS and occasionally in Florida. The fruits are commonly used as food, as they are considered an important Oven dried (40 °C for two days) and powdered source of vitamin C and minerals, including leaves and seeds of the plant (6.5 g and 3.3 g, potassium, calcium and phosphorus (Gupta et al. respectively) were extracted by static maceration 2005). In traditional medicine, the leaves, seeds and with methanol (5 x 200 ml) for five days at room fruits of this species are considered as antidiarrheal, temperature. The solvent was evaporated using antitumor, antimicrobial and anthelmintic remedies a rotatory evaporator (40 °C) to produce the (Lorenzi and Matos 2002, Rieser et al. 2004). methanolic extracts with yield to 6.6% and 11.4%, Some phytochemical and pharmacological studies respectively for leaves (ASL) and seeds (ASS). The of A. squamosa seeds, including hypoglycemic, extracts were kept in tightly stoppered bottles under An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (3 Suppl.) BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF Annona squamosa L. 2055 refrigeration until used for the biological testing (ATCC 10708). These strains were cultured and chemical analysis. overnight at 37 °C in Mueller Hinton agar (MHA). UPLC-ESI-MS/MS ANALYSIS SERIAL DIUTION ASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF THE MINIMAL INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION ASL and ASS were analyzed on an Acquity UPLC (MIC) system (Waters®, Milford, MA, USA) using a The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) UPLC column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm particle of each sample was determined by using broth size) at a temperature of 30 °C. A gradient of (A) microdilution techniques as described by CLSI deionized purified water with 1% formic acid and (2010). MIC values were determined in Mueller (B) methanol (Tedia®, Brazil) starting with 20% Hinton broth (MHB). Bacteria were cultured B and ramping to 100% B at 5 min, holding to overnight at 37 °C for 24 h in Mueller Hinton Agar 5.50 min, then returning to initial conditions and (MHA). Samples stock solutions were two-fold re-equilibrating at 7 min. Detection in positive ion diluted from 5000 to 2.5 mg/mL (final volume = 80 modes was achieved on an Acquity TQD mass mL) and a final DMSO concentration £ 1%. Then, spectrometer (Micromass Waters®, Milford, MA, 100 mL of MHB were added onto microplates. USA) with capillary voltage-3,000 V, Cone-30 V, Finally, 20 mL of 106 CFU/mL (according to source temperature 150 °C; desolvation temperature McFarland turbidity standards) of standardized 350 °C. In the identification of the detected bacterial suspensions were inoculated onto compounds, the chromatographic retention time microplates and the test was performed in a volume (co-injection of the standards method) and the MS/ of 200 ml. Plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24h. MS data and spectrums of the standard compounds The same tests were performed simultaneously were compared with retention time and spectrums for growth control (MHB + bacteria) and sterility of the extract for confirmation.
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