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Diversity and Distribution of Lichen-Associated Fungi in the Ny-Ålesund Region (Svalbard, High Arctic) As Revealed by 454 Pyrosequencing
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Diversity and distribution of lichen- associated fungi in the Ny-Ålesund Region (Svalbard, High Arctic) as Received: 31 March 2015 Accepted: 20 August 2015 revealed by 454 pyrosequencing Published: 14 October 2015 Tao Zhang1, Xin-Li Wei2, Yu-Qin Zhang1, Hong-Yu Liu1 & Li-Yan Yu1 This study assessed the diversity and distribution of fungal communities associated with seven lichen species in the Ny-Ålesund Region (Svalbard, High Arctic) using Roche 454 pyrosequencing with fungal-specific primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal rRNA gene. Lichen-associated fungal communities showed high diversity, with a total of 42,259 reads belonging to 370 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) being found. Of these OTUs, 294 belonged to Ascomycota, 54 to Basidiomycota, 2 to Zygomycota, and 20 to unknown fungi. Leotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes were the major classes, whereas the dominant orders were Helotiales, Capnodiales, and Chaetothyriales. Interestingly, most fungal OTUs were closely related to fungi from various habitats (e.g., soil, rock, plant tissues) in the Arctic, Antarctic and alpine regions, which suggests that living in association with lichen thalli may be a transient stage of life cycle for these fungi and that long-distance dispersal may be important to the fungi in the Arctic. In addition, host-related factors shaped the lichen-associated fungal communities in this region. Taken together, these results suggest that lichens thalli act as reservoirs of diverse fungi from various niches, which may improve our understanding of fungal evolution and ecology in the Arctic. The Arctic is one of the most pristine regions of the planet, and its environment exhibits extreme condi- tions (e.g., low temperature, strong winds, permafrost, and long periods of darkness and light) and offers unique opportunities to explore extremophiles. -
The Phylogenetic Relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella Gen
Phytotaxa 177 (1): 001–025 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1 The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes PETER R. JOHNSTON1, DUCKCHUL PARK1, HANS-OTTO BARAL2, RICARDO GALÁN3, GONZALO PLATAS4 & RAÚL TENA5 1Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. 2Blaihofstraße 42, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany. 3Dpto. de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá, P.O.B. 20, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. 4Fundación MEDINA, Microbiología, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain. 5C/– Arreñales del Portillo B, 21, 1º D, 44003, Teruel, Spain. Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Morphological and phylogenetic data are used to revise the genus Torrendiella. The type species, described from Europe, is retained within the Rutstroemiaceae. However, Torrendiella species reported from Australasia, southern South America and China were found to be phylogenetically distinct and have been recombined in the newly proposed genus Hymenotorrendiel- la. The Hymenotorrendiella species are distinguished morphologically from Rutstroemia in having a Hymenoscyphus-type rather than Sclerotinia-type ascus apex. Zoellneria, linked taxonomically to Torrendiella in the past, is genetically distinct and a synonym of Chaetomella. Keywords: ascus apex, phylogeny, taxonomy, Hymenoscyphus, Rutstroemiaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Zoellneria, Chaetomella Introduction Torrendiella was described by Boudier and Torrend (1911), based on T. ciliata Boudier in Boudier and Torrend (1911: 133), a species reported from leaves, and more rarely twigs, of Rubus, Quercus and Laurus from Spain, Portugal and the United Kingdom (Graddon 1979; Spooner 1987; Galán et al. -
Fungal Planet Description Sheets: 716–784 By: P.W
Fungal Planet description sheets: 716–784 By: P.W. Crous, M.J. Wingfield, T.I. Burgess, G.E.St.J. Hardy, J. Gené, J. Guarro, I.G. Baseia, D. García, L.F.P. Gusmão, C.M. Souza-Motta, R. Thangavel, S. Adamčík, A. Barili, C.W. Barnes, J.D.P. Bezerra, J.J. Bordallo, J.F. Cano-Lira, R.J.V. de Oliveira, E. Ercole, V. Hubka, I. Iturrieta-González, A. Kubátová, M.P. Martín, P.-A. Moreau, A. Morte, M.E. Ordoñez, A. Rodríguez, A.M. Stchigel, A. Vizzini, J. Abdollahzadeh, V.P. Abreu, K. Adamčíková, G.M.R. Albuquerque, A.V. Alexandrova, E. Álvarez Duarte, C. Armstrong-Cho, S. Banniza, R.N. Barbosa, J.-M. Bellanger, J.L. Bezerra, T.S. Cabral, M. Caboň, E. Caicedo, T. Cantillo, A.J. Carnegie, L.T. Carmo, R.F. Castañeda-Ruiz, C.R. Clement, A. Čmoková, L.B. Conceição, R.H.S.F. Cruz, U. Damm, B.D.B. da Silva, G.A. da Silva, R.M.F. da Silva, A.L.C.M. de A. Santiago, L.F. de Oliveira, C.A.F. de Souza, F. Déniel, B. Dima, G. Dong, J. Edwards, C.R. Félix, J. Fournier, T.B. Gibertoni, K. Hosaka, T. Iturriaga, M. Jadan, J.-L. Jany, Ž. Jurjević, M. Kolařík, I. Kušan, M.F. Landell, T.R. Leite Cordeiro, D.X. Lima, M. Loizides, S. Luo, A.R. Machado, H. Madrid, O.M.C. Magalhães, P. Marinho, N. Matočec, A. Mešić, A.N. Miller, O.V. Morozova, R.P. Neves, K. Nonaka, A. Nováková, N.H. -
The Ascomycota
Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 139, 2005 49 A PRELIMINARY CENSUS OF THE MACROFUNGI OF MT WELLINGTON, TASMANIA – THE ASCOMYCOTA by Genevieve M. Gates and David A. Ratkowsky (with one appendix) Gates, G. M. & Ratkowsky, D. A. 2005 (16:xii): A preliminary census of the macrofungi of Mt Wellington, Tasmania – the Ascomycota. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 139: 49–52. ISSN 0080-4703. School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (GMG*); School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (DAR). *Author for correspondence. This work continues the process of documenting the macrofungi of Mt Wellington. Two earlier publications were concerned with the gilled and non-gilled Basidiomycota, respectively, excluding the sequestrate species. The present work deals with the non-sequestrate Ascomycota, of which 42 species were found on Mt Wellington. Key Words: Macrofungi, Mt Wellington (Tasmania), Ascomycota, cup fungi, disc fungi. INTRODUCTION For the purposes of this survey, all Ascomycota having a conspicuous fruiting body were considered, excluding Two earlier papers in the preliminary documentation of the endophytes. Material collected during forays was described macrofungi of Mt Wellington, Tasmania, were confined macroscopically shortly after collection, and examined to the ‘agarics’ (gilled fungi) and the non-gilled species, microscopically to obtain details such as the size of the -
The Fungi of Slapton Ley National Nature Reserve and Environs
THE FUNGI OF SLAPTON LEY NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE AND ENVIRONS APRIL 2019 Image © Visit South Devon ASCOMYCOTA Order Family Name Abrothallales Abrothallaceae Abrothallus microspermus CY (IMI 164972 p.p., 296950), DM (IMI 279667, 279668, 362458), N4 (IMI 251260), Wood (IMI 400386), on thalli of Parmelia caperata and P. perlata. Mainly as the anamorph <it Abrothallus parmeliarum C, CY (IMI 164972), DM (IMI 159809, 159865), F1 (IMI 159892), 2, G2, H, I1 (IMI 188770), J2, N4 (IMI 166730), SV, on thalli of Parmelia carporrhizans, P Abrothallus parmotrematis DM, on Parmelia perlata, 1990, D.L. Hawksworth (IMI 400397, as Vouauxiomyces sp.) Abrothallus suecicus DM (IMI 194098); on apothecia of Ramalina fustigiata with st. conid. Phoma ranalinae Nordin; rare. (L2) Abrothallus usneae (as A. parmeliarum p.p.; L2) Acarosporales Acarosporaceae Acarospora fuscata H, on siliceous slabs (L1); CH, 1996, T. Chester. Polysporina simplex CH, 1996, T. Chester. Sarcogyne regularis CH, 1996, T. Chester; N4, on concrete posts; very rare (L1). Trimmatothelopsis B (IMI 152818), on granite memorial (L1) [EXTINCT] smaragdula Acrospermales Acrospermaceae Acrospermum compressum DM (IMI 194111), I1, S (IMI 18286a), on dead Urtica stems (L2); CY, on Urtica dioica stem, 1995, JLT. Acrospermum graminum I1, on Phragmites debris, 1990, M. Marsden (K). Amphisphaeriales Amphisphaeriaceae Beltraniella pirozynskii D1 (IMI 362071a), on Quercus ilex. Ceratosporium fuscescens I1 (IMI 188771c); J1 (IMI 362085), on dead Ulex stems. (L2) Ceriophora palustris F2 (IMI 186857); on dead Carex puniculata leaves. (L2) Lepteutypa cupressi SV (IMI 184280); on dying Thuja leaves. (L2) Monographella cucumerina (IMI 362759), on Myriophyllum spicatum; DM (IMI 192452); isol. ex vole dung. (L2); (IMI 360147, 360148, 361543, 361544, 361546). -
Preliminary Classification of Leotiomycetes
Mycosphere 10(1): 310–489 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes Ekanayaka AH1,2, Hyde KD1,2, Gentekaki E2,3, McKenzie EHC4, Zhao Q1,*, Bulgakov TS5, Camporesi E6,7 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 5Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops, 2/28 Yana Fabritsiusa Street, Sochi 354002, Krasnodar region, Russia 6A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy. 7A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314 Brescia, Italy. Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E, McKenzie EHC, Zhao Q, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E 2019 – Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere 10(1), 310–489, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Abstract Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders, families and generic level delimitation are still unsettled. This paper provides a modified backbone tree for the class Leotiomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 loci. In the phylogenetic analysis, Leotiomycetes separates into 19 clades, which can be recognized as orders and order-level clades. -
Shropshire Fungus Checklist 2010
THE CHECKLIST OF SHROPSHIRE FUNGI 2011 Contents Page Introduction 2 Name changes 3 Taxonomic Arrangement (with page numbers) 19 Checklist 25 Indicator species 229 Rare and endangered fungi in /Shropshire (Excluding BAP species) 230 Important sites for fungi in Shropshire 232 A List of BAP species and their status in Shropshire 233 Acknowledgements and References 234 1 CHECKLIST OF SHROPSHIRE FUNGI Introduction The county of Shropshire (VC40) is large and landlocked and contains all major habitats, apart from coast and dune. These include the uplands of the Clees, Stiperstones and Long Mynd with their associated heath land, forested land such as the Forest of Wyre and the Mortimer Forest, the lowland bogs and meres in the north of the county, and agricultural land scattered with small woodlands and copses. This diversity makes Shropshire unique. The Shropshire Fungus Group has been in existence for 18 years. (Inaugural meeting 6th December 1992. The aim was to produce a fungus flora for the county. This aim has not yet been realised for a number of reasons, chief amongst these are manpower and cost. The group has however collected many records by trawling the archives, contributions from interested individuals/groups, and by field meetings. It is these records that are published here. The first Shropshire checklist was published in 1997. Many more records have now been added and nearly 40,000 of these have now been added to the national British Mycological Society’s database, the Fungus Record Database for Britain and Ireland (FRDBI). During this ten year period molecular biology, i.e. DNA analysis has been applied to fungal classification. -
Orbilia Ultrastructure, Character Evolution and Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina
Mycologia, 104(2), 2012, pp. 462–476. DOI: 10.3852/11-213 # 2012 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Orbilia ultrastructure, character evolution and phylogeny of Pezizomycotina T.K. Arun Kumar1 INTRODUCTION Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108 Ascomycota is a monophyletic phylum (Lutzoni et al. 2004, James et al. 2006, Spatafora et al. 2006, Hibbett Rosanne Healy et al. 2007) comprising three subphyla, Taphrinomy- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, cotina, Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina (Su- St Paul, Minnesota 55108 giyama et al. 2006, Hibbett et al. 2007). Taphrinomy- Joseph W. Spatafora cotina, according to the current classification (Hibbett Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon et al. 2007), consists of four classes, Neolectomycetes, State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Pneumocystidiomycetes, Schizosaccharomycetes, Ta- phrinomycetes, and an unplaced genus, Saitoella, Meredith Blackwell whose members are ecologically and morphologically Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 highly diverse (Sugiyama et al. 2006). Soil Clone Group 1, poorly known from geographically wide- David J. McLaughlin spread environmental samples and a single culture, Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, was suggested as a fourth subphylum (Porter et al. St Paul, Minnesota 55108 2008). More recently however the group has been described as a new class of Taphrinomycotina, Archae- orhizomycetes (Rosling et al. 2011), based primarily on Abstract: Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate information from rRNA sequences. The mode of that the monophyletic classes Orbiliomycetes and sexual reproduction in Taphrinomycotina is ascogen- Pezizomycetes are among the earliest diverging ous without the formation of ascogenous hyphae, and branches of Pezizomycotina, the largest subphylum except for the enigmatic, apothecium-producing of the Ascomycota. -
Castor, Pollux and Life Histories of Fungi'
Mycologia, 89(1), 1997, pp. 1-23. ? 1997 by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 Issued 3 February 1997 Castor, Pollux and life histories of fungi' Donald H. Pfister2 1982). Nonetheless we have been indulging in this Farlow Herbarium and Library and Department of ritual since the beginning when William H. Weston Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard (1933) gave the first presidential address. His topic? University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Roland Thaxter of course. I want to take the oppor- tunity to talk about the life histories of fungi and especially those we have worked out in the family Or- Abstract: The literature on teleomorph-anamorph biliaceae. As a way to focus on the concepts of life connections in the Orbiliaceae and the position of histories, I invoke a parable of sorts. the family in the Leotiales is reviewed. 18S data show The ancient story of Castor and Pollux, the Dios- that the Orbiliaceae occupies an isolated position in curi, goes something like this: They were twin sons relationship to the other members of the Leotiales of Zeus, arising from the same egg. They carried out which have so far been studied. The following form many heroic exploits. They were inseparable in life genera have been studied in cultures derived from but each developed special individual skills. Castor ascospores of Orbiliaceae: Anguillospora, Arthrobotrys, was renowned for taming and managing horses; Pol- Dactylella, Dicranidion, Helicoon, Monacrosporium, lux was a boxer. Castor was killed and went to the Trinacrium and conidial types that are referred to as being Idriella-like. -
A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Investigation of Conifer Endophytes
A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Investigation of Conifer Endophytes of Eastern Canada by Joey B. Tanney A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2016 Abstract Research interest in endophytic fungi has increased substantially, yet is the current research paradigm capable of addressing fundamental taxonomic questions? More than half of the ca. 30,000 endophyte sequences accessioned into GenBank are unidentified to the family rank and this disparity grows every year. The problems with identifying endophytes are a lack of taxonomically informative morphological characters in vitro and a paucity of relevant DNA reference sequences. A study involving ca. 2,600 Picea endophyte cultures from the Acadian Forest Region in Eastern Canada sought to address these taxonomic issues with a combined approach involving molecular methods, classical taxonomy, and field work. It was hypothesized that foliar endophytes have complex life histories involving saprotrophic reproductive stages associated with the host foliage, alternative host substrates, or alternate hosts. Based on inferences from phylogenetic data, new field collections or herbarium specimens were sought to connect unidentifiable endophytes with identifiable material. Approximately 40 endophytes were connected with identifiable material, which resulted in the description of four novel genera and 21 novel species and substantial progress in endophyte taxonomy. Endophytes were connected with saprotrophs and exhibited reproductive stages on non-foliar tissues or different hosts. These results provide support for the foraging ascomycete hypothesis, postulating that for some fungi endophytism is a secondary life history strategy that facilitates persistence and dispersal in the absence of a primary host. -
Bulgariella Pulla, a Leotiomycete of Uncertain Placement, with an Uncommon Type of Ascus Opening
Mycologia ISSN: 0027-5514 (Print) 1557-2536 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/umyc20 Bulgariella pulla, a Leotiomycete of uncertain placement, with an uncommon type of ascus opening Teresa Iturriaga, Katherine F. LoBuglio & Donald H. Pfister To cite this article: Teresa Iturriaga, Katherine F. LoBuglio & Donald H. Pfister (2017) Bulgariella pulla, a Leotiomycete of uncertain placement, with an uncommon type of ascus opening, Mycologia, 109:6, 900-911, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1418590 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1418590 Accepted author version posted online: 09 Mar 2018. Published online: 14 Mar 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 79 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=umyc20 MYCOLOGIA 2017, VOL. 109, NO. 6, 900–911 https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1418590 Bulgariella pulla, a Leotiomycete of uncertain placement, with an uncommon type of ascus opening Teresa Iturriaga a,b, Katherine F. LoBuglioa, and Donald H. Pfister a aFarlow Herbarium, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; bDepartamento Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Bulgariella pulla (Leotiomycetes) is redescribed with the addition of characters of the ascus, spores, Received 8 December 2016 and habitat that were previously unconsidered. The ascus dehiscence mechanism in Bulgariella is Accepted 14 December 2017 unusual among Leotiomycetes. In this genus, asci lack a pore and open by splitting to form valves. KEYWORDS α α Phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1- (TEF1- ), the second Ascus dehiscence; Helotiales; largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and the 18S and 28S nuc rRNA genes determined that Pezizomycotina; phylogeny; Bulgariella belongs within Leotiomycetes but without conclusive assignment to an order or family. -
Ascomycetes Or “Sac” Fungi
Ascomycetes or “sac” fungi This large group of fungi account for over 75% of described fungal species. It includes most of the fungi that combine with algae to form lichens, and the majority of fungi that lack morphological evidence of sexual reproduction, the latter reproducing from conidia in an asexual form of the fungus. Of the fungi that reproduce sexually, the spores are produced inside a club shaped or cylindrical structure, an ascus, from the Greek “wine skin”. Usually 8 spores are produced in each ascus, but there can be more or less spores. Conidia & asexual spores Some fungi reproduce by asexual spores on conidia. These spores are produced quickly and are usually short lived but they can be spread readily by air currents. The sexual form of the fungus is usually an ascomycete, but it can be a basidiomycete. In many cases the sexual form is not known or has been lost in evolution. The conidial form is then classified in the Subdivision Deuteromycotina, and sometimes referred to as “Fungi Imperfecti” Anamorph and Telemorph Anamorph is a term used for the asexual form, and telemorph for the sexual form. As the structures are produced in each of these forms of the fungi at different times, frequently it is impossible to tell if the two forms belong to a particular fungus. Some progress is being made by DNA analysis to find a connection between an anamorph and its telemorph. This fungus can then be considered as a holomorph. Some fungi have lost the sexual form of reproduction and exist only as the anamorph.