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Salicaceae of Alberta

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AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE SALICACEAE OF ALBERTA Compiled and writen by Linda Kershaw & Lorna Allen April 2019 © Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen This key was compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Douglas et. al. (1999) and the Flora North America Associaton (2005). Taxonomy follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). The main references are listed at the end of the key. Also, thanks to Varina Crisfeld for reviewing the key and making helpful suggestons. Please let us know if there are ways in which it can be improved. For forther help with this ofen difcult group, consider trying the interactve Salix key developed by Dr. George W. Argus (htp://www.albertaparks.ca/albertaparksca/science-research/interactve- salix-key/). The 2015 S-ranks of rare species (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a super- script X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016). SALICACEAE Willow Family Key to Genera 01a Buds 3-10-scaled; leaves usually <2 times as long as wide, with ± palmate veins (veins on lower leaf surface strong and paired, except in Populus angustifolia); catkins hanging, stalkless; foral bracts notched at the tip; ♀ foral bracts shed soon after fowering; nectaries absent; stamens 6-60(70); capsules splitting into 2-4 parts, narrowly egg-shaped to 1a spherical ......................Populus 01b Buds 1-scaled; leaves often >2 times as long as wide, with pinnate (usually) veins; catkins erect, spreading, or hanging, stalkless or at the tip of small leafy twigs; foral bracts rounded, jagged, notched, or irregularly toothed at the tip; ♀ foral bracts persistent or shed after 1b fowering; nectaries present; stamens 1-3(10); capsules splitting into 2 parts, club-, egg- or football-shaped ................... Salix - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - POPULUS Poplar, Cottonwood, Aspen Key Populus In Flower 01a Floral bracts edged with long, soft hairs; stamens 6-12; fower discs narrowly cup- shaped; stigmas 2, thread-like; capsules narrowly egg-shaped to lance-shaped; winter buds not or slightly resinous .............. 1a .................. Populus tremuloides 01b Floral bracts toothed but not edged with long, soft hairs; stamens 10-60(70); fower discs broadly cup- or saucer-shaped; stigmas 2-4, not thread-like; capsules egg-shaped to spherical; winter buds usually resinous ...02 2a 02a Winter buds with yellow resin ............. ....................Populus deltoides 02b Winter buds with red resin .............03 4a 03a Capsules splitting into 3-4 parts; stamens ≥30 ..................................04 03b Capsules splitting into 2 parts; stamens 10-30 ..................................05 04a Pistils/capsules/capsules spherical, hairy to almost hairless; fower discs 4-6 mm wide; 4b trees ♀ or ♂ ........Populus trichocarpa 04b Pistils/capsules/capsules broadly egg-shaped, hairless; fower discs 1-3.5 mm wide; trees ♀ ...................... Populus ×jackii 05a Branch-tip buds (8)12-16(20) mm long; twigs usually round, tan or gray by the third year; catkins (4)7-15 cm long ................. ..................Populus balsamifera 05b Branch-tip buds (3)6-9(13) mm long; twigs round or 5-angled, whitish tan by the third 5a year; catkins 3-8 cm long ..............06 3 06a Leaves lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped, (15)40-80(135) × 8-25(40) mm, with 35-65(80) 6b fne, rounded teeth per side, dark green above, whitish green beneath; leaf stalks 2-8(17) mm, 1/8-1/5 as long as the blade, round, slightly channeled above near the blade .......... .................. Populus angustifolia 06b Leaves ovate, usually larger than above, with coarser and fewer teeth and less color difference between the top and bottom; leaf 6a stalks longer and slightly fattened side to side near the blade ..... Populus ×acuminata S2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Key Populus In Fruit 01a Capsules usually splitting into 2 parts. .02 01b Capsules usually splitting into 3-4 parts ...05 02a Capsules lance-shaped to narrowly egg- shaped, 2-5(7) mm long; leaf stalks fattened at right angle to plane of blade, about equaling 2a blade length ........ Populus tremuloides 02b Capsules egg-shaped to spherical, 3-8 mm long; petiole rounded or slightly fattened in plane of blade; clearly shorter than blade length .............................03 03a Capsules (3)5-8 mm long; seeds 15-22 per side; leaf stalks (2)15-50 mm ............. ..................Populus balsamifera 03b Capsules 3-5 mm long; seeds (2)4-7(9) per side; leaf stalks 2-8(17) mm long ........04 3a 04a Leaves lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped, (15)40-80(135) × 8-25(40) mm, with 35-65(80) 4a fne, rounded teeth per side, dark green above, whitish green beneath; leaf stalks 2-8(17) mm, 1/8-1/5 as long as the blade, round, slightly channeled above near the blade .......... .................. Populus angustifolia 04b Leaves ovate, usually larger than above, with coarser and fewer teeth and less color difference between the top and bottom; leaf 4b stalks longer and slightly fattened side to side near the blade ..... Populus ×acuminata S2 05a Flower discs cup-shaped, 4-8 mm wide; capsules spherical, (6)7-9 mm long ........ 5a ..................Populus trichocarpa 05b Flower discs saucer-shaped, 1-4 mm wide; capsules egg-shaped, (4)8-11(16) mm long 06 06a Capsule stalks ≤3 mm long; twigs and leaf stalks hairy; emerging leaves with 20-45 teeth per side; notch at leaf base ≤1.5 mm-deep . ...................... Populus ×jackii 06b Capsule stalks 1-13 mm long; twigs and leaf stalks hairless or thinly long-hairy; emerging leaves with (3)5-15(30) teeth per side; notch 6a at leaf base 0.4-7 mm deep .............. 6b ....................Populus deltoides 4 3a Key Populus In Leaf 01a Leaf stalks round or slightly fattened top-to- bottom near the blade .................02 01b Leaf stalks fattened side-to-side near the blade ..............................06 02a Leaf stalks 2-8(17) mm long; leaf blades whitish green beneath (not obviously red stained) ............................03 3b 02b Leaf stalks 2-95 mm long; leaf blades white to grayish or greenish white beneath, stained with reddish resin ....................04 03a Leaves lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped, (15)40-80(135) × 8-25(40) mm, with 35-65(80) fne, rounded teeth per side, dark green above, whitish green beneath; leaf stalks 2-8(17) mm, 1/8-1/5 as long as the blade, round, slightly channeled above near the blade .......... .................. Populus angustifolia 4a 03b Leaves ovate, usually larger than above, with coarser and fewer teeth and less color difference between the top and bottom; leaf stalks longer and slightly fattened side to side near the blade ..... Populus ×acuminata S2 04a Leaf stalks densely hairy, at least near the blade .................. Populus ×jackii 04b Leaf stalks hairless or sparsely hairy .....05 5a 05a Leaves usually triangular-egg-shaped or heart- shaped, rounded to notched at the base; leaf stalks often notably swollen near the blade; w and s of the Continental Divide ............ ..................Populus trichocarpa 05b Leaves egg-shaped (rarely broadly egg- 5b shaped), rounded to broadly wedge-shaped or slightly notched at the base; leaf stalks not conspicuously swollen near the blade; e and n of the Continental Divide. ..................Populus balsamifera 06a Leaf blades 5-10 cm long, broadly triangular to heart shaped, with edges coarsely toothed or 6a often scalloped, translucent, with hairs ...... ....................Populus deltoides 06b Leaf blades 2-6 cm long, nearly round, with edges slightly scalloped or nearly smooth, not translucent, hairless . Populus tremuloides 6b 5 SALIX Willow Note - Unless otherwise noted, leaf descriptions refer to the largest mature, middle blades. 01a Dwarf shrubs, rarely exceeding 20 cm tall, trailing or forming compact mats. .02 3a 01b Erect shrubs >20 cm tall to trees ........06 02a Catkins at the tip of prominent leafy branchlets; ovaries/capsules <3 mm long; styles 0.2-0.3 mm long ...........................03 02b Catkins at the tip of small side branchlets; ovaries/capsules 4-9 mm long; styles 0.8-1.5 mm long ...........................04 03a Plants 3-15 cm tall; leaves oblong to broadly egg-shaped or round, 1-1.5 times as long as 3b wide, smooth-edged or with small, blunt teeth, with deeply impressed veins above and pores (stomata) on both surfaces; anthers 0.3-0.4 mm long; flaments hairy (at least on the lower half); ovaries/capsules club- to pear-shaped, 4.5-5 mm long ..........Salix reticulata S2 03b Plants 1-4 cm tall; leaves elliptic, 1.1-2.8 times as long as wide, smooth edged, with smooth or slightly impressed veins above and pores 4a (stomata) beneath only; anthers 0.4-0.6 mm long; flaments hairless or hairy at the base; ovaries/capsules top-shaped, 3-4 mm long . ......................... Salix nivalis 5a 04a Leaves very glossy above (especially if fresh); ovaries/capsules hairless Salix stolonifera S1 04b Leaves dull or somewhat shiny above; ovaries/ capsules hairy (rarely hairless) ..........05 05a Twigs densely soft hairy (rarely hairless); foral bracts brown or black; stipules usually leafy; ovary/capsule stalks 0.2-1.6 mm long; styles 0.6-2.2 mm long; plants 3-25 cm tall; throughout the AB cordillera ...Salix arctica 5b 05b Twigs hairless (rarely a few scattered hairs); foral bracts tawny or light brown; stipules tiny or absent; ovary/capsule stalks 0.2-0.8 mm; styles 0.4-1.6 mm long; plants 2-10 cm tall; southern AB cordillera. Salix petrophila SU 06a Leaves green beneath, sometimes paler but without a pale, waxy coating ............07 06b Lower leaf surfaced with a whitish, waxy coating or obscured by a dense hairs .....19 07a Bracts of ♀ catkins shed soon after fowering; leaves usually linear to narrowly elliptic; shrubs forming colonies from spreading rootstocks; leaf stalks without glands near the blade .
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    i Nova Scotia Provincial Status Report on Hoary Willow Salix candida Flűeggé ex Willd. prepared for The Nova Scotia Species at Risk Working Group by Ruth E. Newell E.C. Smith Herbarium K.C. Irving Environmental Science Centre Acadia University Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 Funding provided by the Nova Scotia Species at Risk Conservation Fund Submitted December 16th, 2010 ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Wildlife Species Description and Significance Salix candida (Hoary Willow) is a low, deciduous, dioecious shrub, densely white woolly on current season’s twigs and lower leaf surfaces. The mature medial leaves are narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, usually at least 4x as long as wide. Leaf margins are entire and slightly to strongly rolled under. Flowering occurs concurrently with leaf emergence. Female flowers have stalks 0.1 to 1.2 mm long and tomentose pistils. The anthers of male flowers are purple later changing to yellow. The fruit is a tomentose, pear-shaped capsule. Reproduction is both sexual and asexual by layering. Salix candida is an extremely rare species in Nova Scotia occurring in a rare habitat type i.e., rich, calcareous fens or marshes. Distribution In Nova Scotia, Hoary Willow occurs within the Black River system at the northwest end of Lake Ainslie, Inverness County, Cape Breton Island. Here it is known from four rich calcareous fens in close proximity to the river floodplain plus a single plant in a calcareous graminoid marsh. Field work failed to confirm the presence of Salix candida in Huntington, Cape Breton County - a record based on a herbarium specimen from Cape Breton University herbarium.
  • Poplar Chap 1.Indd

    Poplar Chap 1.Indd

    Populus: A Premier Pioneer System for Plant Genomics 1 1 Populus: A Premier Pioneer System for Plant Genomics Stephen P. DiFazio,1,a,* Gancho T. Slavov 1,b and Chandrashekhar P. Joshi 2 ABSTRACT The genus Populus has emerged as one of the premier systems for studying multiple aspects of tree biology, combining diverse ecological characteristics, a suite of hybridization complexes in natural systems, an extensive toolbox of genetic and genomic tools, and biological characteristics that facilitate experimental manipulation. Here we review some of the salient biological characteristics that have made this genus such a popular object of study. We begin with the taxonomic status of Populus, which is now a subject of ongoing debate, though it is becoming increasingly clear that molecular phylogenies are accumulating. We also cover some of the life history traits that characterize the genus, including the pioneer habit, long-distance pollen and seed dispersal, and extensive vegetative propagation. In keeping with the focus of this book, we highlight the genetic diversity of the genus, including patterns of differentiation among populations, inbreeding, nucleotide diversity, and linkage disequilibrium for species from the major commercially- important sections of the genus. We conclude with an overview of the extent and rapid spread of global Populus culture, which is a testimony to the growing economic importance of this fascinating genus. Keywords: Populus, SNP, population structure, linkage disequilibrium, taxonomy, hybridization 1Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6057, USA; ae-mail: [email protected] be-mail: [email protected] 2 School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author 2 Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Poplar 1.1 Introduction The genus Populus is full of contrasts and surprises, which combine to make it one of the most interesting and widely-studied model organisms.