DOCSLIB.ORG

The American Flag the Stars and Stripes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The American Flag the Stars and Stripes Days to Display Your Flag All national and state holidays and on historic and special occasions. January 1 - New Year’s Day January 20 - Inauguration Day Third Monday in January - Martin Luther King’s Birthday February 12 - Lincoln’s Birthday February 22 - Washington’s Birthday April 6 - Army Day Easter 2nd Sunday in May - Mother’s day Memorial Day (half-staff until noon) June 14 - Flag Day July 4 - Independence Day 1st Monday in September - Labor Day September 17 - Citizenship Day October 12 - Columbus Day October 27 - Navy Day November 11 - Veteran’s Day 4th Thursday in November - Thanksgiving Day December 25 - Christmas Day Days proclaimed by the President Days of states’ admission to the Union Certain holidays will be celebrated on Mondays, or on the date traditionally recognized for that holiday, according to state option. If your state has not enacted the necessary legislation, the flag may be flown on both the Monday holiday and on the traditional date for the holiday. Courtesy of: Adrian Fontes Maricopa County Recorder Recorder’s/Elections Department 111 South 3rd Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85003-2296 (602) 506-1511 • Fax (602) 506-3069 www.recorder.maricopa.gov The American Flag The Stars and Stripes The “Stars and Stripes”...popular name for the national flag of our United States, represents our country, its people, our government and our national ideals. For many years, it has also stood for liberty, justice, democracy and freedom. Hundreds of millions of people have lived in peace under the flag, but millions have also fought and died under the waving colors of “Old Glory” whenever tyranny and oppression have threatened the republic for which it stands. The Continental Congress chose red, white and blue as our national colors, although no record has ever been found to show why. In 1782, the Congress of the Confederation again chose red, white and blue for the seal of the United States and also for the national flag. The meaning for the colors: Red, for hardiness and courage; White, for purity and innocence; Blue, for vigi- lance, perseverance and justice. These colors have remained constant and unchanged throughout the history of our country. When pledging allegiance Our flag... to the flag, an individual should stand at atten- stands for generations of individuals who have never stopped tion with their hand believing in the principles of liberty, equality and justice. over their heart. If wearing a hat, it Our flag... should be removed 13 red & white stripes waving freely in the wind, proudly guarding a and placed over field of blue with 50 white stars is a symbol of deeply held beliefs that the left shoulder have kept our country strong and free. so that the hand is covering the heart. Our flag... Persons in military uniforms or scouts carries poignant memories of our Nation’s triumphant past, and bears in uniform should a powerful message of hope for the present and future of our Nation give the proper and world. salute as they pledge allegiance. Our flag... flies to bring the pledge of freedom and justice to all people. The proper etiquette for displaying and carrying the flag is given in the section on “Flag Etiquette.” Display your flag proudly. Displaying the flag is the privilege of every citizen of this country. 2 3 In later years, the President has usually proclaimed how the stars would be arranged and all flags must agree with the Presidential proclamation. New states were constantly being admitted to the Union and the United States had thirteen national flags between 1817 and 1861. During the Civil War, we had another two flags with the admission of Kansas and West Virginia. Union troops fought under a 33-star flag during the first three months of the war; a 34-star flag until 1863; and a 35-star flag until the end of the war. President Lincoln refused to take out the stars of the southern states which had seceded. After the war had ended, the nation began to move west. Nebraska joined the Union in 1867; followed in 1877 by Colorado; 1890 by North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington and Idaho; 1891 by Wyoming; 1896 by Utah; and 1908 by Oklahoma. During this period of transition in the country, we had six more national The History of the Stars and Stripes flags. The twenty-third flag, adopted in 1896, was the flag that we fought under during the Spanish-American War in 1898. In 1912, Arizona and New Mexico were admitted to the Union and thus the United On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress passed the following resolution: States needed another new flag. This was the twenty-fifth flag, adopted in 1912, and “Resolved, that the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes alternate red which lasted until 1959. The total of 47 years that this flag flew over the nation represents and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new the longest period of duration of any one flag of the United constellation.” On that historic day, the flag of the United States of America came into States. This flag was carried to the battlefields of World War existence and this form remains unchanged to the present day. I and World War II, as well as the Korean War. Just who designed the first flag or who made it is a question still debated by historians. In 1959, Alaska was admitted as the 49th state of the Some believe that Betsy Ross designed the first flag, although claims have also been Union. The 49-star flag, adopted in 1959, was raised at made that Francis Hopkinson, a Congressman, designed and made the first flag. 12:01 a.m. on July 4th, 1959, over Ft. McHenry to signal Historical records do show that Betsy Ross made flags for the government in 1777, but the official admittance of Alaska. whether she made the first United States flag will probably always remain in doubt. This flag lasted but a short while for on July 4th, In 1782, the Congress of the Confederation reaffirmed the choice of the Continental 1960, the United States raised the present 50-star Congress by stating that the national seal and the flag would remain red, white and flag signaling the admission of Hawaii as our blue. Deeper meaning was also given to the flag and its design. The thirteen original 50th and last state. To date, we have had states would always be represented by the seven red stripes and the six white ones. twenty-seven national flags, and they have However, they left open the question of how the stars on the blue union would be all flown in glory over this great nation, the arranged. United States. In 1777, Congress had not specified any particular design for the arrangement of the stars and some flags had thirteen stars in a circle. Others had twelve in a circle with the thirteenth in the center. By 1782 though, almost all the national flags had the thirteen stars in a circle. In 1794, Vermont and Kentucky were admitted to the Union bringing the number of states to fifteen. Congress ordered that all new flags would carry fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, and that a star and a stripe would be added as each new state joined the Union. This would later prove to be too cumbersome and would soon be abandoned. This flag, with its fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, is the flag Americans carried in the War of 1812. By 1817, The Union was expanded by five more states: Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana and Mississippi. This expansion meant a new flag. Samuel C. Reid, a navy captain, redesigned the flag using the original thirteen stripes and adding a star for each of the twenty states. This idea was proposed to Congress by Peter Wendover, a representative from New York. It was passed as the New Flag Act, and the date was set as July 4th next after a new state had been admitted to the Union as the day on which a new flag would be flown. Congress again left open the question of how the stars might be arranged, so the design was left to individual flagmakers. 4 5 27 Flags of the United States 3 1818 Our third ag saw a return to tradition as Congress decided to return to the thirteen stripes, but to add a star as each new state joined the Union. Designed by navy captain Samuel Reid, this ag was proposed to Congress on April 4, 1818, and changed back to thirteen stripes. This ag had 20 stars and became ocial July 4, 1818. This ag is also called the “Great Star Flag” because the 20 stars were sometimes arranged to form a star. 4 1819 The 21st star in the ag represented the admission of the state of Illinois on December 3, 1818. The Northwest Territory 11777-1795 was rapidly becoming settled and four new states would be The Betsy Ross Flag. To this day, the actual maker of this ag remains unknown. This almost carved out of this section of the country. 1818 was also the casually constructed national emblem incorporated the unchanging design of thirteen stripes year that the United States-Canada boundary dispute was with a thirteen-star union. Although this claim is seriously in doubt, Betsy Ross, a Philadelphia settled, making it the longest open border in the world. seamstress, is said to have made the rst American ag. This claim was rst made by William J.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Memorandum of the Secretariat General on the European Flag Pacecom003137
    DE L'EUROPE - COUNCIL OF EDMFE Consultative Assembly Confidential Strasbourg,•15th July, 1951' AS/RPP II (3) 2 COMMITTEE ON RULES OF PROCEDURE AND PRIVILEGES Sub-Committee on Immunities I MEMORANDUM OF THE SECRETARIAT GENERAL ON THE EUROPEAN FLAG PACECOM003137 1.- The purpose of an Emblem There are no ideals, however exalted in nature, which can afford to do without a symbol. Symbols play a vital part in the ideological struggles of to-day. Ever since there first arose the question of European, organisation, a large number of suggestions have more particularly been produced in its connection, some of which, despite their shortcomings, have for want of anything ;. better .been employed by various organisations and private ' individuals. A number of writers have pointed out how urgent and important it is that a symbol should be adopted, and the Secretariat-General has repeatedly been asked to provide I a description of the official emblem of the Council of Europe and has been forced to admit that no such emblem exists. Realising the importance of the matter, a number of French Members of Parliament^ have proposed in the National Assembly that the symbol of the European Movement be flown together with the national flag on public buildings. Private movements such as'the Volunteers of Europe have also been agitating for the flying of the European Movement colours on the occasion of certain French national celebrations. In Belgium the emblem of the European Movement was used during the "European Seminar of 1950" by a number of *•*: individuals, private organisations and even public institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Heraldry Examples Booklet.Cdr
    Book Heraldry Examples By Khevron No color on color or metal on metal. Try to keep it simple. Make it easy to paint, applique’ or embroider. Blazon in layers from the deepest layer Per pale vert and sable all semy of caltrops e a talbot passant argent. c up to the surface: i v Field (color or division & colors), e Primary charge (charge or ordinary), Basic Book Heraldry d Secondary charges close to the primary, by Khevron a Tertiary charges on the primary or secondary, Device: An heraldic representation of youself. g Peripheral secondary charges (Chief,Canton,Border), Arms: A device of someone with an Award of Arms. n i Tertiary charges on the peropheral. Badge: An heraldic representation of what you own. z a Name field tinctures chief/dexter first. l Only the first word, the metal Or, B and proper nouns are capitalized. 12 2 Tinctures, Furs & Heraldic 11 Field Treatments Cross Examples By Khevron By Khevron Crosses have unique characteristics and specific names. Tinctures: Metals and Colors Chief Rule #1: No color upon another color, or metal on metal! Canton r r e e t t s i x e n - Fess - i D Or Argent Sable Azure Vert Gules Purpure S Furs Base Cross Latin Cross Cross Crosslet Maltese Potent Latin Cross Floury Counter-Vair Vair Vair in PaleVair-en-pointe Vair Ancient Ermine Celtic Cross Cross Gurgity Crosslet Fitchy Cross Moline Cross of Bottony Jerusalem A saltire vair in saltire Vair Ermines or Counter- Counter Potent Potent-en-pointe ermine Cross Quarterly in Saltire Ankh Patonce Voided Cross Barby Cross of Cerdana Erminois Field
    [Show full text]
  • Flag Day 2020
    The American Suggested Speech Legion MEDIA & COMMUNICATIONS OFFICE P.O. BOX 1055 INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46206- (317) 630-1298 Fax (317) 630-1368 For God and country Flag Day 2020 The American Legion National Headquarters Media & Communications P.O. Box 1055 Indianapolis, IN 46206 (317) 630-1298 [email protected] April 30, 2020 Seventy-five years ago an iconic photograph by Joe Rosenthal helped rally a nation. The flag- raising at Mt. Suribachi showed America’s fighters at their finest. Upon witnessing the placement of the Stars & Stripes prominently flying on Iwo Jima, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal reportedly told Gen. “Howlin Mad” Smith, “Holland, the raising of the flag on Suribachi means a Marine Corps for the next five hundred years.” But the image wasn’t just about the heroic Marines. It wasn’t about Navy Corpsman John Bradley, who helped raise another flag which was chronicled in an earlier photograph. It was about the symbol that they cherished enough to risk their lives in order to plant atop a hill for all to see. Three of the flag raisers did not survive the battle. 2 Although many American Flags have been tattered and torn in battle, they are often symbols of hope that even in the most trying of times – America will survive. Another memorable flag-raising occurred in the rubble of the World Trade Center shortly after the 9/11 attacks. Three New York City firefighters reminded the nation, and the world, that yes – America had taken a blow – but the United States was not defeated and would indeed rise again.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Office of the Governor Flag Protocol
    EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR FLAG PROTOCOL Revised 9/26/2012 The Florida Department of State is the custodian of the official State of Florida Flag and maintains a Flag Protocol and Display web page at http://www.dos.state.fl.us/office/admin-services/flag-main.aspx. The purposes of the Flag Protocol of the Executive Office of the Governor are to outline the procedures regarding the lowering of the National and State Flags to half-staff by directive; to provide information regarding the display of special flags; and to answer frequently asked questions received in this office about flag protocol. Please direct any questions, inquires, or comments to the Office of the General Counsel: By mail: Executive Office of the Governor Office of the General Counsel 400 South Monroe Street The Capitol, Room 209 Tallahassee, FL 32399 By phone: 850.717.9310 By email: [email protected] By web: www.flgov.com/flag-alert/ Revised 9/26/2012 NATIONAL AND STATE FLAG POLICY By order of the President of the United States, the National Flag shall be flown at half-staff upon the death of principal figures of the United States government and the governor of a state, territory, or possession, as a mark of respect to their memory. In the event of the death of other officials or foreign dignitaries, the flag is to be flown at half-staff according to presidential instructions or orders, in accordance with recognized customs or practices not inconsistent with law. (4 U.S.C. § 7(m)). The State Flag shall be flown at half-staff whenever the National Flag is flown at half-staff.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy 226 – United States Flag Etiquette and Patriotic Courtesies
    Policy Pasadena Police Department 226 Pasadena PD Policy Manual United States Flag Etiquette and Patriotic Courtesies 226.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE To provide guidance, consistent with those of the federal government, for employees of the Pasadena Police Department to display proper respect to the Flag of the United States of America ('Flag'). Guidelines for proper procedures are set forth herein: (a) Rules of etiquette and respect of the Flag shall be followed by all employees of the Pasadena Police Department while on duty or in uniform. (b) Rules of etiquette and respect of the Flag are applicable at all times, day or night, inside or outdoors, during athletic events, parades, National, State or City ceremonies, etc. (c) These rules of etiquette apply only so far as the immediate duties of the police employee will permit and are intended to direct his/her behavior under normal conditions. (d) Nothing in this policy is intended to suppress or interfere with the duties of a police officer wherein the officer is involved in protecting life and/or property, preserving the peace or pursuing and/or arresting violators of the law. 226.2 DISPLAY OF THE U.S. FLAG ON THE FLAG POLE The Flag is always flown in a position of honor. In no event shall any other flag fly at a level higher than the American Flag, nor shall the Flag be flown upside down. In the event of multiple flags being flown from multiple poles, the Flag will be displayed at the higher pole or in the event all poles are of the same height, the Flag will be flown on the right (the Flags own right).
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Observances 2021
    Calendar of Observances 2021 The increasingly pluralistic population of the United States is made up of many different ethnic, cultural, faith and religious communities. To enhance mutual understanding among groups and promote inclusive communities, the ADL offers this resource as a tool to increase awareness of and respect for religious obligations and ethnic and cultural festivities that may affect students, colleagues and neighbors in your community. Religious Observations The calendar includes significant religious observances of the major faiths represented in the United States. It can be used when planning school exam schedules and activities, workplace festivities and community events. Note that Bahá’í, Jewish and Islamic holidays begin at sundown the previous day and end at sundown on the date listed. National and International Holidays The calendar notes U.S. holidays that are either legal holidays or observed in various states and communities throughout the country. Important national and international observances that may be commemorated in the U.S. are also included. Calendar System The dates of secular holidays are based on the Gregorian calendar, which is commonly used for civil dating purposes. Many religions and cultures follow various traditional calendar systems that are often based on the phases of the moon with occasional adjustments for the solar cycle. Therefore, specific Gregorian calendar dates for these observances will differ from year to year. In addition, calculation of specific dates may vary by geographical location and according to different sects within a religion. [NOTE: Observances highlighted in yellow indicate that the dates are tentative or not yet set by the organizations who coordinate them.] © 2020 Anti-Defamation League Page 1 https://www.adl.org/education/resources/tools-and-strategies/calendar-of-observances January 2021 January 1 NEW YEAR’S DAY The first day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, commonly used for civil dating purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LION FLAG Norway's First National Flag Jan Henrik Munksgaard
    THE LION FLAG Norway’s First National Flag Jan Henrik Munksgaard On 27 February 1814, the Norwegian Regent Christian Frederik made a proclamation concerning the Norwegian flag, stating: The Norwegian flag shall henceforth be red, with a white cross dividing the flag into quarters. The national coat of arms, the Norwegian lion with the yellow halberd, shall be placed in the upper hoist corner. All naval and merchant vessels shall fly this flag. This was Norway’s first national flag. What was the background for this proclamation? Why should Norway have a new flag in 1814, and what are the reasons for the design and colours of this flag? The Dannebrog Was the Flag of Denmark-Norway For several hundred years, Denmark-Norway had been in a legislative union. Denmark was the leading party in this union, and Copenhagen was the administrative centre of the double monarchy. The Dannebrog had been the common flag of the whole realm since the beginning of the 16th century. The red flag with a white cross was known all over Europe, and in every shipping town the citizens were familiar with this symbol of Denmark-Norway. Two variants of The Dannebrog existed: a swallow-tailed flag, which was the king’s flag or state flag flown on government vessels and buildings, and a rectangular flag for private use on ordinary merchant ships or on private flagpoles. In addition, a number of special flags based on the Dannebrog existed. The flag was as frequently used and just as popular in Norway as in Denmark. The Napoleonic Wars Result in Political Changes in Scandinavia At the beginning of 1813, few Norwegians could imagine dissolution of the union with Denmark.
    [Show full text]
  • Vexillum, June 2018, No. 2
    Research and news of the North American Vexillological Association June 2018 No. Recherche et nouvelles de l’Association nord-américaine de vexillologie Juin 2018 2 INSIDE Page Editor’s Note 2 President’s Column 3 NAVA Membership Anniversaries 3 The Flag of Unity in Diversity 4 Incorporating NAVA News and Flag Research Quarterly Book Review: "A Flag Worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of National Symbols" 7 New Flags: 4 Reno, Nevada 8 The International Vegan Flag 9 Regional Group Report: The Flag of Unity Chesapeake Bay Flag Association 10 Vexi-News Celebrates First Anniversary 10 in Diversity Judge Carlos Moore, Mississippi Flag Activist 11 Stamp Celebrates 200th Anniversary of the Flag Act of 1818 12 Captain William Driver Award Guidelines 12 The Water The Water Protectors: Native American Nationalism, Environmentalism, and the Flags of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protectors Protests of 2016–2017 13 NAVA Grants 21 Evolutionary Vexillography in the Twenty-First Century 21 13 Help Support NAVA's Upcoming Vatican Flags Book 23 NAVA Annual Meeting Notice 24 Top: The Flag of Unity in Diversity Right: Demonstrators at the NoDAPL protests in January 2017. Source: https:// www.indianz.com/News/2017/01/27/delay-in- nodapl-response-points-to-more.asp 2 | June 2018 • Vexillum No. 2 June / Juin 2018 Number 2 / Numéro 2 Editor's Note | Note de la rédaction Dear Reader: We hope you enjoyed the premiere issue of Vexillum. In addition to offering my thanks Research and news of the North American to the contributors and our fine layout designer Jonathan Lehmann, I owe a special note Vexillological Association / Recherche et nouvelles de l’Association nord-américaine of gratitude to NAVA members Peter Ansoff, Stan Contrades, Xing Fei, Ted Kaye, Pete de vexillologie.
    [Show full text]
  • Flag Protocol Half Mast Remembrance Day
    Flag Protocol Half Mast Remembrance Day Ivan maligns declaratively while dumpiest Rodney drop-dead unheededly or forage munificently. Beached and myrmecophagous Edouard Gnosticized almost felicitously, though Skyler horsings his acclimatisation syphilizing. Neutered Cy shuttle no Karamanlis circumcises waveringly after Percival gentle OK'd, quite hobbyless. The day commemorative services and the nations are laid a flag protocol day of state and the flag guide and It often indicates a user profile. The date of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service is traditionally the first Sunday in October. Similar rules as in China apply for Hong Kong. Here press the richest person let each US state MarketWatch. Learn more than just proper disposal if it may not be raised or modified to explain how visitors use for full mast is appreciated. Acclamation it should be addressed in remembrance day flags to half mast on days that member of protocol. He is overly biased or displayed on its jurisdiction to flag protocol day other occasions. Should one save and protect a paper flag forever? From that we want to half mast: wearing of toronto flags on. The day of nature of general services at half mast. THE fund American flag has adopted a different meaning since they first appeared as a same of defense during the bridge War. Flags are to display it is available monday through the blue one flag is, flag protocol has become a nation. Our flag carries American ideas. The Defence Act notes that, if a family member is challenged on the wearing of such medals and results in a charge, then: the defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Flags 1775-1781
    THE AMERICAN FLAG IS BORN American Heritage Information Library and Museum about A Revolutionary Experience GRAND UNION BETSY ROSS The first flag of the colonists to have any During the Revolutionary War, several patriots made resemblance to the present Stars and Stripes. It was flags for our new Nation. Among them were Cornelia first flown by ships of the Colonial Fleet on the Bridges, Elizabeth (Betsy) Ross, and Rebecca Young, all Delaware River. On December 3, 1775 it was raised of Pennsylvania, and John Shaw of Annapolis, Maryland. aboard Capt. Esek Hopkin's flagship Alfred by John Although Betsy Ross, the best known of these persons, Paul Jones, then a navy lieutenant. Later the flag was made flags for 50 years, there is no proof that she raised on the liberty pole at Prospect Hill, which was made the first Stars and Stripes. It is known she made near George Washington's headquarters in flags for the Pennsylvania Navy in 1777. The flag Cambridge, MA. It was the unofficial national flag on popularly known as the "Betsy Ross Flag", which July 4, 1776, Independence Day; and it remained the arranged the stars in a circle, did not appear until the unofficial national flag and ensign of the Navy until early 1790's. June 14, 1777 when the Continental Congress Provided as a Public Service authorized the Stars and Stripes. for over 115 Years COLONIAL THIRD MOUNTAIN REGIMENT The necessity of a common national flag had not been thought of until the appointment of a committee composed of Benjamin Franklin, Messrs.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Display Our Flag
    HOW TO DISPLAY OUR FLAG It is the custom to display When the flag is flown at half- When the flag is in such the flag only from sunrise staff, it should first be elevated condition that it is no longer to sunset outside. However, to peak position, held there a fitting emblem for display, the flag may be displayed momentarily, and lowered. At it should be destroyed in a 24 hours a day if properly the day’s end, the flag should dignified way, preferably by illuminated during the again be elevated to peak burning. hours of darkness. position before lowering. The flag should be displayed on all days, especially on: • New Year’s Day, January 1 • Independence Day, July 4 • Inauguration Day, January 20 • Labor Day, first Monday • Martin Luther King, Jr.’s in September Birthday, third Monday • Patriot Day, September 11 in January • Constitution Day, • Lincoln’s Birthday, September 17 February 12 • Columbus Day, second When we view the flag, • Washington’s Birthday, third Monday in October we think of liberty, freedom, and pride. Monday in February • Navy Day, October 27 The American flag has accompanied • Easter Sunday (variable) • Veterans Day, November 11 mankind on its greatest achievements. • Mother’s Day, second • Thanksgiving Day, fourth Sunday in May Thursday in November It flies at both poles, on the moon, • Armed Forces Day, third • Christmas Day, December 25 and sits atop Mount Everest. Saturday in May • And such other days as may be The flag is how America signs her name. • Memorial Day, last Monday in proclaimed by the President of May (half-staff until noon, peak the United States; the birthdays position until the end of the day) of States (date of admission); HDF_NY_071707_2s • Flag Day, June 14 and on State holidays.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Bibliography of Work on Canadian Ethnic Minority Writing
    UNIVERSITY PRESS <http://www.thepress.purdue.edu> CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture ISSN 1481-4374 <http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb> Purdue University Press ©Purdue University The Library Series of the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access quarterly in the humanities and the social sciences CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture publishes scholarship in the humanities and social sciences following tenets of the discipline of comparative literature and the field of cultural studies designated as "comparative cultural studies." Publications in the CLCWeb Library Series are 1) articles, 2) books, 3) bibliographies, 4) resources, and 5) documents. Contact: <[email protected]> Selected Bibliography of Work on Canadian Ethnic Minority Writing <http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/canadianethnicbibliography> Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, Asma Sayed, and Domenic A. Beneventi 1) literary histories and bibliographies of canadian ethnic minority writing 2) work on canadian ethnic minority writing This selected bibliography is compiled according to the following criteria: 1) Only English- and French-language works are included; however, it should be noted that there exists a substantial corpus of studies in a number Canada's ethnic minority languages; 2) Critical works about the literatures of Canada's First Nations are not included following the frequently expressed opinion that Canadian First Nations literatures should not be categorized within Canadian "Ethnic" writing but as a separate corpus; 3) Literary criticism as well as theoretical texts are included; 4) Critical texts on works of authors writing in English and French but usually viewed or which could be considered as "Ethnic" authors (i.e., immigré[e]/exile individuals whose works contain Canadian "Ethnic" perspectives) are included; 5) Some works dealing with US or Anglophone-American Ethnic Minority Writing with Canadian perspectives are included; 6) M.A.
    [Show full text]