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SANDIA REPORT SAND2012-7321 Unlimited Release Printed September 2012 Technical Reference for Hydrogen Compatibility of Materials C. San Marchi B.P. Somerday Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550 Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Approved for public release; further dissemination unlimited. Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors. Printed in the United States of America. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone: (865) 576-8401 Facsimile: (865) 576-5728 E-Mail: [email protected] Online ordering: http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available to the public from U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Rd. Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: (800) 553-6847 Facsimile: (703) 605-6900 E-Mail: [email protected] Online order: http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.asp?loc=7-4-0#online 2 SAND2012-7321 Unlimited Release Printed September 2012 Technical Reference for Hydrogen Compatibility of Materials C. San Marchi B.P. Somerday Hydrogen and Metallurgy Science Sandia National Laboratories P.O. Box 969 Livermore, California 94551-MS9404 Abstract The Technical Reference for Hydrogen Compatibility of Materials summarizes materials data related to hydrogen-assisted fracture (also called hydrogen embrittlement) in gaseous hydrogen environments, with emphasis on hydrogen permeation and structural properties. The Technical Reference generally does not provide specific recommendations for materials selection as the suitability of a given material depends on service conditions, in particular the mechanical and environmental conditions associated with a particular component, as well as the details of the materials microstructure. In substance, the Technical Reference is a collection of stand-alone documents organized by materials class, which have been compiled into this composite report. The individual sections are occasionally updated and new sections are added; the most recent versions are available from our website at http://www.ca.sandia.gov/matlsTechRef/. This compilation updates the previous composite release: SAND2008-1163. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document was prepared with financial support from the Safety, Codes and Standards program element of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, United States Department of Energy. IMPORTANT NOTICE WARNING: Before using the information in this report, you must evaluate it and determine if it is suitable for your intended application. You assume all risks and liability associated with such use. Sandia National Laboratories make NO WARRANTIES including, but not limited to, any Implied Warranty or Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose. Sandia National Laboratories will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from use of this information, whether direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential. Electronic copies of this report and updated sections can be requested from the authors or downloaded at http://www.sandia.gov/matlsTechRef/ . 4 CONTENTS Designation Nominal composition Section Revision Introduction I 03/08 Plain Carbon Ferritic Steels C-Mn Alloys Fe-C-Mn 1100 10/10 Low-Alloy Ferritic Steels Quench and Tempered Steels Cr-Mo Alloys Fe-Cr-Mo 1211 12/05 Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo 1212 12/05 High-Alloy Ferritic Steels High-Strength Alloys 9Ni-4Co Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.20C 1401 01/05 Ferritic Stainless Steels Fe-15Cr 1500 10/06 Duplex Stainless Steels Fe-22Cr-5Ni + Mo 1600 09/08 Semi-Austenitic Stainless Steels Fe-15Cr-7Ni 1700 03/08 Martensitic Stainless Steels Precipitation-Strengthened Fe-Cr-Ni 1810 03/08 Heat Treatable Fe-Cr 1820 06/08 Austenitic Steels 300-Series Stainless Steels Type 304 & 304L Fe-19Cr-10Ni 2101 05/05 Type 316 & 316L Fe-18Cr-12Ni + Mo 2103 03/05 Type 321 & 347 Fe-10Cr-10Ni + Ti/Nb 2104 12/08 Nitrogen-Strengthened Stainless Steels 22-13-5 Fe-22Cr-13Ni-5Mn-2.5Mo + N 2201 01/05 21-6-9 Fe-21Cr-6Ni-9Mn + N 2202 05/05 Precipitation-Strengthened Stainless Steels A-286 Fe-25Ni-15Cr-2Ti-1.5Mn-1.3Mo-0.3V 2301 05/05 Specialty Alloys Fe-Ni-Co Sealing Alloys Fe-28Ni-20Co 2401 10/05 5 CONTENTS (cont.) Designation Nominal composition Section Revision Aluminum Alloys Non-Heat Treatable Alloys Pure Aluminum Al 3101 04/07 Heat Treatable Alloys 2XXX-series Alloys Al-Cu 3210 05/09 7XXX-series Alloys Al-Zn-Mg-Cu 3230 05/09 Copper Alloys Pure Copper Cu 4001 05/06 Nickel Alloys Solid-Solution Alloys Ni-Cr Alloys Ni-Cr-Fe 5110 05/10 Nonmetals Polymers 8100 05/08 6 Technical Reference on Hydrogen Compatibility of Materials Introduction The Technical Reference on Hydrogen Compatibility of Materials summarizes materials data originating from scientific articles and institutional reports with the aim of assisting materials selection for service in hydrogen gas, with emphasis on structural materials. It is compromised of a collection of electronic documents (or sections) that are updated periodically; the latest revisions are available at http://www.ca.sandia.gov/matlsTechRef/ In addition, these documents have been assembled into a report [1] that will be revised occasionally based on substantial overall content change. The data included in the Technical Reference reflect two primary phenomena associated with materials in hydrogen gas service: 1) permeation of hydrogen through materials, resulting in an effective leak through a structure, and 2) degradation of the mechanical properties of materials, which compromises structural integrity. The well-documented degradation phenomena consist of a number of possible mechanisms that we refer to collectively as hydrogen-assisted fracture (in the literature these are often called hydrogen embrittlement). The Technical Reference does not provide specific recommendations for materials selection as the suitability of a given material depends on service conditions, in particular the mechanical, environmental, and material conditions associated with a particular component. Examples of important mechanical, environmental, and material variables that generally contribute to hydrogen-assisted fracture include loading mode (e.g., static vs cyclic stress), hydrogen gas pressure, temperature, and material strength level. It is recommended that safety factors for hydrogen gas systems be established based on materials tests performed under relevant mechanical, environmental, and material conditions without significant extrapolation. For example, mechanical properties measured for a low-strength steel in low-pressure hydrogen gas should not be applied for exposure to high-pressure hydrogen gas or to the same steel in a high-strength condition. It is important to emphasize that engineering systems have been successfully designed for high- pressure hydrogen service, much of this experience is summarized in an ASME report [2]. The Technical Reference is organized by specific alloy (e.g., type 304 austenitic stainless steel) or alloy system (e.g., Cr-Mo steels) according to common and relevant nomenclature. Materials are primarily grouped by base element, such as steels or aluminum alloys, which are further distinguished by characteristics such as microstructure, composition, and heat treatment. A four-digit number (code) is assigned to each section to assist organization and revision: the first digit corresponds to the base element; steels constitute the majority of structural materials, and two distinct broad categories are used: ferritic steels (1xxx code series) and austenitic steels (2xxx code series). The second digit refers to the alloy class, and the final two digits specify the alloy or alloy system. For example, within the ferritic steels (1xxx code series), the low-alloy steels are distinguished by code numbers 12xx. At the alloy system level, the low-alloy steels include the tempered Cr-Mo steels (code 1211) and the tempered Ni-Cr-Mo steels (code 1212). When a section provides information at a level higher than the alloy family, zeros are used, such as code 1500 to designate the broad class of ferritic stainless steels. I -
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