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Home , Populus angustifolia, Populus balsamifera, Salicaceae, Salix alaxensis, Salix amygdaloides, Salix arbusculoides

AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE OF

Compiled and writen by Linda Kershaw & Lorna Allen

April 2019

© Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen This key was compiled using informaton primarily from (1983), Douglas et. al. (1999) and the Flora Associaton (2005). follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). The main references are listed at the end of the key. Also, thanks to Varina Crisfeld for reviewing the key and making helpful suggestons. Please let us know if there are ways in which it can be improved. For forther help with this ofen difcult group, consider trying the interactve Salix key developed by Dr. George W. Argus (htp://www.albertaparks.ca/albertaparksca/science-research/interactve- salix-key/). The 2015 S-ranks of rare (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a super- script X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016). SALICACEAE Family Key to Genera 01a Buds 3-10-scaled; usually <2 times as long as wide, with ± palmate veins (veins on lower surface strong and paired, except in angustifolia); hanging, stalkless; foral bracts notched at the tip; ♀ foral bracts shed soon after fowering; nectaries absent; 6-60(70); capsules splitting into 2-4 parts, narrowly egg-shaped to 1a spherical ...... Populus 01b Buds 1-scaled; leaves often >2 times as long as wide, with pinnate (usually) veins; catkins erect, spreading, or hanging, stalkless or at the tip of small leafy twigs; foral bracts rounded, jagged, notched, or irregularly toothed at the tip; ♀ foral bracts persistent or shed after 1b fowering; nectaries present; stamens 1-3(10); capsules splitting into 2 parts, club-, egg- or football-shaped ...... Salix ------POPULUS Poplar, Cottonwood, Aspen Key Populus In 01a Floral bracts edged with long, soft hairs; stamens 6-12; fower discs narrowly cup- shaped; stigmas 2, thread-like; capsules narrowly egg-shaped to lance-shaped; winter buds not or slightly resinous ...... 1a ...... 01b Floral bracts toothed but not edged with long, soft hairs; stamens 10-60(70); fower discs broadly cup- or saucer-shaped; stigmas 2-4, not thread-like; capsules egg-shaped to spherical; winter buds usually resinous ...02

2a 02a Winter buds with yellow resin ...... 02b Winter buds with red resin ...... 03 4a 03a Capsules splitting into 3-4 parts; stamens ≥30 ...... 04 03b Capsules splitting into 2 parts; stamens 10-30 ...... 05 04a Pistils/capsules/capsules spherical, hairy to almost hairless; fower discs 4-6 mm wide; 4b ♀ or ♂ ...... 04b Pistils/capsules/capsules broadly egg-shaped, hairless; fower discs 1-3.5 mm wide; trees ♀ ...... Populus ×jackii 05a Branch-tip buds (8)12-16(20) mm long; twigs usually round, tan or gray by the third year; catkins (4)7-15 cm long ...... 05b Branch-tip buds (3)6-9(13) mm long; twigs round or 5-angled, whitish tan by the third 5a year; catkins 3-8 cm long ...... 06

3 06a Leaves lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped, (15)40-80(135) × 8-25(40) mm, with 35-65(80) 6b fne, rounded teeth per side, dark green above, whitish green beneath; leaf stalks 2-8(17) mm, 1/8-1/5 as long as the blade, round, slightly channeled above near the blade ...... 06b Leaves ovate, usually larger than above, with coarser and fewer teeth and less color difference between the top and bottom; leaf 6a stalks longer and slightly fattened side to side near the blade ..... Populus ×acuminata S2 ------Key Populus In 01a Capsules usually splitting into 2 parts. . . . .02 01b Capsules usually splitting into 3-4 parts ...05 02a Capsules lance-shaped to narrowly egg- shaped, 2-5(7) mm long; leaf stalks fattened at right angle to plane of blade, about equaling 2a blade length ...... Populus tremuloides 02b Capsules egg-shaped to spherical, 3-8 mm long; rounded or slightly fattened in plane of blade; clearly shorter than blade length ...... 03 03a Capsules (3)5-8 mm long; 15-22 per side; leaf stalks (2)15-50 mm ...... Populus balsamifera 03b Capsules 3-5 mm long; seeds (2)4-7(9) per side; leaf stalks 2-8(17) mm long ...... 04 3a 04a Leaves lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped, (15)40-80(135) × 8-25(40) mm, with 35-65(80) 4a fne, rounded teeth per side, dark green above, whitish green beneath; leaf stalks 2-8(17) mm, 1/8-1/5 as long as the blade, round, slightly channeled above near the blade ...... Populus angustifolia 04b Leaves ovate, usually larger than above, with coarser and fewer teeth and less color difference between the top and bottom; leaf 4b stalks longer and slightly fattened side to side near the blade ..... Populus ×acuminata S2 05a Flower discs cup-shaped, 4-8 mm wide; capsules spherical, (6)7-9 mm long ...... 5a ...... Populus trichocarpa 05b Flower discs saucer-shaped, 1-4 mm wide; capsules egg-shaped, (4)8-11(16) mm long 06 06a stalks ≤3 mm long; twigs and leaf stalks hairy; emerging leaves with 20-45 teeth per side; notch at leaf base ≤1.5 mm-deep ...... Populus ×jackii 06b Capsule stalks 1-13 mm long; twigs and leaf stalks hairless or thinly long-hairy; emerging leaves with (3)5-15(30) teeth per side; notch 6a at leaf base 0.4-7 mm deep ...... 6b ...... Populus deltoides

4 3a Key Populus In Leaf 01a Leaf stalks round or slightly fattened top-to- bottom near the blade ...... 02 01b Leaf stalks fattened side-to-side near the blade ...... 06 02a Leaf stalks 2-8(17) mm long; leaf blades whitish green beneath (not obviously red stained) ...... 03 3b 02b Leaf stalks 2-95 mm long; leaf blades white to grayish or greenish white beneath, stained with reddish resin ...... 04 03a Leaves lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped, (15)40-80(135) × 8-25(40) mm, with 35-65(80) fne, rounded teeth per side, dark green above, whitish green beneath; leaf stalks 2-8(17) mm, 1/8-1/5 as long as the blade, round, slightly channeled above near the blade ...... Populus angustifolia 4a 03b Leaves ovate, usually larger than above, with coarser and fewer teeth and less color difference between the top and bottom; leaf stalks longer and slightly fattened side to side near the blade ..... Populus ×acuminata S2 04a Leaf stalks densely hairy, at least near the blade ...... Populus ×jackii 04b Leaf stalks hairless or sparsely hairy .....05 5a 05a Leaves usually triangular-egg-shaped or heart- shaped, rounded to notched at the base; leaf stalks often notably swollen near the blade; w and s of the Continental Divide ...... Populus trichocarpa 05b Leaves egg-shaped (rarely broadly egg- 5b shaped), rounded to broadly wedge-shaped or slightly notched at the base; leaf stalks not conspicuously swollen near the blade; e and n of the Continental Divide...... Populus balsamifera 06a Leaf blades 5-10 cm long, broadly triangular to heart shaped, with edges coarsely toothed or 6a often scalloped, translucent, with hairs ...... Populus deltoides 06b Leaf blades 2-6 cm long, nearly round, with edges slightly scalloped or nearly smooth, not translucent, hairless . . Populus tremuloides

6b

5 SALIX Willow Note - Unless otherwise noted, leaf descriptions refer to the largest mature, middle blades.

01a Dwarf , rarely exceeding 20 cm tall, trailing or forming compact mats...... 02 3a 01b Erect shrubs >20 cm tall to trees ...... 06 02a Catkins at the tip of prominent leafy branchlets; ovaries/capsules <3 mm long; styles 0.2-0.3 mm long ...... 03 02b Catkins at the tip of small side branchlets; ovaries/capsules 4-9 mm long; styles 0.8-1.5 mm long ...... 04 03a 3-15 cm tall; leaves oblong to broadly egg-shaped or round, 1-1.5 times as long as 3b wide, smooth-edged or with small, blunt teeth, with deeply impressed veins above and pores (stomata) on both surfaces; anthers 0.3-0.4 mm long; flaments hairy (at least on the lower half); ovaries/capsules club- to pear-shaped, 4.5-5 mm long ...... S2 03b Plants 1-4 cm tall; leaves elliptic, 1.1-2.8 times as long as wide, smooth edged, with smooth or slightly impressed veins above and pores 4a (stomata) beneath only; anthers 0.4-0.6 mm long; flaments hairless or hairy at the base; ovaries/capsules top-shaped, 3-4 mm long ...... Salix nivalis

5a 04a Leaves very glossy above (especially if fresh); ovaries/capsules hairless Salix stolonifera S1 04b Leaves dull or somewhat shiny above; ovaries/ capsules hairy (rarely hairless) ...... 05 05a Twigs densely soft hairy (rarely hairless); foral bracts brown or black; stipules usually leafy; ovary/capsule stalks 0.2-1.6 mm long; styles 0.6-2.2 mm long; plants 3-25 cm tall; throughout the AB cordillera ... 5b 05b Twigs hairless (rarely a few scattered hairs); foral bracts tawny or light brown; stipules tiny or absent; ovary/capsule stalks 0.2-0.8 mm; styles 0.4-1.6 mm long; plants 2-10 cm tall; southern AB cordillera. . . SU 06a Leaves green beneath, sometimes paler but without a pale, waxy coating ...... 07 06b Lower leaf surfaced with a whitish, waxy coating or obscured by a dense hairs .....19 07a Bracts of ♀ catkins shed soon after fowering; leaves usually linear to narrowly elliptic; shrubs forming colonies from spreading rootstocks; leaf stalks without glands near the blade . .08 07b Bracts of ♀ catkins persisting after fowering; leaves broader, rarely linear or narrowly elliptic; trees or shrubs, not forming colonies from spreading rootstocks; leaf stalks with or without glands near the blade ...... 10 7a

6 08a Leaves 2.5-8(15) times as long as wide, linear to narrowly elliptic or lance-shaped and widest above mid-leaf, pale beneath (rarely with a slight waxy coating); lower leaf edges smooth or fnely toothed; young leaves reddish or yellowish green, with sparse, soft hairs beneath; twigs gray-brown to dark red-brown; styles evident; nectaries longer than the ovary/ capsule stalks; foral bracts tawny or brown ...... (in part) 8a 08b Leaves 4.5-37 times as long as wide, linear, the sides parallel, green beneath; lower leaf edges smooth; young leaves yellowish green, silky hairy beneath; twigs yellowish, yellow- 9a brown, or red-brown; styles absent; nectaries shorter than the ovary/capsule stalks; foral bracts tawny or greenish...... 09 09a Mature leaves mostly silky-hairy (sometimes almost hairless), the edges usually slightly rolled under and smooth; leaf stalks hairy on 9b the upper/inner surface; ♂ nectaries 0.3-0.8 mm long; ovaries/capsules usually hairless; 11a foral bracts 1.2-1.6(2.6) mm long, capsules 4-8 mm ...... 09b Mature leaves mostly hairless (rarely soft hairy), the edges usually fat, with fne, spine- tipped teeth; leaf stalks sparsely soft hairy on 12a the upper surface or hairless; ♂ nectaries 0.6-1.4 mm long; ovaries/capsules hairy to ±hairless; foral bracts 1.5-3.5 mm ; capsules (4)5-8(10) mm ...... Salix interior 10a Leaves hairy beneath ...... 11 10b Leaves essentially hairless beneath ...... 13 11a Leaves sparsely soft-hairy to silky-woolly 12b beneath; catkins on distinct leafy twigs, emerging with the leaves . 11b Leaves woolly-hairy beneath, the surface usually obscured by soft, tangled hairs; catkins stout, stalkless, emerging before the leaves 12 12a Buds and stipules sticky resinous; foral bracts 2.8-5.2 mm long; leaves slightly glossy above, fat-edged; leaf stalks weakly enlarged around fower buds ..... Salix barrattiana (in part) 13a 12b Buds and stipules not resinous; foral bracts 1.5-3 mm long; leaves dull above, with down- rolled edges; leaf stalks strongly enlarged around fower buds . (in part) 13a Leaves thick and leathery; ovaries/capsules soft-hairy ...... Salix maccalliana 13b Leaves thin, not leathery; ovaries/capsules hairless ...... 14 14a Leaves very glossy and dark green above, paler, bluish green beneath (but without a waxy coating); exotic shrubs/trees, 5-15 m tall ...... X 14b Leaves not very glossy above; native shrubs/ 14a trees ...... 15

7 15a Trees or tall shrubs 2-9 m tall; leaves very narrowly elliptic, tipped with a long, slender 15a point and glandular at base ...... Salix lasiandra (in part) [] 15b Shrubs <1-4(6) m tall; leaves narrowly to broadly elliptic, more broadly pointed at the tip and without glands at the base ...... 16 16a Leaf stalks with pairs of spherical glands (especially noticeable near the blade); catkins produced in late summer and persisting through winter .... (in part) 16b Leaf stalks without glands; catkins produced in spring or early summer (rarely later) and shed by autumn ...... 17 17a Stipules leafy, (3)5-12(17) mm long, usually tipped with a sharp point; foral bracts 0.7- 2.1 mm long; ♀ nectaries 0.3-0.8 mm long; leaf stalks 3-17 mm long, convex to fat or 16a shallowly grooved and soft hairy on the upper/ inner side ...... 17b Stipules tiny to leafy (often absent on early leaves), 1-5(6) mm long, egg-shaped, not sharp-pointed; foral bracts 0.4-1.1 mm long; ♀ nectaries 0.2-0.4 mm long; leaf stalks 1.5- 8 mm long, deeply to shallowly grooved and 17a usually hairless on the upper/inner side ...18 18a Shrubs, sprawling, 10-60(100) cm tall, often branched at/near the base; stipules of late leaves 0.2-1.8(5) mm long; upper surface of midrib hairless; young leaves hairless; styles 0.3-0.5(0.7) mm long .... 18b Shrubs, erect, 100-600(700) cm tall; stipules 18a of at least some late leaves conspicuous and leafy, (0.6)5-6 mm long; upper surface of the midrib with white and rust-colored hairs; young leaves hairy; styles 0.4-0.9(1.6) mm long ...... Salix pseudomyrsinites 19a Mature leaves essentially hairless beneath [sometimes with a few scattered hairs] ....20 19b Mature leaves hairy beneath, with sparse to 18b dense, short to long, and/or woolly hairs . .45 20a Exotic trees; branches with a whitish waxy coating; stipules leafy (at least on late leaves), often fused to leaf stalk; leaf stalks shallowly grooved above; leaves strap-like to elliptic, 2.5-6.4 times as long as wide, tapered to a slender point ...... X 20b Native trees or shrubs; leaves and branches various ...... 21 20a 21a Bud-scale edges overlapping, distinct; stamens 3-7(9); ♀ bracts shed after fowering; mostly trees, up to 10 m tall; sAB, s of Bow R/ South R...... 21b Bud-scale edges meeting and fused together; 21a stamens usually (1)2 (3-10 a few species); ♀ bracts usually persistent (shed in a few species); shrubs or trees; ranges various . .22

8 22a Leaf stalks glandular-lobed or glandular-dotted near the base of the blade; twigs brittle at the 23a base ...... 23 22b Leaf stalks not glandular or with simple spherical glands near the blade; branch bases usually fexible ...... 24 23a Stipules leafy, semi-egg-shaped; leaf tips tapered to a long, slender point; capsules 5-7 mm long; fowering in early summer ...... Salix lasiandra (in part) [Salix lucida] 23b Stipules tiny glandular lobes or clusters of glands; leaf tips relatively short-pointed; capsules 7-9 mm long; fowering in late summer ...... Salix serissima (in part) 24a Ovaries/capsules hairless ...... 25 24b Ovaries/capsules hairy, sometimes sparsely so ...... 40 25a Bracts shed after fowering, yellow or greenish; 23b leaves with pores (stomata) on both surfaces ...... Salix melanopsis (in part) 25b Bracts persistent, tawny to dark brown; leaves with pores on the lower surface only .....26 26a Catkins emerging before the leaves, stalkless, not on leafy branchlets ...... 27 26b Catkins emerging with the leaves, on leafy branchlets ...... 29 25a 27a Stipules usually dark and persisting through winter, dotted and edged with glands; overwintering buds large and round; styles (0.9)1-2.5(3) mm long; leaves broadly elliptic or broadly egg-shaped; young leaves green ...... S2 (in part) ...... [ var. calcicola] 27b Stipules shed at the end of the growing season; overwintering buds smaller; styles 0.2-1.8 mm 27a long; leaves narrowly to broadly elliptic or egg- shaped; young leaves red...... 28 28a Branches yellow to greyish-yellow; leaves almost smooth-edged or with small, sharp, 28a forward-pointing teeth; styles 0.2-0.6 mm...... Salix famelica (in part) [] 28b Branches reddish brown to pale brown; leaves toothed, the teeth small, sharp and forward- pointing to coarse, blunt and gland-tipped; styles 0.7-1.2(1.8) mm ...... Salix pseudomonticola (in part) 29a Catkins borne at/near tips and along sides of branch; most ♂ and some ♀ fowers with nectaries above and below the base of each /ovary; leaves (1.9)2-5(5.8) cm long with smooth, often down-rolled edges ....30 28b 29b Catkins borne along the sides of branches (branch-tip buds produce leaves); ♂ and ♀ fowers usually with a nectary above but not below the base of each stamen/ovary; leaves 3-10(11) cm long with smooth or toothed, fat or slightly down-rolled edges ...... 31

9 30a Stipules tiny lobes; leaves smooth-edged, dull with a pale, bluish-white coating on the upper surface (rarely with a few short hairs); ♂ fowers without a nectary below the stamens; 30a ovary/capsule stalks 2.1-3.2 mm long; styles 0.1-0.2 mm; ♀ fowering twigs 7-25 mm long; plants forming colonies via spreading, rooting branches (layering) ...... 30b Stipules leafy; leaves with small, shallow teeth, slightly glossy and green on the upper surface (neither coated nor hairy); ♂ fowers with a nectary below the stamens; ovary/ 30b capsule stalks 0.4-1.2 mm long; styles 0.6-0.8 mm; ♀ fowering twigs 4-7 mm long; plants not spreading by layering Salix raupii S1 (in part) 31a Upper surface of the leaf midrib with white and reddish-brown hairs ...... Salix farriae 31b Upper surface of the leaf midrib with white hairs only ...... 32 32a Upper leaf surfaces slightly or highly glossy 33 32b Upper leaf surfaces dull ...... 35 31a 33a Floral bracts brown to black, or two-colored; styles 0.6-2.5 mm; . . (in part) 33b Floral bracts tawny to light brown; styles 0.1- 0.6 mm ...... 34 33a 34a Branches red-brown; buds and leaves with a balsam-like fragrance (especially when dry); young leaves semi-transparent (translucent); leaves 1.5-3.4 times as long as wide, usually notched and/or asymmetric at the base, blunt or broadly pointed at the tip; stipules soon shed ...... Salix pyrifolia 34b Branches yellowish, yellow-brown or gray- 34a brown; buds and leaves without a balsam- like fragrance; young leaves thicker, opaque; leaves (2.5)3.5-7 times as long as wide, rounded and symmetric at the base, slender- 34b; 35b pointed at the tip; stipules shed in autumn ...... Salix famelica (in part) [Salix lutea] 35a Branches reddish brown to grey brown; leaves 35a distinctly sharp-toothed, always dull on the upper surface ...... 35b Branches yellow to greyish yellow; leaves smooth-edged or with small, shallow teeth, often slightly glossy on the upper surface...... Salix famelica (in part) [Salix lutea] 40a Catkins stalkless, emerging before leaves .41 40b Catkins on leafy branchlets, emerging with the leaves ...... 42 41a 41a Leaves glossy above, with closely spaced, fairly straight and parallel veins; ovary/capsule stalks 0.5-0.9 mm long; stigma length < style length ...... Salix planifolia (in part) 41b Leaves dull or satiny above, with more-widely spaced, arching and irregular veins; ovary/ capsule stalks (1.5)2-2.5(4) mm long; stigma 41b length ≥ style length . (in part)

10 42a Catkins dense, compact, with ovary/capsule stalks (0.4)0.8-1.2 mm long ...... 43 43a 42b Catkins loose, with ovary/capsule stalks (1.5)2-5 mm long ...... 44 43a Twigs reddish-brown, hairy; stipules absent or tiny (rarely leafy); ovaries/capsules densely silky-hairy ... (in part) 43b Twigs yellowish-brown, hairless; stipules leafy; ovaries/capsules hairless (rarely with short, soft hairs) ...... Salix raupii S1 (in part) 44a Leaves elliptic to egg-shaped, with wavy, white/ grey hairs (at least below), smooth-edged or with small, round teeth, upper surface often 43b with a network of fnely impressed veins, lower surface with a network of raised veins; foral bracts tawny ...... (in part) 44b Leaves strap-shaped to narrowly elliptic, with short, straight, white and/or reddish hairs (at least below), edged with small, sharp, forward- 44a pointing teeth, upper surface smooth and without distinctly raised veins beneath; foral bracts dark brown . . (in part) 45a Lower surface obscured by dense, silky and/or woolly hairs ...... 46 45b Lower surface hairy but clearly visible and with a pale waxy coating ...... 51 46a ♀ catkins stalkless (not on leafy twigs), emerging before the leaves; leaf edges fat or rolled under ...... 47 44b 46b ♀ catkins on leafy twigs, emerging with the leaves; leaf edges usually rolled under. . . .49 47a Leaves white woolly beneath, the edges rolled under; stipules linear, 4-20 mm long; ovary/ capsule stalks 0-0.4 mm long ...... Salix alaxensis (in part) 47a 47b Leaves silky hairy beneath (sometimes also with a few woolly hairs), the edges rolled under or fat; stipules narrowly elliptic to egg-shaped, 48a 1.2-5 mm long; ovary/capsule stalks 0.2-2 mm long ...... 48 48a Twigs hairless or nearly so, reddish- or yellowish brown with a whitish waxy coating, brittle at the base; buds and stipules not oily; leaf edges rolled under; ovary/capsule stalks 0.6-2 mm long ...... 48b Twigs coarse hairy, dark red- to purple-brown, without a pale coating or brittle base; buds and stipules oily; leaf edges fat; ovary/capsule stalks 0.2-0.6 mm Salix barrattiana (in part) 49a Leaves sparsely to densely white-woolly 48b beneath and cobwebby above, oblong, 3.4-8 times as long as wide; capsules 5-7 mm long, densely woolly ...... 49b Leaves silky beneath and not cobwebby above, egg-shaped or elliptic to almost round, 1-3 times as long as wide; capsules 3-5.5 mm long, silky hairy ...... 50 49a

11 50a Shrubs 1-4 m tall (sometimes sprawling); leaves satiny beneath with short, fat-lying hairs, 2-3(4) times as long as wide; leaf stalks without glands; leaves without impressed 50a veins on the upper surface; cAB ...... S2 50b Shrubs <1(1.5) m tall; leaves shaggy or silky hairy beneath with long, soft hairs, 1-2(2.3) times as long as wide; leaf stalks with 2 dark gland near the blade; leaves with a network of deeply impressed veins on the upper surface; widespread in the AB cordillera ...... (in part) 50b 51a Ovaries/capsules hairless ...... 52 51b Ovaries/capsules hairy ...... 55 52a Floral bracts yellow or greenish, shed soon after fowering; leaves with pores (stomata) on the upper surface; catkins on leafy branches, emerging with the leaves or throughout the summer ...... Salix melanopsis (in part) 52b Floral bracts tawny to dark brown, persistent; leaves without pores (stomata) on the upper surface; catkins various, emerging before or with the leaves ...... 53 53a Catkins on leafy branchlets, emerging with the leaves; leaves elliptic to egg-shaped and widest above midleaf; ovary/capsule stalks 0.5-1.5 mm long .... Salix barclayi (in part) 53b Catkins stalkless, emerging before the leaves; 52a leaves broadly elliptic to broadly egg-shaped and widest below midleaf; ovary/capsule stalks various ...... 54 54a Stipules usually dark and persisting through the winter, dotted and edged with glands; buds large, round, covered in long, soft hairs; styles (0.9)1-2.5(3) mm long; ovary/capsule stalks 0.2-0.5 mm long; leaves smooth edged 53a or with small, gland-tipped teeth ...... Salix calcicola S2 (in part) ...... [Salix lanata var. calcicola] 54b Stipules shed in autumn; catkin buds not as above; styles 0.7-1.2 mm long; ovary/capsule 54a stalks 0.9-2 mm long; leaves edged with distinct, forward-pointing teeth ...... Salix pseudomonticola (in part) 55a Catkins stalkless (sometimes with a few tiny bract-like leaves at the base), emerging before the leaves ...... 56 55b Catkins on leafy branchlets, emerging with the leaves ...... 62 56a Leaves edged with sharp, forward-pointing teeth, and with short, straight, fat-lying, often parallel hairs on the underside ...... 57 56b Leaves blunt-toothed to smooth-edged, variously hairy ...... 58 54b

12 57a Twigs red-brown, hairless or short-hairy; leaves fnely saw-toothed, hairy beneath, glossy and hairless above; ovaries/capsules densely hairy, beak gradually tapered to style; capsule stalk 0.6-0.9 mm long, ≈ nectary in length ...... (in part) 57b Twigs yellow-green to red-brown, sparsely 57b; hairy to velvety; leaves coarsely saw-toothed, 63b dull, hairy on both surfaces; ovaries/capsules hairy, with beak abruptly tapered to style; capsule stalks 1.5-4 mm long, longer than the nectary ...... Salix petiolaris (in part) 58a Upper leaf surface highly glossy ...... 59 58b Upper leaf surface dull or satiny ...... 60 57a 59a Leaves with pores (stomata) on both surfaces; 59a capsules 3.6-5 mm long; on sand in Athabasca Sand Plains, neAB ...... Salix tyrrellii S1 59b Leaves with pores on the lower surface only (rarely a few pores above but then only at the 59b tip and/or along veins); capsules (2.5)5.5-6 mm; widespread ... (in part) 60a Twigs and leaf stalks velvety; leaves typically broad towards the tip and tapered to a wedge- shaped base (sometimes elliptic); styles 0.2- 0.6 mm long ...... 60b Twigs and leaf stalks not velvety; leaves typically elliptic and pointed at both ends (sometimes slightly wider above midleaf); styles (0.3)0.6-1.0(1.5) mm long ...... 61 61a Leaves with veins raised on the lower surface and often somewhat impressed on the upper surface, hairy with white/grey wavy/crinkled hairs (at least beneath); catkins appearing just before (♂) or with (♀) the leaves, loose, with capsule stalks 2-5 mm long ...... Salix bebbiana (in part) 61b Leaves without distinctly raised veins beneath and/or impressed veins above, hairless or with 60a white and/or reddish hairs; catkins appearing well before the leaves, relatively compact, with capsule stalks 2-2.5 mm long ...... Salix discolor (in part) 62a Ovary/capsule stalks 2-5 mm long, ≈10 times 61a; 63a as long as the nectaries ...... 63 62b Ovary/capsule stalks 0-1.6 mm long, ≤2 times as long as the nectaries ...... 64 63a Leaves elliptic to egg-shaped, smooth-edged or with small, widely spaced, rounded teeth, the upper surface often with a network of fnely impressed veins and the lower surface with a 61b network of raised veins; foral bracts tawny ...... Salix bebbiana (in part) 63b Leaves strap-shaped to narrowly elliptic, edged with small, sharp, forward-pointing teeth, smooth on the upper surface and without distinctly raised veins beneath; foral bracts dark brown . .Salix petiolaris (in part)

13 64a Leaves narrowly elliptic or strap-shaped, 5-7 times as long as wide, with short, straight, fat- lying, often parallel hairs on the lower surface; leaf edges with small, regular, forward-pointing teeth, fat; styles 0.2-0.5 mm long ...... Salix arbusculoides (in part) 64b Leaves broadly elliptic to egg-shaped, 1-4(4.8) times as long as wide, with long, soft hairs on the lower surface; leaf edges smooth or with a few, irregular, blunt teeth, often rolled under; styles various ...... 65 65a 64a 65a Catkins at the tip of prominent, 3-leaved branchlets; leaf stalks with dark glands near the blade; leaves with a network of deeply impressed veins on the upper surface; styles 66a 0.2-0.4 mm long .....Salix vestita (in part) 65b Catkins on short leafy branchlets; leaf stalks without glands; leaves fat above; styles (0.3)0.5-1(1.6) mm long ...... 66 66a Leaves with scattered reddish-brown hairs, especially when young ...... Salix athabascensis (in part) 66b Leaves without reddish-brown hairs ...... 67 67a Leaf stalks <1-3 times the bud length, reddish 67a to yellowish; ovary/capsule stalks 0-0.6 mm long; ♀ catkins short-cylindric to ± spherical, 6-25 x 4-15 mm...... 67b Leaf stalks >3 times the bud length, yellowish to brown; ovary/capsule stalks 0.5-1.6 mm long; ♀ catkins long-cylindrical, 15-83 x 7-21 mm ......

67b

14 References

Alberta Conservaton Informaton Management System (ACIMS). 2015. List of all Vas- cular Taxa Confrmed for Alberta as recorded in the ACIMS database - October 15 2015. ACIMS, Government of Albert, Edmonton, Alberta.

Argus, G. W. 1986. Salix raupii, Raup’s willow, new to the fora of Alberta and the Northwest Territories. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100:386-388.

Argus, G. W. 2008. A guide to the identfcaton of Salix () in Alberta. Devonian Botanical Garden, Devon, AB.

Briton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated fora of the northern and . reprinted by Dover Publicatons in 1970 editon. Dover Publicatons, Inc., New York, New York.

Brouillet, L., F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Bélisle & P. Desmet. 2015. VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada. htp://data.canaden- sys.net/vascan/

Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 2000. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 5. (Salicaceae through Zygophyllaceae) and Pterido- phytes. Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia.

Flora North America Editorial Commitee. 2008-10. Flora North America website. Oxford University Press. Accessed, 2014-2016. www.fna.org.

Hitchcock, L. and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacifc Northwest: An illustrated manual. University of Press, Seatle, Washington.

Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson. 1955-69. Vascular plants of the Pacifc Northwest. Volume 5. University of Washington Press, Seatle, Washington.

Johnson, D., L. Kershaw, A. MacKinnon, and J. Pojar. 1995. Plants of the western bo- real forest and aspen parkland. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta.

Moss, E.H. 1983. The Flora of Alberta. Second Editon, Revised by John G. Packer. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.

Province of Alberta. 2016. Weed Control Act, Ofce Consolidaton. Alberta Regula- ton 19/2010 with amendments up to and including Alberta Regulaton 125/2016. Alberta Queen’s Printer, Edmonton, AB.

15 List of Species and Illustration Sources Scientfc Name Illus. Source Scientfc Name Illus. Source Populus ×acuminata H&C; LK Salix planifolia H&C Populus ×jackii LK Salix prolixa H&C Populus angustfolia H&C; LK Salix pseudomontcola H&C Populus balsamifera LK Salix pseudomyrsinites H&C Populus deltoides H&C Salix pyrifolia B&B Populus tremuloides H&C Salix raupii BC Populus trichocarpa LK Salix retculata BC Salix alaxensis JM Salix scouleriana H&C Salix amygdaloides H&C Salix serissima B&B Salix arbusculoides LK Salix sitchensis H&C Salix arctca BC Salix stolonifera BC Salix athabascensis BC Salix tyrrellii LK Salix barclayi H&C Salix vestta H&C Salix barratana H&C Salix bebbiana H&C Key to Illustration Sources Salix boothii BC Salix brachycarpa H&C B&B = Britton, N. L. and A. Brown (1913) Salix calcicola JM H&C = Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Salix candida H&C Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson (1955-69) Salix commutata H&C Salix daphnoides LK LK = Linda Kershaw. Salix discolor JM JM = John Maywood. Salix drummondiana H&C Salix exigua LK BC = Douglas et. al. (2000); illustrations Salix famelica LK provided courtesy of the Province of . Salix farriae H&C Salix glauca H&C Salix interior LK; B&B Salix lasiandra H&C Salix maccalliana BC Salix melanopsis BC Salix myrtllifolia LK Salix nivalis H&C Salix pedicellaris H&C Salix pentandra LK Salix petolaris LK Salix petrophila H&C

16 Index pseudomonticola 9, 12 Populus 3 pseudomyrsinites 8 ×acuminata 4, 5 pyrifolia 10 angustifolia 4, 5 raupii 10, 11 balsamifera 3, 4, 5 reticulata 6 deltoides 3, 4, 5 scouleriana 13 ×jackii 3, 4, 5 serissima 8, 9 tremuloides 3, 4, 5 sitchensis 12 trichocarpa 3, 4, 5 stolonifera 6 Salicaceae 3 tyrrellii 13 Salix 3, 6 vestita 12, 14 alaxensis 7, 11 amygdaloides 8 arbusculoides 13, 14 arctica 6 athabascensis 11, 14 barclayi 10, 12 barrattiana 7, 11 bebbiana 11, 13 boothii 8 brachycarpa 14 calcicola 9, 12 candida 11 commutata 7 daphnoides 8 discolor 10, 13 drummondiana 11 exigua 7 famelica 9, 10 farriae 10 glauca 14 interior 7 lanata var. calcicola. See Salix calcicola lasiandra 8, 9 lucida. See Salix lasiandra lutea. See Salix famelica maccalliana 7 melanopsis 7, 9, 12 myrtillifolia 8 nivalis 6 pedicellaris 10 pentandra 7 petiolaris 11, 13 petrophila 6 planifolia 10, 13 prolixa 10 17