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Home , Andrej Bajuk, Anton Rop, DEMOS (Slovenia), New Slovenia, Slovenian National Party, Slovenian Parliament

Country profile –

conventional long name: Republic of Slovenia/ Republika Slovenija NAME: conventional short name: Slovenia/ Slovenija

CAPITAL CITY: (Population: 263 290 (June 2000))

POPULATION: 1 967 143 (2001, est.)

AREA: 20 273 km Land boundaries: Total: 1382 km Border countries: Austria 330 km, 670 km, 280 km, BOUNDARIES: 102 km Coastline: 46.6 km REGIONS/ADMINISTRATIVE local administrative units: 58, municipalities: 192 (11 have the DIVISIONS: status of urban municipality) 87.8 %, Croats 2.8 %, Hungarian 0.4 %, Italian 0.2 %, ETHNIC GROUPS: Muslims (Bosnian and Sandjak)1.4%, Serbs 2.4 %, other 5 %

GOVERNMENT

FORM OF Republic - parliamentary democracy. Present constitution was adopted on 23 December 1991.

HEAD OF STATE President Janez DRNOVSEK (elected in December 2002). The President is elected directly by secret ballot for a maximum of two five-year terms. The President represents the Republic of Slovenia and is the supreme commander of the armed forces. He also has the power of proposing a candidate for Prime Minister and is responsible for proclaiming new laws.

PRIME MINISTER The government consists of the Prime Minister (currently ) and 15 other ministers, who are appointed by the National Assembly on the proposal of the Prime Minister.

LEGISLATURE Bi-cameral. The 90-member National Assembly (Drzavni Zbor) is elected directly by secret ballot according to a proportional voting system with an element of a majority system, for a term of four years. The National Council (Drzavni Svet), is primarily an advisory body of representatives from social, economic, professional and local interest groups with limited legislative powers. Its 40 members are elected for five years by the representatives of interest organisations and local communities.

GOVERNMENT - ELECTIONS The last parliamentary elections were held on 15 October 2000. The largest number of votes was won by Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS), which forms the present governing coalition, together with the United List of Social Democrats (ZLSD), the Slovene People's Party + Slovenian Christian Democrats (SLS+SKD) and the Democratic Party of Retired People of Slovenia (DeSUS).

PARLIAMENT COMPOSITION: (15 OCTOBER 2000 ELECTIONS)

PARTY/COALITION MEMBERS PERCENTAGE

Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS) 34 36,3

Social Democratic Party of Slovenia (SDSS) 14 15,8

United List of Social-Democrats (ZLSD) 11 12,1

Slovenian People’s Party + Slovenian Christian Democrats 9 9,6 (SLS+SKD)

New Slovenia Christian People’s Party (NSI) 8 8,6

Democratic Party of Retired People of Slovenia (DeSUS) 4 5,2

Slovenian National Party (SNS) 4 4,4

Party of the Slovenian Youth (SMS) 4 4,3

United Greens – Greens of Slovenia and Green Alternative 0,9 (ZZ)

Democratic Party of Slovenia (DSS) 0,6

Italian and Hungarian minorities 2

ECONOMY

Source: European Commission, Progress report, October 2002

EU RELATIONS

EUROPE AGREEMENT Signed on 10 June 1996, entered into force on 1 February 1999

EU MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION DATE June 1996

EUROPEAN COMMISSION REPORTS COM (2002) 700 COM (2001) 700 COM (2000) 712 COM (1999) 512 COM (1998) 709

EUROPEAN RESOLUTIONS ON EC REPORTS 20.11.2002 (A5-0371/2002) 13.06.2002 (A5-0190/2002) 5.09.2001 (A5 - 0260/2001) 4.10.2000 (A5 - 0242/2000) 15.04.1999 (A4 - 0151/1999)

ACCESSION NEGOTIATIONS Opened March 1998. All 31 chapters closed (December 2002). The Treaty of Accession was signed on 16 April 2003.

PRE-ACCESSION FUNDING Between 1992 and 1999, Slovenia received funding totalling € 192 million from the PHARE programme. In the period 2000-2002, assistance to Slovenia will amount annually to € 25 million from PHARE, € 6.4 million from SAPARD (agriculture and rural development) and between € 10.8million and € 20 million from ISPA (transport and environment infrastructure).

HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND

EARLY HISTORY Originally settled by Illyrian and Celtic peoples, the territory of Slovenia became part of the Roman Empire in the first century B.C. Slavic peoples settled in the region of modern Slovenia, southern Austria and eastern Italy in the 6th century AD. The principality of Karantanija, which included most of these lands, became part of the Carolingian Frankish empire in the 8th century and later a province of the . The Slovenian lands eventually became part of the Austrian Habsburg territories in the later Middle Ages. Despite increasing pressure to assimilate into Austrian culture, notably in the towns and cities, and culture survived in the rural areas.

19TH CENTURY As elsewhere in , national ideas began to develop in the 19th century. In 1809, Napoleon established the with Ljubljana as capital. In 1848, a group of Slovene intellectuals published the first programme for a within the Habsburg Empire. Political organisations began to be formed in the 1860s and the national revival gained momentum in the last decades of the century.

20TH CENTURY S 1918-1920: Following the defeat and collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Slovenia declared its independence and, in December 1918, reluctantly joined with Montenegro, and Croatia to form the new Kingdom of Croats, Serbs and Slovenes. However, the Treaty of Saint Germain in 1919 ceded western parts of Slovenia and with an Italian majority to Italy and, in 1920, voted to remain part of Austria so that a quarter of Slovene speakers lived in Austria and Italy. S 1929: The Kingdom was renamed and a dictatorship was proclaimed by King Aleksander. The country was reorganised into provinces in an attempt to break up the various historic national units. S 1941-1944:The Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia following an anti-Axis coup, and Slovenia was carved up between Germany, Italy and Hungary. A Slovene Liberation Front was formed in 1941 by liberal and left-wing catholics and, in 1943, when Italy joined the Allied side, it allied with 's All-Yugoslav partisan forces in the fight against the occupying powers, giving the Communist resistance the leading role. S 1945: In March 1945, Tito was appointed Prime Minister. By the end of the war, Yugoslavia had been recreated as a federal state under communist rule with Slovenia as one of its constituent republics. S 1960s and 70s: A relatively liberal political atmosphere prevailed in Slovenia. S 1980s: National tensions in Yugoslavia came to the fore after Tito's death and agitation for greater autonomy for Slovenia also grew. Increased tension between Slovenia and the federal authorities led to the assertion by the Slovene Parliament in September 1989 of the right to self-determination. S 1990: Free parliamentary elections were held in April and, following the victory of the centre-right DEMOS coalition, a Christian Democrat-led government was formed. Milan Kucan was elected President. In a referendum held in December, 88.2 % of the Slovenian electorate voted for independence. S 1991: Slovenia declared its independence and left the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 25 June. The following day, fighting broke out between Slovenian territorial units and Yugoslav federal forces and went on for ten days, until Slovenia and the federal government agreed on an EC-brokered cease-fire and a moratorium on the declaration of independence. The withdrawal of the Yugoslav Federal Army (JLA) represented a de facto recognition by Serbia/Yugoslavia of Slovenia’s secession. S 1992: Slovenia’s independence was recognised by the EC in January and then by the USA, China and Russia. When the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was re-established by Serbia and Montenegro, the Serbian-Yugoslav government also recognised Slovenia as an independent state, although Slovenia did not recognise the FRY until 1997. In the December elections, the Liberal Democracy Party (LDS) won most seats. Mr Kucan was re-elected President.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS S 1996-1997: In the November 1996 parliamentary elections, the LDS led by Janez Drnovsek again emerged as the largest party. However, the new coalition government led by the LDS was not formed till February 1997. Mr Kucan was re-elected President in 1997. S 1999: The Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe was signed in June. S 2000: The coalition collapsed in April and, in June, a new coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SDS) and SLS-SKD was formed with as Prime Minister. In the October elections the LDS topped the polls and formed a coalition government led by Mr Drnovsek. S 2002: Janez Drnovsek was elected President in a second round run-off. He was succeeded as Prime Minister by Anton Rop, also of the LDS. S 2003: In the March referendum, nearly 90% of those voting approved Slovenia's membership of the EU. In April, the EU Accession Treaty was signed. * * *

Useful links

European Commission DG Enlargement - Slovenia pages http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/slovenia/index.htm EC Delegation in Slovenia (in Slovenian) http://www.evropska-unija.si/#

Slovenian sites Slovenian Government (in English) http://www.sigov.si/ (in English) Government Office for European Affairs http://www.sigov.si/svez/uk/mainmenu.htm E-government site http://e-gov.gov.si/e-uprava/english/index.jsp http://www.dz-rs.si

Search engines http://www.matkurja.com/eng/ http://regional.searchbeat.com/slovenia.htm

Media sites Slovenia Weekly (In English) http://weekly.vitrum.si/sw.htm Slovenija Quarterly Magazine (in English9 http://www.arctur.si/slovenia/