Bulletin of the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management
Issue 82 | December 2013
Countryside Management
In this issue
The Farmed Countryside: Reconstructing Classification Maximising the Benefits Lost Landscapes of Badger Sites for Wildlife Welcome Information
From the President In Practice No. 82, September 2013 Autumn Conference 2013 ISSN 1754-4882 An extremely successful event was held in early November in Southampton with 230 people Editor attending and really excellent presentations. The theme was ‘Ecosystem Services and Rivers – Mr Jason Reeves ([email protected]) A Framework for Action’. The PowerPoint presentations are on the website and the conference report is on pages 44-45. Editorial Board Mr Jonathan Barnes, Mr Matthew Chatfield, AGM 2013 Dr Andrew Cherrill, Mr Dominic Coath, The AGM was held during the Southampton conference with reports from the Governing Board Ms Sally Hayns, Dr William Latimer, and the Secretariat in Winchester. Steve Pullan CEcol CEnv FCIEEM (Treasurer) did his usual Mrs Allison Potts, Mr Paul Rooney, magic with a presentation that enlivened the healthy financial accounts of CIEEM. At the time of Mr Paul Scott, Miss Katrena Stanhope, writing, we have 5,055 members and need you to each persuade at least one more person to join Miss Emma Toovey, Mr Darren Towers so that we can continue to deliver even more, bigger, better and joined-up services for you (to borrow a phrase from John Lawton’s Making Space for Nature). AGM details are on page 37. Opinions expressed by contributors to In Practice are those of the authors Chartered Ecologist and not necessarily supported by the The award of Chartered Ecologist (CEcol) is a new professional standard that will be widely Institute. Readers should seek appropriate recognised and valued. The application process is designed to be thorough, robust and rigorous. professional guidance relevant to their The 21 successful applicants from the first round of applications were ratified by the Governing individual circumstances before following Board in October. The Register of Chartered Ecologists has since opened to Full members who any advice provided herein. wish to become Chartered. There is more information on page 47. Information on advertising, including Awards 2013 rates and deadlines, can be found at The winners of our annual Best Practice and People Awards were announced at the Autumn www.cieem.net. The Institute does not Conference. The awards celebrate individuals, projects and schemes that exemplify best practice, accept responsibility for advertising promote innovation and share knowledge in ecology and environmental management: content or policy of advertisers, nor does The Best Practice Award for outstanding achievement in both the ‘Practical Nature Conservation’ the placement of advertisements within category and the ‘Innovation’ category was presented to Penny Anderson Associates and United In Practice imply support for companies, Utilities for the Sustainable Catchment Management Programme (SCaMP). individuals or their products or services advertised herein. The Outstanding Individual Award – Simon Boulter CEnv MCIEEM, a Principal Consultant at RSK. The New Professional Award – Jessica Batchelor GradCIEEM, a Graduate Ecologist at Arup. CIEEM Office The CIEEM Medal was presented to David Stubbs CEnv FCIEEM in recognition of his outstanding 43 Southgate Street, Winchester, contribution to the development of ecologically sustainable sports facilities and sports event Hampshire, SO23 9EH, UK management, including his role as Head of Sustainability for the London 2012 Olympics. T: 01962 868626 See pages 48-49 for more information on these Awards. E: [email protected] Awards 2014 W: www.cieem.net We have new Awards for 2014. We have the established CIEEM Medal, the Best Practice Awards, the Outstanding Professional Award, and the Promising Professional Award. There are four new In Practice is printed on paper using awards: the NGO Impact Award, the Corporate Achievement Award, the Student Project Awards, 100% post consumer de-inked waste. and the In Practice Award. See pages 50-51 for more details. This is manufactured by an ISO14001, EMAS accredited company. Irish Section Conference © Chartered Institute of Ecology and We have just held a very successful and completely packed out Irish Section conference in Dublin Environmental Management with speakers including Jimmy Deenihan TD (Minister for Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht) and Ciaran O’Keeffe (Director, National Parks and Wildlife Service). Special thanks to Jenny Neff CEnv FCIEEM (Vice President for Ireland), Anne Murray MCIEEM (Irish Section Convenor), and Mairead Stack (Irish Section Coordinator) for helping to organise this event. The report of this conference will appear in the March 2014 edition of In Practice.
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year! John Box CEnv FCIEEM CIEEM President @Johnbox_ecology
2 Contents
The Farmed Countryside - Maximising the Benefits for Wildlife: Classification of badger Land-Sharing and the Opportunities setts Meles meles in the UK: for Functional Agro-Biodiversity A Review and Guidance for Surveyors PG 07 Debbie Bartlett FCIEEM PG 27 Richard Andrews CEnv MCIEEM
Creating and Managing Grassland for NatureSpot: A Web-Based Tool for Breeding Waders on the Lincolnshire Supporting Biological Recording Coastal Grazing Marshes and Mapping Across the Counties Caroline Steel CEnv MCIEEM , of Leicestershire and Rutland Chris Manning CEnv MCIEEM James Calow CEnv MCIEEM, PG 11 and Roger Wardle CEnv PG 32 David Nicholls and Graham Calow
Reconstructing Lost Landscapes as a Tool for Ecologists and Environmental Managers: A Case Study from Huntingdonshire PG 16 Jason Peters PG 48 CIEEM 2013 Awards
A Comparison of the Invertebrate Value of Brownfield Sites with Greenfield Sites and Local Nature Reserves in England and Wales End of an Era? PG 22 Jonty Denton MCIEEM PG 52 Penny Anderson’s Retirement
02 Editorial 35 - Issues in Survey Reliability: Launch of a Survey 03 Contents of CIEEM Members Andrew Cherrill CEnv MCIEEM 04 News in Brief Feature Articles 37 Institute News 07 - The Farmed Countryside - Maximising the Benefits for Wildlife: Land-Sharing and the Opportunities for 39 Section News Functional Agro-Biodiversity 41 Partnership News Debbie Bartlett FCIEEM 11 - Creating and Managing Grassland for Breeding 43 New and Prospective Members Waders on the Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes Internal Articles Caroline Steel CEnv MCIEEM, Chris Manning CEnv 44 - CIEEM Autumn Conference 2013 MCIEEM and Roger Wardle CEnv 16 - Reconstructing Lost Landscapes as a Tool for 47 - The Chartered Ecologist Register Ecologists and Environmental Managers: 48 - CIEEM Awards 2013 A Case Study from Huntingdonshire 52 - End of an Era? Penny Anderson’s Retirement Jason Peters 53 Books and Journals 22 - Classification of badger settsMeles meles in the UK: 57 Diary A Review and Guidance for Surveyors Richard Andrews CEnv MCIEEM 58 Advertisements 27 - Is it Possible to Offset Loss of Habitat in the Marine Environment? Roger Morris CEnv FCIEEM 32 - NatureSpot: A Web-Based Tool for Supporting Biological Recording and Mapping Across the Counties of Leicestershire and Rutland James Calow CEnv MCIEEM, David Nicholls and Graham Calow
3 News in Brief
Defra ministerial appointments Scottish wildlife As a part of the Government Reshuffle on High flying birds at greater crime app launched 7th October 2013, it was announced that risk of collision with offshore An app has been launched that will enable David Heath and Richard Benyon would be wind turbines people to record and report suspected cases of stepping down from their Ministerial roles at New research reveals that most seabirds wildlife crime directly to Police Scotland – but Defra. George Eustice MP and Dan Rogerson fly near the sea surface, avoiding collision only if you have an iPhone. The app allows MP have been appointed as Defra’s new with wind turbines by flying under the users to access basic guidelines on do’s and Ministers. Owen Paterson MP and Lord de blades. Those birds that fly higher above don’ts at a crime scene, and complete an on- Mauley remain in their posts. the sea are at greater risk of collision. screen form to record the suspected wildlife https://www.gov.uk/government/ Building offshore turbines higher crime. Users can also attach two photographs organisations/department-for-environment- above the sea surface, or installing which are automatically tagged with a GPS food-rural-affairs fewer large turbines instead of several reference of the location. The information is smaller turbines, could reduce the then sent to Police Scotland by email. number of collisions. 3rd UK Report on http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/App-lying- Implementation of the http://www.bto.org/news-events/press- the-law-5cf.aspx EU Habitats Directive releases/high-flying-birds-greater-risk- collision-offshore-wind-turbines The UK 2013 Habitats Directive © wildstock.co.uk Reporting (i.e. Article 17 Reporting) is now available on the JNCC website. This includes all of the information and maps submitted to the European Commission, plus various supporting documents and spreadsheets. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-6387
Farmland bird numbers continue to fall The latest official figures on farmland birds released by the UK Government show they are continuing to decline. The Farmland Bird Index – which covers 19 species reliant on the farmed countryside – has seen a five year decline of 8%. Looking back over 40 Mammal Society Research years the long-term decline in farmland birds Hub – Water Vole is 50%, however the decline has slowed in Questionnaire © wildstock.co.uk recent years. The Mammal Society Research Hub http://www.rspb.org.uk/news/355662- supports and champions mammal Bird surveys reveal population farmland-bird-numbers-continue-to-fall research, by providing a platform to changes for mammals share knowledge and information https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ A new study, published in the European with the wider mammal community. wild-bird-populations-in-the-uk Journal of Wildlife Research, looks at the The Research Hub is new and needs first 18 years’ data collected by Breeding submissions. In particular, the hub is Bird Survey volunteers to investigate how looking for submissions on water vole the populations of nine species of common mitigation. UK water vole experts are mammal have changed at national and currently developing a more detailed regional scales during this time. Bird surveyors set of recommendations to complement have given the clearest picture yet of how the existing Conservation Handbook. nine of our common mammal species If you have worked with water voles in are doing. These are grey squirrel, rabbit, a development mitigation capacity please brown hare, mountain hare, red fox, Reeves’ complete the questionnaire. muntjac, red deer, fallow deer and roe deer. The information acquired will be used http://www.bto.org/news-events/press- to inform the production of the releases/bird-surveys-reveal-population- updated guidelines. © wildstock.co.uk changes-mammals http://www.mammal.org.uk/research_hub
4 Environmental Audit Committee say biodiversity offsetting Largest lake in Britain proposal too simplistic and Ireland has lost three quarters of winter water birds Government plans to introduce a system of biodiversity offsetting for new building The largest lake in Britain and Ireland, developments could enhance the way the Lough Neagh, has lost more than three planning system accounts for the damage quarters of its overwintering water birds done to valuable natural habitats, but the according to researchers at Queen’s © wildstock.co.uk proposals must be improved to properly University Belfast. The study by Quercus, protect Britain’s wildlife and woodlands. Northern Ireland’s Centre for Biodiversity Natural England’s Revised Following an inquiry the Environmental and Conservation Science, found the Standing Advice for European Audit Committee has published its report number of diving ducks migrating to the Protected Species on biodiversity offsetting. It says that the lake for the winter months has dropped Government’s Green Paper does not provide Local Planning Authorities (LPAs) and from 100,000 to less than 21,000 in an evidence based analysis of how offsetting developers will no longer have to wait for the space of a decade. The research, would deliver “biodiversity gain”. 21 days for advice from Natural England on published in the journal Freshwater wildlife species covered by European law. The Biology, found the ecosystem of the http://www.parliament.uk/business/ latest improvements follow a wide-ranging lake has dramatically changed since committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/ review that Natural England has been carrying 2000/01 leading to a huge decline in the environmental-audit-committee/news/ © Sean Hathaway out to look at how standing advice can be numbers of insects and snails living at biodiversity-offsetting-report-published/ used more widely to help reduce red-tape for the bottom of the lake. This combined LPAs, which has included carrying out pilots with the effects of global climate change Natural England’s refreshed in the summer with Cornwall County Council dramatically affected the numbers of Improvement Plan and 60 authorities in the South East. By migratory and overwintering water birds, Improving the efficiency of regulation having access to standing advice on European a feature for which the lake is designated to allow businesses to make significant Protected Species (EPS) on its website, LPAs a Special Protection Area. savings is a key commitment in Natural and developers will be able to consult Natural http://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/Quercus/ England less often. The species covered by the England’s refreshed Improvement Plan. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ new approach are bats, great crested newts, The Improvement Plan document responds doi/10.1111/fwb.12261/abstract to what customers have been asking for, dormice, freshwater fish, higher and lower including improved consistency in advice plants, invertebrates, natterjack toads, otters, and casework handling, ease of contact, sand lizards and smooth snakes. Natural Up-to-date knowledge must be better sharing of data and giving advice England will continue to provide bespoke used to assess policy objectives earlier in the planning process. advice in situations not covered by the The most up-to-date knowledge and data standing advice or where a proposal is likely to http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ must be used to assess policy objectives, result in significant harm. It will also continue ourwork/regulation/betterregulation/ new research confirms. Studying air pollution to provide bespoke responses to applications improvementplanrefreshfeature.aspx environmental quality targets set by the which may affect an SSSI, SAC, SPA or Ramsar National Emission Ceilings (NEC) Directive, a Site. Natural England’s approach to Nationally new study has shown that if 2001 data are Bird turbine collision reporting Significant Infrastructure Projects (NSIPs) and used to assess progress, most such targets A new email reporting system has been to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) appear to have been met. However, more launched by Scottish Natural Heritage consultations will remain unaffected by recent and accurate data show that this may (SNH) to make it easier for people to report the changes. not be the case. potential bird strikes at wind turbines. http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/about_us/ http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/ Recent high-profile media reports have news/2013/221013a.aspx research/newsalert/pdf/347na4.pdf highlighted cases in which birds have been killed following strikes with wind turbines, such as the white-throated needletailed New Government figures swift and several raptor collisions. Now SNH chart decline of UK wildlife has moved to make the reporting process simpler by creating a new email address Wildlife groups have welcomed the [email protected] to allow publication of new official statistics charting people to pass on information. SNH is the state of a range of threatened species looking for information such as location in the UK. The Government has unveiled a grid reference (where possible), date, time, new indicator for priority species. The official weather, the condition of the bird; species statistic uses records dating back 40 years (if unknown then a description or photo), for 210 native species, including birds, bats, and contact details. moths, butterflies, hares and dormice, to build a picture of the health of our wildlife. www.snh.gov.uk/planning-and-development/ The figures show that priority species have renewable-energy/onshore-wind/windfarm- declined on average by 58% since 1970. impacts-on-birds-guidance/ © Debbie Bartlett http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4238
5 News in Brief
Northern Ireland public IUCN revises guidelines on ‘most realistic’ about the Drainage tunnels provide protected area management state of nature safe road crossings for categories People in Northern Ireland are more aware wildlife The International Union for Conservation of the threats facing nature than anywhere Drainage tunnels running under roads of Nature (IUCN) has published a revised else in the UK, according to a recent survey can provide small animals with safe version of its Guidelines for Applying carried out by the RSPB and property website road crossings, mitigating habitat Protected Area Management Categories, Rightmove. More than 1,500 people across fragmentation, a new study has which is meant to support the consistency the UK were asked a series of questions confirmed. The researchers suggest of reporting by international bodies and relating to gardens and garden wildlife in a that the tunnel design can be further national governments on protected areas bid to get an insight into people’s improved to aid animal movements, across a variety of indicators. The Guidelines knowledge and interest in garden wildlife for example, by providing dry ledges to are a benchmark for defining, recording and following the launch of the RSPB’s ‘Giving ensure the routes are still available in classifying protected areas worldwide. In Nature a Home’ campaign. When asked how times of high rainfall. this reprint of the 2008 categories, there is a they would rate the state of wildlife in the http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ new section on Recognizing Protected Areas UK, almost a quarter of people in Northern integration/research/newsalert/ and Assigning Management Categories and Ireland rated it a five – meaning they believe pdf/348na1.pdf Governance Types, drawing on global best it’s ‘barely surviving’. practices and extensive consultations. The http://www.rspb.org.uk/news/356892- guidelines also include an assessment of the CITES announces electronic effectiveness of IUCN categories, an overview northern-ireland-public-most-realistic-about- species checklist the-state-of-nature?utm_source=rss&utm_ of international conservation initiatives, and medium=feed&utm_campaign=News The Secretariat of the Convention on consideration of special applications of the International Trade in Endangered Species of guidelines to different ecosystems. Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has announced https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_ New tool to assess the availability of an electronic ‘Checklist assignment.pdf effects of global change of CITES Species,’ where users can create on water resources a customized species list from scientific or Water resource management needs common species names as well as CITES to adapt to changes in climate, water Appendices, countries or regions. The ease demand and land use. A new tool has of access to and refinement of Checklist data been developed by the LIFE+ Water are meant to enable CITES Parties to better Change Project to assess these ‘global ensure legal and sustainable trade in wildlife. change’ impacts on water resources and http://www.cites.org/eng/news/ inform decisions on optimal adaptation sundry/2013/20131030_checklist.php strategies. A recent study has applied the tool to a river basin in Spain. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ integration/research/newsalert/pdf/ 43si1.pdf
Offshore wind farm construction noise can displace harbour porpoises Noise caused by construction of Germany’s first offshore wind farm caused significant habitat disturbance for harbour porpoises, according to a recent study. Its results suggest that porpoises avoided areas up to 20km from the noise source during construction of the wind farm’s foundations. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/ research/newsalert/pdf/348na3.pdf
© RES Group
6 Feature Article: The Farmed Countryside – Maximising the Benefits for Wildlife
Elmley National Nature Reserve, managed for cattle and wildlife
areas, but as a component of the The Farmed working countryside. Focusing on the delivery of environmental benefits from economically Countryside – viable land management has been an increasingly important Maximising the part of Common Agricultural Policy support, particularly the Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) Benefits for Wildlife scheme, as well as the woodland grant schemes. About 76% of the UK land area is Land-Sharing and 1 classified as farmland so the majority of the countryside, including many existing protected areas, is managed by farmers. The the Opportunities lack of closer integration between farming and conservation professionals has always been a mystery to me (and before I get a for Functional torrent of email abuse I know lots of you are fantastic at this!). Many – if not most – of our valued priority habitats were created Agro-Biodiversity by past economically viable agricultural practices and the best way to maintain them is to continue this; the best people to Debbie Bartlett FCIEEM do this are farmers. This goes for woodland Environmental Consultant and University of Greenwich management too, with the traditional management of coppicing still practiced, particularly in the south and southeast of The Lawton report, commonly management, and spawned England, benefiting some valued woodland summarised as “more, bigger, pilot Nature Improvement Areas. species. It is still economically viable and, The policy framework is clearly for chestnut in particular, there is strong better and joined”, and the market demand. Those making a living Natural Environment White steering us firmly down the land- from practical woodland management Paper The Natural Choice have sharing, rather than land-sparing are highly skilled specialists. Many know route, away from managing for far more about the habits of woodland emphasized the importance of birds, butterflies and dormice, than can be landscape-scale planning and wildlife in discrete protected gleaned from a one-off survey visit. 7 Feature Article: The Farmed Countryside – Maximising the Benefits for Wildlife(contd)
There are many examples of good practice problematic (but certainly raises awareness but it does open the door to wholesale with ecologists working in partnership of ecology and, more than likely, increases revisiting of alternative approaches. with those who actually manage the resentment among some land managers). Integrated pest management (IPM) countryside but there is still an ‘us and The EU Pesticides Framework Directive and the wider focused integrated crop them’ situation. While many farmers are 2009/128/EC3, which came into law in management (ICM) have been around for genuinely interested in wildlife and want November 2009, aims to reduce the risks a long time, practiced to variable extent, to minimise any adverse effects, they and impacts on human health and the and with neonicotinoid seed dressings a are under increasing pressure. Making environment resulting from pesticide common component of both. For IPM/ICM a living, particularly for small farmers, use, and to promote alternative pest to be really effective requires that farmers is hard; supermarkets and bulk buyers management methods. Commonly referred understand the agro-ecological processes control food prices, and input prices go to as the Sustainable Use Directive (or SUD) in their fields and for them to make ever upwards. Food security is an emerging this requires all Member States to set out decisions in this context. global threat and the current policy driver National Action Plans for achieving this. The four routes to comply with the SUD and is for ‘sustainable intensification’, a phrase The UK plan was published in February find alternatives to using neonicotinoids Julian Hosking’s2 has suggested modifying 20134. While this has been critisised for not are development of new generation to ‘optimal maximisation’ to reflect going far enough, particularly regarding pesticides, using bio-pesticides, moving the genuine sustainability realistically neonicotinoid (or neonic) pesticides and from conventional to organic farming achievable in differing situations. Sparing the link to pollinator deaths, this is closely and natural pest control. The last two are land to be managed specifically for related to Government policy to make the based on taking ecological approaches wildlife will always be important for some food and farming industry more competitive to reducing the problem at source rather particularly rare specialist species and there while protecting the environment. The than dealing with it when it arrives or, are many reserves protected by private or emphasis is on efficiency to increase food as has been the case with neonicotinoid NGO ownership. There are going to be production for economic growth5. Use seed dressing, taking insurance measures some significant gains as we try to adapt of most neonicotinoid pesticides was to prevent it occurring. Examples of pest to environmental change by developing suspended in April 2013 for two years suppressive agricultural practice, based flood storage areas, increasing wetland starting on 1st December 2013, a ruling that on understanding the relationships and habitat. However this drive for production will be effective across the whole of the EU. interactions between species, are well will be another factor increasing the established and include ‘beetle banks’ pressure for land (without even mentioning This is not likely to be widely popular, and to encourage predators, and pollen and development). So the challenge is for us our UK representatives voted against this nectar strips to attract pollinators. While in to work more closely with farmers and ban. These chemicals were widely used as woodland managers to understand how seed dressing resulting in systemic effects Bangladesh a few years ago the Zoology benefits for both wildlife and commercial post-germination and during plant growth. Department of Dhaka University was production can be combined, not As this reduced the need to spray, the successfully encouraging a return to the forgetting the need for viable livelihoods advantage in both time and money is clear traditional practice of placing perches for for both ecologists and on the ground environmental managers. This lies at the heart of an ecosystem service approach and is the underlying rationale for some important opportunities emerging at the European level. These provide further impetus to explore – and exploit – the potential for what is increasingly being known as ‘agro-ecology’ or ‘functional agro- biodiversity’ (FAB). These are briefly reviewed below. At the time of writing the details of the proposals to reform the Common Agricultural Policy are still being clarified but three ‘greening’ measures have been established, requiring farmers to establish ecological focus areas, maintain existing permanent grassland, and to encouraging them to grow a diverse range of crops. Establishing what constitutes an ‘ecological focus area’ that is applicable Black drongo on perch provided by the farmer. Photo by Ashrufun Nessa, Mawlana Bhashani across the whole of the EU is bound to be University, Bangladesh 8 insect eating birds, such as the black drongo landscape elements that actively underpin biodiversity knowledge holders and users Dicrurus macrocercus, in rice paddies as an the ecosystem services that support across Europe. My involvement has been alternative to pesticide use. These were then agricultural production and farmers’ with the agriculture and biodiversity test removed as the grain ripened to reduce livelihoods as well as the environment and case but this initiative is also considering accessibility for seed eaters. wider countryside (e.g. Bianchi et al. 2013). conservation and the marine environment. I cannot see this catching on in the UK Flowering field margin options, as in The approach is based on a question, but there are similar aspects of traditional Stewardship Schemes, are more likely to be framed after discussions with the European knowledge that can – and are – being effective if these are specifically developed Commission DG Environment and DG tested for effectiveness. Biological control to provide multiple benefits to fit in with Agriculture, put to the Network. The is big business, particularly in glasshouses crop regimes, soil and climate conditions, wording of this is: and using earwig shelters in orchards to and management needs, and that support “Which types of landscape/habitat reduce wooly aphids is becoming well sustainable production. Researchers in the management are effective at maintaining established; I’m keen to promote bat Netherlands and the UK have compiled a or restoring populations of natural pest conservation to farmers on grounds of comprehensive database aimed to provide control agents?” pest control (and it might counteract some this tailored approach, bringing together This is being tackled firstly by systematic of the existing negativity). The European information on over 100 plant species, literature review, combining the Learning Network on Functional Agro- and rating them against 14 criteria. These Collaboration for Environmental Evidence Biodiversity (ELNFAB) is promoting these include suitability to support predators, approach8 developed from Bangor approaches, with FAB defined as: parasitoids and pollinators as well as University with the Synopsis of Evidence flowering time, plant growth type, native “Biodiversity at the scale of agricultural Initiative9 based at the University of range, climate and soil requirements, and fields or landscapes, which provides Cambridge. A huge quantity of published seed cost. The potential negative effects, ecosystem services that support sustainable material will need to be synthesised into a such as for weeds and harbouring pests agricultural production and can also have a form that is suitable for communication to positive spin-off to the regional and global or crop diseases are also considered. This the practical land managers, or ‘biodiversity environment and society as a whole.” database provides a unique tool allowing users’ (as they are referred to by the (ELNFAB 2010) site and crop-specific elements to optimise NoK). This ‘knowledge’ will need to be pest control and pollination services6 This is not the same as biodiversity tested and perhaps the greatest challenge (ELNFAB 2012). conservation as we know it, which is to acquire information from the land acknowledges the intrinsic value of the Another European initiative focusing on managers about what works for them natural world and tends to concentrate this area is the Biodiversity Knowledge and integrating this with the published 7 effort on specific species, usually because Network (NoK) set up to bring together material. Please do get involved – the NoK they are rare or endangered, rather than the experience of both practitioners and really does need input from ecologists and because of their role in the ecosystem. researchers and, importantly, to ensure environmental managers – the middle FAB focuses on those organisms and effective flow of information between ground between academic research and farmers/woodland workers. A third emerging theme is agricultural biodiversity, often forgotten but likely to be increasingly important in our changing environment. The Convention on Biological Diversity set Biodiversity Targets at the Aichi summit with Target 13 stating: “By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity”10. At European level this is defined as: “… all components of biological diversity of relevance for food and agriculture, and FAB field margin. all components of biological diversity that Photo by Paul van de Sande constitutes the agro-ecosystem”11. 9 Feature Article: The Farmed Countryside – Maximising the Benefits for Wildlife(contd)
Agricultural production is currently dependent on very few species and breeding for specific traits, the merging of seed companies and wider distribution networks have all combined to reduce diversity of plants grown and the loss of older, locally adapted varieties. CIEEM’s South East England Section AGM was held at the Millennium Seed Bank and we learnt about the Wild Crop Plant Relative project12, with seeds being collected and stored that may well prove important to breed in resilience to novel pests and diseases as well as to climate change. Similarly traditional, local (often called ‘rare’) breeds of livestock, Elmley National Nature Reserve, managed for cattle and wildlife may prove a vital genetic resource enabling production to be maintained. This is integrated, adaptable, management plans Acknowledgements endorsed in the current Biodiversity Strategy that can deliver livelihoods, food and for the European Union entitled Our With thanks to Julian Hosking, and Ben wildlife, the ecosystem services on which Delbaere and Veronika Mikos of the life insurance, our natural capital: an EU we all depend. biodiversity strategy to 202013. This includes European Centre for Nature Conservation, a vision for 2050 focused on the ecosystem for constructive comments on the text. services provided by the ‘natural capital’ but also refers directly to the intrinsic Notes References value of biodiversity, a relief I suspect to 1 DEFRA (2011) https://www.gov.uk/ Bianchi, F.J.J.A., Mikos, V., Brussaard, L., many. Action 10 of the implementation government/publications/agriculture-in-the- Delbaere, B. and Pulleman, M.M. (2013). plan is to conserve Europe’s agricultural united-kingdom-2011 Opportunities and limitations for functional genetic diversity and, in addition to this agrobiodiversity in the European context. 2 during a presentation to the Linnean and Environmental Science and Policy, 27: 223–231. being incorporated into agri-environmental Systematic Societies, 18/4/13 measures (presumably an addition to be Defra (2011). Biodiversity 2020: A Strategy 3 DIRECTIVE 2009/128/EC OF THE EUROPEAN included in the revisions) member states for England’s Wildlife and Ecosystem PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 21st Services. are encouraged to develop strategies to October 2009 establishing a framework for ELNFAB (2012). Functional agrobiodiversity: conserve this aspect of biodiversity, the Community action to achieve the sustainable Nature serving Europe’s farmers. ECNC- use of pesticides. transposed in the UK by the ‘tame’ as well as the ‘wild’. This is reflected European Centre for Nature Conservation, Plant Protection Products (Sustainable Use) in the UK Strategy which identifies the Tilburg, the Netherlands. Regulations 2012 (the PPP (SU) Regulations need for targeted action to conserve 2012; SI 2012 No’ 1657 de Snoo, G.R., Herzon, I., Staats, H., Burton, agricultural genetic diversity in cultivated R.J.F., Schindler, S., van Dijk, J., Lokhorst, A.M., 4 available at https://www.gov.uk/government/ plants, farmed animals and wild relatives Bullock, J.M., Lobley, M., Wrbka, T., Schwarz, publications/pesticides-uk-national-action-plan (Defra 2011, section 2.4). The elephant in G. and Musters, C.J.M. (2013). Toward effective nature conservation on farmland: making the room is, as always, economics. While 5 see https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/ making-the-food-and-farming-industry-more- farmers matter. Conservation Letters, the idea of maintaining a wide gene pool is 6: 66–72. competitive-while-protecting-the-environment obviously sound it is undeniable that the old cattle breeds just do not produce as much 6 For case studies and examples see http://www.eln-fab.eu/uploads/ELN_FAB_ milk, it has a higher fat content, the beef publication_small.pdf About the Author cattle have less of the high value cuts, and 7 See http://www.biodiversityknowledge.eu/ Dr Debbie Bartlett CMLI FCIEEM combines chickens, although decorative, do not lay as landscape architecture, ecology and rural 8 See www.environmentalevidence.org many eggs. development consultancy with her role Biodiversity and agricultural production 9 See www.conservationevidence.org as Principal Lecturer in Environmental are so closely interlinked that it is – or Conservation at the University of 10 See http://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/ Greenwich. She is the programme should be – impossible to consider them 11 See http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/envir/ leader for the CIEEM accredited MSc separately. Our landscape is the product biodiv/ in Environmental Conservation and her of millennia of productive management research focus is on integration of nature and our food is derived from naturally 12 See http://www.kew.org/news/msbp- conservation with forestry and farming adapting-agriculture-to-climate-change.htm occurring plants and animals. Maintaining both in the UK and overseas. the countryside we value will increasingly 13 Available at http://ec.europa.eu/ Contact Debbie at: depend on our working hand-in-hand environment/nature/biodiversity/policy/ [email protected] with commercial agriculture to develop 10 Feature Article: Creating and Managing Grassland for Breeding Waders on the Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes
Creating and Managing Grassland for Breeding Waders on the Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes Caroline Steel CEnv MCIEEM Chris Manning CEnv MCIEEM Roger Wardle CEnv Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust Lindsey Marsh Drainage Board Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes Project
Introduction A three-year study tussock density is important to breeding then on, highly efficient pumps have been into the reasons for success. On fertile sites, the grazing installed and the emphasis has switched success in attracting intensity prescribed in agri-environment from provision of additional water for breeding waders to sites schemes may not be sufficient to achieve summer grazing to drainage to improve converted from arable the optimum sward height. arable productivity. Inflow of water from land to grassland in the The findings of this study should make main rivers ceased in the 1970s, however Lincolnshire Coastal a useful contribution to design of new a legacy is the current practice of slightly Grazing Marshes (LCGM) has produced environmental land management schemes raising water levels in Internal Drainage results with wide-ranging applications. and their indicators of success. Board watercourses over the summer The low permeability soils and substrates months for environmental reasons. in this area limit lateral groundwater Background Concern over the changing landscape, movement to such an extent that wetness The Lincolnshire Coast and Marshes with loss of grassland and the bird life of a site depends almost entirely on how National Character Area runs from the it supports, led to the formation of successfully water can be retained on Humber to the Wash. The two estuaries the LCGM partnership in 2004. The the surface, often perched above the are designated European Marine Sites partnership’s vision is: groundwater level. The level of water in and are of particular importance for surrounding ditches has little effect. the populations of birds they support, “The Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marsh will once again have extensive grassland Site design is critical. As a result of the including significant assemblages of landscapes rich in wildlife, intersected by a low permeability of the soils, it is possible wading birds. distinctive pattern of water courses. Within to create scrapes from which water will Lying between the Lincolnshire Wolds and this landscape, pastoral farming thrives and gradually evaporate and which will be the North Sea is the coastal plain known local communities have a high quality of topped up effectively following rainfall. as the LCGM. Remnants of historical life. The area is attractive to local people Linear channels, similar to historic patterns management are the fine examples and visitors, with year round opportunities of ridge and furrow, provide a greater of ridge and furrow grassland, which to experience the natural and historic length of margin with soft ground suitable demonstrate a long history of mixed environment through improved access, for waders to feed than do rounder scrapes farming. However, until the mid-20th helping to develop and sustain a vibrant and pools. century, grassland predominated. rural economy.” (LCGM 2006) The ability of a site to retain water is also Water levels within the marshes have Since 2004, the partnership has gained critical and this requires effective sealing been managed for centuries. Sluices and of the field drains which enhanced the staunches allowed movement of water funding for research and provision of previous arable land use. Although it from the raised main rivers into networks advice to farmers, culminating in a might be difficult to find all old drains. of ditches. The water stimulated grass Landscape Partnership grant from the If any continue to operate, retaining growth, was used by livestock for drinking, Heritage Lottery Fund for a £1.7 million water in scrapes and other surface and the ditches acted as wet fences. The project that started in the autumn of 2011. features is problematical. first pumps were installed in the 1850s at Although the LCGM were not selected as Site management, particularly grazing Gayton Engine, but the modern era began one of the early Environmentally Sensitive levels, is also critical as sward height and after the 1953 east coast floods. From Areas, incentives to maintain, restore or 11 Feature Article: Creating and Managing Grassland for Breeding Waders on the Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes (contd)
create grazing marsh have been available In addition, concern was also being • water levels on the sites and in the since the 1990s. One arable reversion expressed that measures taken to create surrounding drains; site, supported through the Countryside wet grassland for waders were not always • soil hardness; Stewardship Scheme, is of particular successful and questions were being asked • rainfall; interest, with peak numbers exceeding two about value for money. As a result of these pairs of breeding waders per hectare and concerns, Natural England supported a • vegetation height and composition; and supporting the largest concentration of research programme; funded through • use of sites by birds, particularly breeding lapwing in the county. the HLS scheme and undertaken by JBA target species. Consulting between 2009 and 2012. When Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) was The study sites introduced in 2005, evidence supplied by The scope of the study The four sites – Saltfleetby, Bratoft, Middle the partnership supported inclusion of The JBA study focused on three recently Marsh and Control – are all underlain by the Lincolnshire Coast as a Target Area established wet grassland creation sites, relatively impermeable clay soils. The three for breeding and wintering waders and two of which were perceived to be reversion sites differ in their design (i.e. wildfowl. Introduction of HLS resulted in ‘successful’ while anecdotal evidence the means by which they were expected more funding being allocated for ‘creation suggested that the third was not attracting to hold water). Earth movement at the of wet grassland for waders’ which, in this wetland birds to the same extent. A control Saltfleetby site created features which locality, can be interpreted as restoration or site on arable land was also included. The can be described as wader scrapes with creation of functioning grazing marsh. study was designed to identify the reasons scattered rounded pools; within the Bratoft Concerns over allocation of resources for success and to understand and explain and Middle Marsh sites a ridge and furrow to re-establishment of grazing marsh the causes of any identified differences. pattern was created with linear channels, The Lindsey Marsh Drainage Board, the The findings were expected to inform scrapes and pools. The linear channel main Internal Drainage Board operating in design of future projects and assess any design collects surface run-off effectively the area, had concerns over the impact of changes to flood risk. and maintains an extensive wet margin. large areas of new grazing marsh on the Monitoring studies were undertaken on all The Natural England Indicators of Success function of catchments. Raised water levels the sites between 2009 and 2012 to look for the sites differed, but the critical issue have the potential to increase flood risk. at the following parameters: was whether the sites were sufficiently
Saltfleetby Bratoft Middle Marsh Control Figure 1 Figure 2 Size 100ha 23ha 72.5ha 21ha General description Flat, low-lying pasture Flat, low-lying pasture Flat, low-lying pasture Two fields of arable land, c.1km from coast at 7.2km from the coast 3.6km from the coast c.1km from the coast Saltfleet (Humber (The Wash and North (The Wash and North at Saltfleet (Humber Estuary Natura Norfolk Coast Natura Norfolk Coast Natura Estuary Natura 2000 Site) 2000 Site) 2000 Site) 2000 Site). Scheme type HLS CSS HLS N/a Timing of preparatory May-Oct 2007 Oct 2003 – May 2004 2007 – March 2008 N/a earth works Description of Creation of wader Creation of a ridge Creation of a ridge N/a earth works scrapes, ranging from and furrow pattern and furrow pattern small rounded ones to containing 18 long containing long linear several elongated larger linear channels/scrapes channels/ scrapes and scrapes (maximum in a grid and additional additional pools. The length 70m), in a pools. Land drains were scrapes differ from those relatively ad hoc sealed and concrete at Bratoft by being arrangement. Field sluices fitted to retain connected in a tiered drains were blocked, but water on site. system, with 15 discrete some remained intact, hydrological units, allowing continued connected to a central drainage of the upper water channel to direct layers of soil and the and control discharges scrapes contained through two outflow within them. weirs. Land drains were sealed.
12 Figure 1. The 100ha Saltfleetby study site on 23rd April 2013, showing scrapes and pools. Not all of these are holding water, primarily because unsealed field drains remain. Saltfleetby - Theddlethorpe Dunes NNR and the Humber Estuary Natura 2000 site lie beyond the study site (within 1km). Photo by © R. Wardle
Figure 2. The 72.5ha Middle Marsh study site on 23rd April 2013, showing the network of linear channels, scrapes and pools within 15 discrete hy- drological units. The surface features, with extensive damp margins, are holding water effectively. The Wash and North Norfolk Coast Natura 2000 site can be seen in the distance (closest point 3.6km). Photo by © R. Wardle wet to attract and retain breeding gauge boards, stilling wells and rain gauge Key findings wetland birds. The sites had the following monitoring arrays which collected data Hydrology. The sites are all mostly main features: over a three-year period. underlain by low permeability clay or silty clay salt marsh and tidal creek deposits, Outline of the Studies Soil hardness (as a proxy for ability of beaks of wading birds to penetrate the soil to which limit the rate of lateral groundwater The hydrological elements of the study movement. The hydrological conceptual feed) was measured using a penetrometer. aimed to produce conceptual models to models (see Figure 3) revealed the Rain gauges were used to measure rainfall. understand how water moves through the following key points: Vegetation was monitored in fixed sites and produces (or does not produce) • Because the soil and substrate limits suitable habitat conditions for the target quadrats. Bird numbers were monitored lateral movement, water levels in bird species. This work involved desk using a series of point counts and drainage channels have little influence studies, site walk-overs, hand auguring, transects (recording from vehicles to on groundwater levels within the sites creation of boreholes, and installation of avoid disturbance). (except very close to channels). 13 Feature Article: Creating and Managing Grassland for Breeding Waders on the Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes (contd)
In comparing the Saltfleetby and Control sites, there was no statistical difference between the numbers of lapwing, Figure 3. Schematic cross- redshank and snipe. section across an arable reversion site illustrating Duck records for mallard, teal and wigeon how water levels in on all four sites were also analysed. The external drains have little results showed that there were significantly effect on groundwater more of these species at Bratoft and level. In summer, evapo- Middle Marsh than at Saltfleetby. transporation causes groundwater levels to drop. Scheme design Recharge is primarily from rainfall. © JBA Consulting Because of the low permeability of the substrate, scheme design and earth works are particularly important in terms of the ability of a site to capture and hold water on the surface. Suitably wet conditions for target species cannot be achieved effectively by raising external ditch water levels. Key points for success were: • Evapo-transpiration and recharge would not breed successfully. Shortly after • The ability to collect rainfall run-off within (primarily rainfall) are the main factors the augmentation, a very wet spring and surface features, retain it within these controlling groundwater levels. summer commenced (recorded rainfall in scrapes and pools and maintain a long wet • Groundwater levels only require small April and June at Saltfleetby were 195% margin through a range of water levels. amounts of recharge to rise significantly and 264% above the average respectively). • The most effective design is a linear because of the low specific yield of Despite the atypical records over the study channel (ridge and furrow) pattern the clay. period, it was possible to draw with scrapes (and pools) with a good strong conclusions. catchment-size to scrape-size ratio. Vegetation. The results showed that the This creates and maintains a long wet Flood risk. Multiple factors influence swards across the three study sites were margin due to its shape and cross section, peak discharges and the report included fairly similar, being mainly MG6 and MG7 whether full or nearly empty. discussion of changes in run-off path type grasslands. The classification did not • The creation of long margins through a length, changes in overall storage due to change much during the recording period, range of different water levels is important scrapes and the degree to which those however, there were small-scale changes in creating and retaining suitable habitat scrapes are at capacity (i.e. amount of on an annual basis, probably related to throughout the wader breeding period. storage available). The way in which variations in grazing pressure and individual wetland reversion schemes affect • The best scrapes were created in very weather conditions. the catchment drainage network, and low permeability ground. Where scrapes thus flood risk, will vary depending on the Birds. The JBA study demonstrated that (and pools) were created in sandy clays design of the scheme and, to some degree, three target species – lapwing, redshank (e.g. parts of Middle Marsh) or where and snipe – were present in statistically there were effective field drains (e.g. the position in the catchment. significant greater numbers throughout parts of Saltfleetby), water within scrapes Soil hardness. Except within scrapes the three years of the study on the Bratoft was more easily lost to the surrounding where there was standing water, no site and Middle Marsh (ridge and furrow) ground. Where scrapes were in very had soil damp enough for a six-inch nail sites compared with the Saltfleetby and low permeability ground, water levels in to be pushed into the ground with ease Control sites. Lapwing and redshank bred the scrapes could be perched above the st th between 1 April and 30 June as in significant numbers on the Bratoft and surrounding groundwater levels, allowing specified as a positive indicator in current Middle Marsh sites, along with avocet. them to survive longer into the water HLS agreements. There were no breeding records for any budget deficit period. Rainfall. The study period coincided of these species on the Saltfleetby and • The nature of the groundwater response with a period of climatically atypical, Control sites throughout the three-year to recharge and to water levels within below average rainfall at all four sites. study. Further recording in 2013 found external drains was changed significantly The continuing dry conditions led to snipe breeding on the Middle Marsh site, by the presence of effective field drains. the decision in spring 2012 to abstract bringing the total of breeding wader These acted to quickly drain the upper water from adjacent watercourses (under species to seven. For curlew, a non- layer of the clay (providing water levels licence) to fill the low-lying areas of breeding wader species, there was no in the external drains created a suitable the grassland sites. Without this it was statistical difference across the sites during hydraulic gradient). considered that some key wetland birds the JBA study. 14 The findings of this work are likely to be experience shows that on nutrient rich applicable to other wet grassland areas former-arable and intensive grassland References with similar soil types (low permeability sites these guidelines need adjustment. Beintema, A.J. and Muskens, G.J.D.M. (1987). soils and substrates). A better measure of the correct stocking Nesting Success of Birds Breeding in Dutch Agricultural Grasslands. Journal of Applied The bird surveys demonstrate that in rate would be sward height, especially Ecology, 24: 748-758. from early-March to late-May. Sites vary terms of attracting target species to breed Hart, J.D., Milsom, T.P., Baxter, A., Kelly, P.F. and and meeting Environmental Stewardship as do seasons, but for the target species Parkin, W.K. (2002). The impact of livestock on Indicators of Success, the Bratoft and in this study (particularly lapwing and Lapwing Vanellus vanellus breeding densities and redshank) a short sward with occasional performance on coastal grazing marsh. Middle Marsh sites have been significantly Bird Study, 49: 67-78. more successful than the Saltfleetby or tussocks appears to produce conditions suitable for successful breeding. To achieve JBA Consulting (2013). Lincolnshire Control sites. The reasons for this revolve Grazing Marshes HLS Special Project Study. around the dryness of the Saltfleetby site this, stocking rates up to 2LU/ha may be www.lincsmarshes.org.uk/farming required on some sites. resulting primarily from continued drainage Jones, A., Manning, C. and Sheehan, K. (2011). of the upper soil zone and scrapes as field Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes – Impacts Indicators of Success drains remained functional. It is anticipated of Wet Grassland on Catchments. ADA Gazette, Spring 2011. that implementation of improvements In light of the results of the hydrological suggested by these studies would result conceptualisation of the sites, the Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes suitability of the Higher Level Stewardship Partnership (2006). Vision Statement. in the Saltfleetby site being colonised by www.lincsmarshes.org.uk breeding waders. Scheme (HLS) Indicators of Success for HK13 -Creation of wet grassland for Manning, C., Quigley, A., Shilling, M., Steel, C., Site management Tarttelin, M., Wardle, R. and Williams, J. (2008). breeding waders have been reviewed. This Water Level Management Study. The Grazing management is also critical to review showed that some indicators appear Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes Project. successful breeding by waders. Literature to be based on the concept that conditions www.lincsmarshes.org.uk/about-the-project reviews (e.g. Hart et al. 2002) suggest for target species will be created through that grazing by livestock throughout a general raising of groundwater levels the breeding season at low densities – across a site. However, suitable conditions 0.2-0.5 livestock units per hectare (LU/ were created on the best sites within the ha) – appeared to maintain the sward study through the collection of run-off into and resulted in few nest losses through linear scrapes. About the Authors trampling. Beintema and Muskens’ (1987) With limited lateral groundwater Caroline Steel is Head of Conservation for model shows that a stocking rate of movement, soft soil is confined to scrapes Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust and has a strong 0.5LU/ha will allow a hatching success and their fringes. The penetrometer test interest in taking forward action to deliver Living Landscapes. of between 80% and 90% for lapwing, indicator, developed for peat soils, is around 70% for oystercatcher and close to unsuitable for low permeability clay sites. Contact Caroline at: 90% for redshank. Assessments presented in the study report [email protected] Not surprisingly, current HLS agreements should be informing the development of Chris J. Manning is Environmental Officer specify low stocking densities of 0.75LU/ indicators for new environmental land for the Water Management Consortium of Internal Drainage Boards. Lindsey ha during the breeding season, yet local management schemes. Marsh Drainage Board provides advice and consents for the water level management aspects of the project. Contact Chris at: [email protected] Roger Wardle is Project Officer for Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes (part-time) and an independent environmental consultant. He has pioneered the design of wet grassland schemes based on the ‘ridge and furrow’ system. Contact Roger at: [email protected] All three authors have been involved in the Lincolnshire Coastal Grazing Marshes Project since its early days and both Lindsey Marsh Drainage Board and Lincolnshire Figure 4. The Middle Marsh study site showing linear channels in a ‘ridge and furrow’ pattern. Wildlife Trust belong to the partnership. As water levels drop, the channels retain a long ‘edge’ with soft soil conditions suitable for waders to feed. Cattle maintain a sward height suitable to attract birds in spring and provide the conditions for nesting. Photo by © R. Wardle 15 Feature Article: Reconstructing Lost Landscapes as a Tool for Ecologists and Environmental Managers: A Case Study from Huntingdonshire
Introduction ReconstructingInterest in biodiversity offsetting is driven Lost Landscapes by evidence that the planning system has not been as effective as it could be in ensuring that biodiversity resources asare protected, a conserved Tool and enhanced for Ecologists and and where necessary compensated for, as advocated in planning policy. EnvironmentalBiodiversity offsets are activities designed Managers: Ato deliver Case ben Study from
Huntingdonshire Jason Peters
Sketches by J. Peters
As a landscape architect and My research has enabled me to forests, chases, woods and groves, lost place historic environmentalist with recreate, for the first time, the history names, historic habitats and extinct species. of afforestation of a whole county – In the 1970s the botanist E. Pollard1 a keen interest in ecology and Huntingdonshire – and demonstrate that used species composition of selected local history, I wish to share almost all persisting woodland in that Huntingdonshire hedgerows to postulate the findings of my research county is indeed ancient, as are many of its their antiquity. In the same decade Peter hedgerows and ditches. into the Lost Forest of County Bigmore in the Landscape of Bedfordshire As an offshoot to the original research I and Huntingdonshire2 used Pollard’s Huntingdon and my adopted have been able to map and date parkland research to conclude that most woodland methodology in the hopes that extent, Anglo-Saxon and Norman of the Royal Forests of the county of it may assist others around the earthworks, Anglo-Saxon to Plantagenet Huntingdonshire (which he considered hedgerows, early Anglo-Saxon woodland minor landscape elements) had been country in reconstructing our pastures, woods and groves; the majority grubbed up in the Middle Ages. Does this historic environment. of which remain unprotected and argument stand up to recent discoveries? constitute ‘living archaeology’ as they Assessing the antiquity of landscape My research questions this conclusion considerably pre-date the perceived 18th elements and interpreting the and demonstrates that woodland pasture century landscape framework resulting quantifiable evidence to demonstrate management persisted across significant from the Acts of Enclosure. location, dynamic extent and historic swathes of the county at least to the duration of habitat presence could, I Academic debate in place name analysis, Restoration, and suggests many of the hope, assist in the preservation and the rich historic record preserved in hedgerow and earthwork boundaries conservation of our environmental archives and the application of computer within Royal demesne estates are Anglo- heritage. Additionally cartographic graphic design programmes have Saxon in origin, and potentially re-used reconstructions may highlight areas enabled fresh interpretation, and a Romano-British features. suited for restoration or enhancement cartographic reconstruction exercise of the The Victorian first edition Ordnance Survey based on historical precedence. Huntingdonshire landscape, revealing lost quarter sheets at the six inch to the mile 16 including medieval furlong boundaries, early Anglo-Saxon tribal boundaries, and delineations that excavation may reveal as prehistoric trackways. Field patterns revealed on the composite plan demonstrate the extent of assarted (grubbed up) woodland as evidenced by clusters of small irregular field patterns. Fields created in open character landscape possess long interrupted boundary lines, as discussed by Oosthuizen et al3. Small irregular field patterns as observed on the composite 1st Ed. OS (Huntingdonshire) clearly agree with the long held axiom that woodland resources were retained on the cold soils of the clay uplands whereas the river valley gravel terraces were cleared of mixed woodland prior to field creation with only willow osiers and holts retained on alluvial margins. Comparison of the small irregular field patterns, (revealed at the district scale) with persisting estate, tithe and pre- enclosure maps for each village or township in the district or county (again, scanned and digitally overlain as opaque layers on the composite base plan) confirm in place names, field names and furlong names, the evidence of (pre-)historic woodland habitat. Whilst some field names are obviously recording grubbed-up woodland (e.g. Wood Ground, Grove Field, Wood Furlong), others are more esoteric in nature: Burnt Ground, Stocking Close, possibly even Cold Harbour (which I consider corrupted from the medieval Middle French Cul d’arbour; End of Trees, or in English, ‘Wood End’). As a desktop study one can therefore A county-wide composite Posthumous Plan of mid-Victorian Huntingdonshire, capturing plot the historic extent of persisting the detail of the first edition Ordnance Survey quarter sheets. In total 198 quarter sheets were Victorian woodland (as depicted on the digitally spliced and reassembled to create this drawing. © J. Peters (2013) 1st Ed. OS) and ascertain the removal of pre-Victorian woodland as demonstrated scale (1st Ed OS), record in great detail the adjacent sheets (using Adobe Photoshop), on Tudor to Georgian estate/parish maps field lines and features of the landscape a district, or county-wide composite base within the patchwork zones of small before the agricultural intensification of plan can be created, and printed, at a size irregular field clusters. th the 20 century. The challenge facing the that enables a (single!) desk top study; It is therefore a question of when the researcher, however, is that one printed yet retains all the detail of the original assarted woodland as recorded in field quarter sheet representing a few square survey sheets. It is therefore possible to and furlong names on estate maps were miles of actual land covers almost a create highly detailed maps of any county actually grubbed-out, as field names are square metre of table top. Study is depicting the Victorian era landscape. passed from generation to generation and therefore limited by the physical size Such a composite digital file (or when could record medieval clearances, or could of the original documentation. printed a tangible single plan) reveals many just as easily document contemporary By digitally scanning such maps, cropping linear features unobservable at the larger clearance shortly before the Georgian/ the drawing frame and splicing together scale of the original quarter sheet print-outs, Victorian maps were published. 17 Feature Article: Reconstructing Lost Landscapes as a Tool for Ecologists and Environmental Managers: A Case Study from Huntingdonshire (contd)
To go further back in medieval history one Medieval forest scribes and monastic The next source of primary documentation can refer to assart licenses granted (and clerics dutifully documented the woodland and one that enables the tool of a dated), aristocratic and ecclesiastic estate habitat (woods, groves, woodland composite highly detailed pre-agricultural records and Royal disafforestation charters. pastures) by owner and location in intensification base plan to be appreciated, Such primary documentation often lists dated disafforestation charters, thus are medieval perambulations, or ‘walk the woodland by township and owner providing a critical date at which to assess around surveys’ which record in prose the rather than by the Old English (OE) wood deforestation (removal of tree cover) and peripheral route of a given holding that name. A resource for the researcher is disafforestation (the removal of forest law spans areas larger than those depicted on a thus the comprehensive Victoria County jurisdiction) providing a physical and a the original quarter sheets. History volumes which were systematically socio-political basis for assessment. By locating the topographical features published by county in the early decades The Forest of County Huntingdon (streams, hills, crossroads, N/S/E/W of the 20th century (and cover most of disafforestation ratifications5 provide descriptions which remain constant) and England) which contain details on the pages of woods and groves across the cross-referencing those with persisting historic owners of parishes and land county. Such areas where woodland place, field and furlong names on later holdings. This enables the location of was grubbed out often became marked maps and plans, the peripheral route of the ‘woodland by owner and township’ to with moated homesteads; a focus for recorded landscape feature can be plotted be plotted on a composite base plan and ancillary settlements and concentric rings onto the district scale composite plan. correlated to wood names or wood place of field patterns cut from the surrounding This exercise not only demonstrates the name references. woodland pastures, providing another antiquity of the re-traced peripheral Huntingdonshire is blessed in respect physical indicator of medieval woodland boundary (i.e. certainly medieval clearance and/or coppice management. of surviving historic documents relating delineations if not earlier) but also locates to woodland housed in various archival By plotting the location of recorded ‘lost place names’ along the route which collections recording transactions spanning woodlands on the composite base plan often record in the compounded place the reign of King Henry I to Charles II4. using fiel pattern and place name analysis, name a habitat type, such as a meadow, Woodland transactions and assessment one can demonstrate the existence and coppice, pasture or woodland, further enlightening the researcher. records and grants to grub out (assart), or general extent of woods and groves in the th th enclose (imparkment) woods and groves 13 to 14 centuries, and target those areas For Huntingdonshire, the Plantagenet across the county enable a reconstruction for on-site research into relic woodland perambulations that survive describe the exercise that can date habitat protection species and ancient hedgerow persistence. three Royal Hays of Weybridge, Sapley and and/or loss from the Norman Conquest. Hopefully, a time-saving exercise for Harthay. The full translation of the text field ecologists and conservationists and informs us these sites were afforested prior an exercise that may lead to the future to the first year following the coronation preservation of ancient habitats. of King Henry II, and remained afforested Incredibly for Huntingdonshire, perceived after the widespread disafforestation of by many as a denuded prairie landscape, King Edward I. So how was a Royal hay around 60% of those medieval woodlands subsequently managed? persisted as woodland (with possible These Royal hays that remained afforested incremental reduction) to be recorded in 1301 and had not changed boundaries on the 1st Ed. OS of the 1890s and many since 1218 AD containing medieval persist to the present as tiny wooded woodland, meadow and pasture place copses or extensive tracts of woodland; names were managed as woodland medieval to Tudor parkland (arboreal- pastures until at least the Restoration pastoral) land use has not fared as well as evidenced by annotated estate maps with approximately 20% represented in dating from the mid-17th century. This the modern landscape. observation disputes Bigmore’s conclusions
Extract from a Posthumous Plan of the Forest of County Huntingdon in 1300 AD, depicting woods, groves and parkland (coloured) and a created medieval font sampled from the Extract of a Medieval Huntingdonshire perambulation text, contained in the Duchy of Lancaster original parchment which translates the Forest Proceedings Ancient collection6 held at the National Record Office, Kew. medieval Latin original text into modern Duchy of Lancaster copyright material in the National Archives is reproduced with the kind English. © J. Peters (2013) permission of the Chancellor and Council of the Duchy of Lancaster. 18 Place name analysis of Huntingdonshire’s numerous haga sites (compounded most notably with wolf, hart and often with topographical features and historic figures), and additionally place names contained within the perambulation surveys of each haga, demonstrate that the mid Anglo- Saxons, the Danes/Vikings, and the late Anglo-Saxons (re-)used haga sites as privatised hunting preserves with specialist target species. The boundary delineations of these sites persist to the present. Forest court pleas9 demonstrate that the haga was a multi-cropping resource for agistement, pannage and other seasonal grazing, production of timber for prestige construction (King’s College, Cambridge etc.), and a multi-cropped resource for fur, faggots and browsewood. I therefore consider the peripheral earthworks and hedges at Weybridge and A Posthumous Plan of the Royal Haga of Sapley, part of the dynamic forest of County Huntingdon, reconstructing the medieval perambulation text with Plantagenet field names Sapley haga to be the deer leaps enclosing recorded and the original text transcribed and translated using a digital font sampled from the woodland pastures used to restrain and original text. © J. Peters (2013) coral game for hunting by a royal, and thegnly (Anglo-Saxon aristocracy) elite. that the Royal Forests were grubbed up in of game (i.e. an enclosed woodland Or, as a translation of the medieval Latin the Middle Ages. pasture for locally endemic game text recording the perambulation of the Royal Hays of Huntingdonshire in On-site investigations at Sapley and species). My own research gleaned 1218 suggests, the hay-edge, or ditched Weybridge retracing the plotted from primary documentation relating to hedges, enclosed places “in which the perambulation peripheral route of each Huntingdonshire reaffirms the argument, King’s beasts reside peacefully”. ‘hay’ reveal deep, broad earthworks, far and as the three Royal haga became Most interestingly, for Huntingdonshire larger than usual drainage ditches, topped deer parks arguably the haga represents (and my preliminary research suggests on either bank with gnarled specimens a model for the English landscape and of Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa elsewhere in England and the Continent), garden movements (central lodgings, (locally called Buckthorn, interesting given the Anglo-Saxon haga site with its lawns, drive, woodland belts, field-trees, the endemic roe deer) and Euonymous privatised hunting rights became the core water pools and hedges). of later Norman afforestation. europea (locally very rare). Why was a medieval hay thus enclosed? The collective term ‘hays’ (haiis in the medieval Latin), and the on-site persisting thorn species are significant, as the Plantagenet collective description and place name suffix – hay derives from the Old English verb (ge)hagen, meaning both to enclose/covert and to cherish/protect. Hooke et al.7 suggest that the significance of the place name element hay, which she collectively terms ‘haga sites’ have been overlooked, lamenting Oliver Rackham who interprets the term merely as a variant of ‘hedge’ in his History of the Countyside8. How was a medieval hay used? Hooke’s investigations suggest a haga site was an Anglo-Saxon enclosure for the shelter, preservation and hunting 19 Feature Article: Reconstructing Lost Landscapes as a Tool for Ecologists and Environmental Managers: A Case Study from Huntingdonshire (contd)
Forest legal jurisdiction, that is Forest law, extended those privatised hunting rights and a restriction on habitat/resource exploitation to the masses across larger tracts of countryside, removing that land from Common or Canon Law, akin to a ‘modern conservation area cum private shooting estate’. The result of Norman and Plantagenet forest law, in Huntingdonshire at least, was an Anglo-Saxon Royal haga with existing Extract from the Ely Coucher Book held at Gonville and Caius College Lower Library, privatised rights being afforested, around Cambridge. (The above text inform us: “and so King’s Delph was afforested by Robert Passelwe, which a dynamic zone of afforestation [forest] justicar in the time of King Henry (III), father of King Edward who now is [reigns]” (my radiated. This extra-haga zone was translation). This demonstrates that not all of Huntingdonshire was afforested from 1155 as usually called a forest or forest baliwick reported by 20th Century authors. in its own right, and recorded in primary documentation by the eponymous title of the nearest Royal haga to which it related. Such duplication of the place name relating to the core haga and larger forest zone understandably leads to contemporary confusion in forest reconstruction exercises, and again suggests that the forests of Huntingdonshire were not minor landscape elements as 20th century authors suggest. In regards to Huntingdonshire, the Victoria County History: Huntingdonshire (VCH:H)10 published in 1932 has influenced local historians in suggesting that “the whole County lay under forest law between 1155 and 1300.” (Repeated in Bigmore. P. The Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire Landscape. 1979:78, unreferenced but likely from Victoria County History: Huntingdonshire). This statement does not stand up to investigation of the available primary Posthumous Plan of the Forest of King’s Delph, part of the dynamic Forest of County Huntingdon. Note the reconstruction of the drained fenland meres, made possible by digitally documentation which describes Henry II overlaying and resizing to scale pre-drainage maps of the fens, and taking into account the afforesting only the woods and groves of fossilised boundaries of the meres as delineated by peripheral drainage channels recorded on the County of Huntingdon, and, during the the 1st Ed. OS. © J. Peters (2013)
20 minority of Henry III, both the Ely Coucher Book and Ramsey Abbey Cartulary concur Notes that King’s Delph fenland was afforested. 1 Pollard, E. (1973). Hedges:VII. Woodland Relic Hedges in Huntingdon and Peterborough. Journal of Add to this the piecemeal disafforestation Ecology, 61: 343-352. of assart grants by Henry I, John and 2 Bigmore, P. (1979). The Bedforshire and Huntingdonshire Landscape. Cambridge University Press. Edward I, and the complexity of forest law 3 Oosthuizen, S. (2006). Landscapes Decoded. University of Hertfordshire Press, Hatfield. designated areas becomes apparent! 4 National Records Office, British Library, Huntingdon and Cambridge Archives, Cambridge University, the No wonder the VCH:H editorial notes record Norris Museum, St.Ives. that “the whole subject [afforestation] is so difficult that I think it would be wiser to 5 See Cartularium Monasteri de Rameseia.Volume I. Hart, W.H. & Ponsonby, Rev. (1884) London: Longman & Co. and Ely Coucher Book, Gonville and Caius copy, Cockerell Library, Cambridge University, avoid committing ourselves [in VCH:H] to and Duchy of Lancaster Forest Proceedings Ancient held at the NRO. any particular theory.” 6 National Record Office. MR024 repaired, 8A 417, Forest Proceedings Ancient. Duchy of Lancaster Forest Returning to landscape reconstruction, by proceedings various dates, including 1218/19 AD in DL 39/I/I. locating the extent of Royal haga (based 7 Hooke, D. (1989). ‘Pre-Conquest Woodland: its distribution and usage,’ in The Agricultural History Review. on perambulations), and assessing dynamic 37, ii: 113-129. forest law coverage as evidenced from 8 Rackham, O. (1996). The History of the Countryside. London: J M Dent. medieval forest court pleas, assart and imparkment licenses, one can reconstruct 9 Turner, G (ed.). (1901). Select Pleas of the Forest. Selden Society. London: Picadilly. zones, fragments and patches of forest 10 Page, W., Proby, G., Ladds, I., (eds). (1932). Victoria County History series: Huntingdonshire. law land throughout the Middle Ages Volumes i-iii. London: University of London Institute of Historical Research. to the Restoration, after which time for Huntingdonshire the paper trail runs dry. Cartographically one can use the habitat Huntingdonshire as demonstrated by references, habitat descriptions and imparkment licences, estate maps, inferred habitat cover from place name tithe/enclosure plans and the Victorian evidence to better understand the tapestry Ordnance Surveys, yet this is a habitat type of medieval habitats and postulate the rarely discussed or considered in habitat causes of their protection or destruction enhancement or restoration schemes. A (i.e. retention or removal of forest shame, as such habitats as a landscape legislative protection). typology suit the urban, residential and About the Author recreational developments which the For Huntingdonshire, this has enabled me Jason Peters (MA Hons Landscape county has endured as a result of being in to produce a series of plans that document Architecture, Adv.Dip. Historic at specific and successive snapshots in London’s commuter belt. Environment, licentiate Member of the history, the extent of forest law lands, It seems, to this researcher at least, that Landscape Institute UK) has recently the extent and location of habitats within historic reconstruction can add gravitas to relocated to Enfield, Middlesex, and is now Learning and Conservation Manager and without those afforested areas and the protection of our landscape heritage, for the Forty Hall Estate, run and owned enabled me to date delineations in the can quantify the historic loss of habitat, and by Enfield Council and undergoing landscape. Surely this is of use for justifying hopefully provide reasoning for historically considerable landscape restoration and quantifying the preservation and sympathetic, topographically/geo-physically with the assistance and generosity of a conservation of our landscape heritage relevant landscape management to aid Heritage Lottery Funded grant. His Forest of County Huntingdon series of maps are and biodiversity? biodiversity on ancient sites and sites commercially available online at The generation of maps that record place considered for enhancement. www.posthumousplans.co.uk. The Field name evolution, field names and furlong and Furlong-Name series and Place-Name names (usually describing topography Evolution series for Huntingdonshire and the Isle of Wight will be available shortly. and land cover) on a composite district or Additional research is being conducted county-wide plan are also a useful tool to into Middlesex and Essex as further study demonstrate where specific habitats, even areas. Please join the online mailing list specific species, were historically present, of www.posthumousplans.co.uk be kept and over which periods of our recorded informed of map releases. Jason spoke at the British Cartographic Society’s annual history. Again, such studies provide symposium in September and will be quantifiable evidence to the antiquity speaking at the Huntingdonshire Flora and persistence of habitats for their due and Fauna Society’s AGM in March 2014. preservation and protection, or wise Contact Jason at: location for re-instatement. [email protected] or jason. Parkland as a habitat used to cover [email protected] large areas of medieval to Tudor 21 Feature Article: A Comparison of the Invertebrate Value of Brownfield/Greenfield Sites and Local Reserves in England and Wales
A Comparison of the Invertebrate Value of Brownfield Sites with Greenfield Sites and Local Nature Reserves in England and Wales Jonty Denton MCIEEM Albion Ecology
Introduction The problem of developments targeting brownfield sites, and its impact on biodiversity is well known (Buglife 2013), but the scale of the problem is still poorly understood especially on small sites. Over the past 20 years or so, I have been commissioned to carry out invertebrate surveys at over 300 sites in England and Wales. In most cases these were baseline surveys intended to provide the site owners/ managers with an idea of what was present on the site and attempt to provide them with some measure of its value both locally and nationally. It was impracticable to survey all the potential invertebrates on any given site so specific groups of species, which were sufficiently well known so as to provide meaningful comparisons to be made with other sites both locally and nationally, were targeted. Surveys focused on the nationally reviewed invertebrate groups, which have had status classifications assigned to each species based on the current and historic distributions (Ball 1994). These include: Mollusca (slugs and snails), Arachnida (spiders, harvestmen and pseudoscorpions), Isopoda (woodlice), Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Odonata (dragon- and damselflies). Plecoptera (stoneflies), Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets), Dictyoptera (cockroaches) Dermaptera (earwigs), Hemiptera-Heteroptera (true bugs), Hemiptera-Homoptera (hoppers), Psocoptera (psocids), Neuroptera (lacewings), Mecoptera (scorpion-flies), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Trichoptera (caddis flies), Diptera (true flies), Aculeate Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), and Coleoptera (beetles). Vernal shieldbug Holcostethus vernalis - our rarest shield-bug and a denizen of brownfield sites! 22 Basic Survey Methodology Status Definitions Terrestrial/Arboreal Sampling Red Data Book Category 1 (RDB 1) – Endangered. Taxa in danger of extinction in All the terrestrial and arboreal habitat types Great Britain and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating. present within each site were sampled. Scoring 32 in species weighting. The methods employed included standard Red Data Book Category 2 (RDB 2) – Vulnerable. Taxa believed likely to move into techniques of sweeping grasses, rushes, the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating. sedges, herbs and foliage: and beating the Scoring 32 in species weighting. foliage, and branches of trees and bushes, especially blossom bearing plants such as Red Data Book Category 3 (RDB 3) – Rare. Taxa with small populations in Great hawthorn, rowan, and blackthorn over a Britain that are not at present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk. These taxa beating tray (Kirby 1992). Deadwood was are usually localised within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly examined by hand and bark removed to scattered over a more extensive range. Scoring 24 in species weighting. reveal bark dwelling (corticolous) species. Red Data Book Category K (RDB K) - Insufficiently Known. Taxa in Great Fruiting bodies of fungi were also searched Britain that are suspected, but not definitely known, to belong to any of the above for invertebrates. In some cases fungal categories, because of lack of information. Scoring 24 in species weighting. fruiting bodies and twigs infested with Nationally Scarce Category A - Notable A (Na). Taxa which do not fall within RDB insect larvae were removed and placed categories but which are none-the-less uncommon in Great Britain and are thought in rearing cages and any adult insects to occur in 30 or fewer 10km squares of the National Grid or, for less well recorded emerging were collected in situ. Similarly groups, within seven or fewer vice-counties. Scoring 16 in species weighting. leaves attacked by leaf mining caterpillars Nationally Scarce Category B - Notable B (Nb). Taxa which do not fall within RDB were removed and the occupants reared categories but which are none-the-less uncommon in Great Britain and are thought out in rearing jars and boxes. Active sap- to occur in between 31 and 100 10km squares of the National Grid or, for less well runs were also investigated and insects recorded groups, within eight and twenty vice-counties. Scoring 8 in species weighting. attracted to the fermenting sap collected in a pooter. A petrol powered suction sampler fields, which were very easy to sample by Comparison of the three data sets shows was employed to collect terrestrial the methods employed. Typically these that there is a statistically significant invertebrates. Surface vegetation, tussocks, sites would be sampled on 1-2 visits only. difference (analysed using two-tailed t-test, and ground litter were sampled and each As a measure of the combined value of assuming unequal variances) between the collection emptied onto a large beating each site a pooled weighted score was mean pooled weighted score of Notable/ tray, where specimens of interest could be calculated: For a site with 5 Notable Bs (5 x RDB species recorded per man day between collected. The remainder could then be brownfield and greenfield (t=2.035, 8 = 40) and 1 RDB3 (1 x 24) the combined released unharmed. p<0.0001), but no statistical difference score would be 64. To reduce bias this was when the same comparison is made then divided by the number of survey days. Wetland Sampling between brownfield and LNRs (p>0.2). A 0.5mm GB nets pond net was employed So for a site surveyed over 1.5 days, the to sample any puddles, pools and streams pooled weighted score would be 42.6. for invertebrates. Bank-splashing was employed on the muddy/mossy areas around the various water bodies and seepages encountered. This simply involved throwing handfuls of water over the surfaces forcing burrowing beetles to the surface, where they were collected in a pooter. Moss and leaf litter was pushed under the water surface to force out the invertebrates within. Results Comparison of Sampled Sites I have only included data sets (collected by sampling in ideal conditions in the period May-August) which where subject to a broadly similar sampling effort, and thus of roughly similar dimensions. The exceptions were greenfield sites with extensive arable Cuxton, Kent. 23 Feature Article: A Comparison of the Invertebrate Value of Brownfield/Greenfield Sites and Local Reserves in England and Wales (contd)
Table 1. Numbers of nationally scarce and RDB invertebrate taxa found on:- Local Nature Reserves Site, County Nb Na RDB3/K RDB2/1 Pooled Number weighted of sample score days BERKSHIRE Snelsmore Common (heath/wood/mire) 12 3 0 0 72 2 Padworth Common (heath) 13 2 2 0 92 2 Pinewood (heath/pine woodland) 4 1 1 0 72 1 HAMPSHIRE Chappetts Copse (ancient woodland) 11 2 0 0 80 1.5 Shutts Copse (ancient woodland) 5 0 0 0 26.7 1.5 Micheldever Spoil Heaps (Chalk spoil. Old brownfield!) 11 1 1 0 128 1 Milton Locks (coastal saltmarsh/grassland) 2 0 0 0 32 0.5 KENT One Tree Hill (ancient woodland) 10 3 0 0 128 1 Lower Rainham (old gravel workings/scrub) 8 0 3 1 112 1.5 MIDDLESEX Glebelands (old gravel workings/scrub) 7 1 0 0 72 1 SURREY Bullswater Common (heath) 3 0 2 1 69.3 1.5 Cobbett Hill Signal Station (heath) 4 2 3 1 112 1.5 Cucknell’s Wood (ancient woodland) 9 2 1 0 85.3 1.5 Mountain Wood (ancient woodland) 9 2 3 2 160 1.5 Nower Wood (ancient woodland) 8 1 1 0 69.3 1.5 Lammas Land, Godalming (floodplain grassland) 7 1 1 1 64 2 Papercourt Meadows (floodplain grassland) 9 5 1 0 117 1.5 Vann Lake (lake with reed) 3 1 1 0 42.6 1.5 SUSSEX Sidlesham Mill Road LNR (reed) 4 0 0 0 16 2 The Severals (Reed beds) 5 0 0 0 26.7 1.5 Mean No. of species per category 7.2 1.42 1 0.3 1.45
Brownfield Sites Site, County Nb Na RDB3/K RDB2/1 Pooled Number weighted of sample score days BERKSHIRE Green Park (gravel) 8 1 1 1 68 2 Field Farm (gravel) 20 1 1 0 100 2 Heron’s Nest (gravel) 27 3 1 1 160 2 DORSET HMS Osprey (Rifle range on limestone) 7 2 2 0 136 1 ESSEX Stanway North (sandpit) 5 2 0 0 72 1 Stanway South (sandpit) 12 6 4 0 288 1 Roscommon (ruderal) 18 3 5 0 156 2
24 HAMPSHIRE Winchester (mixed hedge/verge) 4 1 0 0 48 1 Darby Green (gravel) 7 1 0 0 72 1 Farnborough (airfield) 6 0 3 0 240 0.5 Southwood (former military) 21 2 2 0 124 2 Locks Heath (allotments) 5 2 2 1 76 2 HERTFORDSHIRE Bishop’s Stortford (sidings on ballast) 2 1 0 0 21.3 1.5 KENT Bromley Common (allotments, amentity) 10 0 0 0 40 2 Cuxton (chalk pit) 15 2 0 0 76 2 Faversham (chalk pit) 4 0 0 0 32 1 Woolwich Arsenal (military, ruderal) 10 2 2 0 80 2 MIDDLESEX Bittacy Hill (gas works, ruderal) 5 0 1 0 32 2 Isleworth (allotments) 4 3 2 0 128 1 Twickenham (allotments) 3 1 0 0 80 0.5 NORFOLK Wymondham (gravel) 3 0 1 0 48 1 SURREY Brooklands (airfield) 21 8 5 0 208 2 Holmethorpe (sandpits) 15 0 1 0 144 1 Newdigate (clay pit/ruderal factory site) 18 1 0 1 96 2 Surbiton water works (wetland/sandy ruderal) 5 1 0 0 37.3 1.5 SUSSEX Midhurst Hospital (ruderal on sand) 3 1 3 0 112 1 Shoreham Hospital (ruderal) 5 0 0 40 1 YORKSHIRE Fryston Main Colliery (mine spoil) 6 0 1 0 72 1 Mean No. of species per category 9.6 1.63 1.32 0.14 1.43
Greenfield Sites (earmarked for development) (arable/pasture land still in use for agriculture, or abandoned within previous year) *=Species found in hedgerows that were retained. Site, County Nb Na RDB3/K RDB2/1 Pooled Number weighted of sample score days BERKSHIRE Grazeley (arable) 2* 0 10.6 1.5 HAMPSHIRE Curridge (abandoned pasture/arable) 3 0 16 1.5 HERTS Harlow (horse pasture) 4* 1* 32 1.5 KENT Margate, Kent (arable) 3 0 24 1 Motney (pasture/arable) 4 0 32 1 WALES Kimnal (pasture) 1 0 16 0.5 Nr Bangor (pasture) 1 0 16 0.5 Abergele (pasture) 1 0 16 0.5 Mean No. of species per category 2.4 0.12 0 0 1
25 Feature Article: A Comparison of the Invertebrate Value of Brownfield/Greenfield Sites and Local Reserves in England and Wales (contd)
Table 2. Comparison of numbers of nationally scarce and RDB invertebrates recorded on different land use types.
No. of N/Nb Na RDB3/K RDB2/1 Mean sites No. of Sample days BROWNFIELD 28 9.6 1.63 1.32 0.14 1.41 GREENFIELD 9 2.4 0.13 0 0 1 LOCAL NATURE RESERVE 20 7.2 1.42 1 0.3 1.45
Discussion Despite the very obvious caveat that the sampling efforts varied and that t-tests were used to analyse data which were not necessarily normally distributed, it is clear that what is generally perceived to be green countryside by the press is markedly less rich in scarce invertebrates than post-industrial/military land. If the scarce taxa found only in hedgerows dividing the arable/pasture are removed from the analysis, the picture is even starker. The main reason for the differences is that many of the brownfield sites are areas of former mineral extraction providing ample disturbed ground for nesting aculeate Hymenoptera, and ground dwelling spiders, bugs and beetles. The new niches created Biodiversity hot-spot no more! also favour a more diverse plant assemblage which in turn supports more uncommon phytophagous taxa. Abandoned allotments Conclusions and airfields offer similar benefits with The sight of countryside protestors References more emphasis on structural diversity, extolling the biodiversity benefits of open Ball, S.G. (1994). RECORDER 3.2. Peterborough. and the bonus of long-term low intensity arable at the expense of brownfield is JNCC. management or ‘neglect’. clearly unsustainable on invertebrate Buglife (2013). Brownfields. http://www. Given that many LNRs were originally grounds. Of course there are also sterile buglife.org.uk/conservation/currentprojects/ ‘brownfield’ sites, it is not surprising low value brownfield sites, but in my Habitats+Action/Brownfields that there was no significant difference experience directing development at sites Kirby, P. (1992). Habitat Management for in quality between a random sample like long abandoned mineral workings invertebrates. RSPB. of dedicated LNRs and more recently is bound to result in significant losses in disturbed ‘brownfield’ sites. In most cases biodiversity. Changes to planning law the only difference is that the latter are which prevent the automatic restoration of not designated! However for standard such valuable sites back to former land use sampling, brownfield sites still compare (i.e. arable or pasture) would do much to favourably (in terms of yielding nationally offset the continuing erosion of biodiversity About the Author scarce invertebrates) with old, in some in the face of the pursuit of continued cases ancient, habitats. economic growth. Dr Jonty Denton has been a freelance ecologist for 22 years, and is director of Acknowledgements Albion Ecology based in rural Hampshire. He is National Recorder for Camphor, Thanks to Dr Giles Groome MCIEEM for help Marsh and Darkling Beetles, and county with statistical analysis and proofreading. recorder for Bugs, Spiders and Beetles in Hampshire and Surrey. Contact Jonty at: [email protected] or follow him on http://jontydenton.co.uk.
26 Feature Article: The Classification of BadgerMeles meles Setts in the UK: A Review and Guidance for Surveyors
Photo by © Wildstock.co.uk The Classification of Badger Meles meles Setts in the UK: A Review and Guidance
Richard Andrews CEnv MCIEEM for Surveyors Technical Director for Ecology, Jacobs UK
It has been recognised for many years that the standard approach to classification of badger setts in the UK is both a useful convention, and practically problematic (Roper 2010, Neal and Cheeseman 1996). This paper seeks to explore the challenges in using this standard approach, and provides some suggestions for overcoming some of these. Photo by © Wildstock.co.uk 27 Feature Article: The Classification of BadgerMeles meles Setts in the UK: A Review and Guidance for Surveyors (contd)
Background Problems with Using the social group if development then fails to Based largely on his study of the Wytham Standard Classification in sufficiently protect such setts due to their Woods badgers, Kruuk (1978) defined the Field perceived lower status. three types of sett: Main, Annexe and 1. Sett type is essentially defined Equally, a large subsidiary sett, when Outlier. Thornton (1988) later added a by how it is used, but often this must surveyed at a time of year when it is subject fourth category: Subsidiary. In the late be inferred from the physical to heavy use, may be mistaken for a main 1980s this system of classification was evidence alone. sett, leading to either a lack of protection for the real main sett, or to unnecessarily employed to good effect on a nation-wide As mammologists, we are often forced expensive mitigation to protect a lower- scale by Cresswell et al. (1990), and has to infer types of activity from field signs. status sett. (Subsidiary setts are also been the standard for UK ecologists ever Without significant direct monitoring complicated by their similarity in use to since. Using these studies, a brief definition of individual animals over time, such annexe setts; discussed further below.) of each sett category is provided below: interpretations can only be regarded as working hypotheses, based on a detailed Regional variation in sett and territory use (see Johnson et al. 2002) can add further Definitions knowledge of the species ecology and behaviour. This can only later be confirmed complexity and therefore lead to mistaken Main Sett – The continuously used, or refuted by subsequent evidence as it interpretation of the physical evidence. A breeding and over-wintering sett for arises. Leibenberg (1990), in his study of surveyor trained and experienced only in a social group of badgers. Only one traditional animal trackers in southern lowland England may not have the mental main sett will exist in each social group’s Africa, draws parallels in tracking and references to correctly interpret Scottish territory, and will be relatively centrally asserts that this may indeed be the origin Highlands sett use from the field signs. located within the group’s range. of scientific thought-process in modern Therefore reliance on walkover field Annexe sett – An annexe of the main humans. Whilst experienced badger sign surveys can be problematic within a sett, linked by well-used surface paths ecologists will often draw accurate classification system based on how setts are to the main sett (but not connected conclusions, there is significant scope for used by a social group through the year. underground). Not continuously used. misinterpretation, particularly when the field signs are limited or ambiguous. 2. Sett type is only accurately definable Subsidiary Sett – Distant from main in relation to other setts and territory For setts threatened by impacts, the most sett. Several entrances, but with no well- boundary. Trying to classify a single important sett to identify in any survey used paths connecting to main sett, and sett in isolation is highly questionable. used only seasonally. is the main sett, as this is defined as the The above examples also begin to Outlying Sett (‘Outlier’) – Distant from (normally) continuously occupied, breeding and over-wintering sett. It is therefore highlight how misclassification could easily the main sett. Small, with one or two much more difficult to mitigate impacts occur where only a portion of a territory entrances only. Used for short periods to it through human activity, thus placing is surveyed. The plasticity of physical sporadically, with no obvious, well-used more emphasis on impact avoidance. characteristics for each type, and the fact paths connecting to other setts. Authors (as cited above) point to a number that the classification is fundamentally of physical characteristics that reveal a use-based, mean that setts are often only All of the respected authors cited above main sett, notably a relatively large number definable in relation to other setts within the have clearly seen the value in having a of entrances (but not always), large fresh same group’s territory. An obvious example standardised system of classification, at spoil heaps at the entrances, a network here is the annexe sett. By definition, such least within the UK, either to avoid a state of well-worn paths between and leading a sett can only exist (and be identified) of general confusion (Neal and Cheeseman away from the entrances, abundant in relation to the main sett to which it is 1996) or because such classification seems bedding material at entrances, play/ ‘annexed’. By convention an annexe must to fit with experience and has stood the socialising areas outside the sett, and well- be within 150m of the main sett and linked test of time (Roper 2010). However, for marked latrines nearby. by clear paths. If one has not found, or has the practitioner, when relying on field However, it is recognised that in some, not correctly identified the main sett, then signs alone, experience with using such albeit rare, instances, main setts (defined its annexe cannot be confirmed. classifications throws up a number of by breeding activity) may have only one A less obvious but perhaps more frequently problems, which the same authors admit. entrance and/or are not continuously problematic example is the subsidiary sett. For the purposes of this review I highlight used (Neal and Cheeseman 1996, Lewns Again, convention states that this must be three of these practical difficulties in 2013 pers. comm.). Yet they are still the at least 50m away from the main sett and relation to badger walkover surveys, main breeding sett for that social group. not connected to it by well-worn badger with the twin aim of reassuring less Unless clear signs of breeding are present paths. In every other respect it is similar in experienced ecologists that such at the time of survey (only likely between use and characteristics to an annexe (Neal difficulties are inherent in the system, February and May), then such anomalies and Cheeseman 1996). If the surveyor has and to suggest a helpful approach to could be misclassified as ‘outliers’. This not found the true main sett within the using the standard classification. can have serious consequences for a same territory, for whatever reason, then 28 confident and reliable classification of an exclusive to one sett type. This is not of ‘well-used’ paths linked to the main active subsidiary is very difficult. In the worst necessarily a problem in itself, as the sett: a feature that is highly subjective and case, a subsidiary could be mistaken for a experienced surveyor will use a variety of seasonally variable. main sett, and the true breeding sett could characteristics to build an overall picture of be missed, or wrongly considered to belong sett use. But even so, the overlap can lead Review Conclusions to a neighbouring social group (as each to misinterpretation, particularly when only This review of the challenges facing the group should only have one main sett). a few characteristics are visible at the time surveyor leads one to some general points To confidently identify a subsidiary, one of survey. about the standard classification: would need to know the whereabouts The Venn diagram not only shows the • Classification (as defined by sett use) should of a nearby main sett (having accurately substantial overlap in characteristic field only be regarded as tentative until longer- classified that first!) and know that the signs, but it also serves to illustrate that term monitoring can been undertaken, main sett is within the same territory. there is much more that distinguishes main territory boundary has been established and This second condition is likely to be very sett from outlier than distinguishes any the main sett within the territory has been challenging, if by definition the subsidiary other combination of setts in comparison. located. Main setts are best confirmed in is not linked by clear paths to the main This is verified by Roper (2010) in his the period February to May when breeding sett. Until territory analysis can be appendix on surveys. activity is likely to be apparent. conducted through (for example) bait- The diagram also reveals the difficulty in • At times, it may be more appropriate to marking survey then the classification of distinguishing a subsidiary sett, particularly simply distinguish between main setts ‘subsidiary’ may only be tentative at best. when assessed in isolation. In this analysis, and non-main, or ‘secondary’, setts as In fact, the later addition by Thornton there are no single features that are some authors choose to do, particularly (1988) of the ‘subsidiary’ classification has exclusive to subsidiaries. The diagnostic in relation to impact mitigation, or until been seen as somewhat unwelcome by combination of subsidiary sett features further monitoring can reveal accurate some authors (e.g. Neal and Cheeseman such as ‘more than two entrances’ plus sub-division of secondary setts. 1996), because its function is very similar ‘150m distance from main sett’ only works to the annexe, (distance from main sett Implications for Badger if the group’s territory boundary and possibly only being a function of site Walkover Surveys main sett is known, as discussed above. suitability), and the ‘absence’ of obvious Also, the distinction between a large (e.g. Search Area interconnecting paths is seasonal and 2-entrance) outlier in current use and a The above points highlight the need for a subjective. We shall return to related small subsidiary is extremely difficult. A sufficiently broad survey area, and therefore problems with the ‘subsidiary’ subsidiary can be regarded simply as a extensive land access, for walkover surveys. classification below. large, more frequently used outlier sett. It has been shown that it is essential to 3. There is considerable overlap in the The system also creates an apparent locate the main sett, both to adequately physical characteristics used to identify category overlap in distance from the mitigate impacts and to have a reasonable each sett type. main sett, whereby a large or well-used chance of correctly classifying other setts The Venn diagram below (Figure 1) (secondary) sett within 50-150m of the in the vicinity. Assuming a large territory in demonstrates the considerable overlap in main sett could be either an annexe or England is around 75 hectares (0.75km2) sett characteristics between categories. subsidiary. The only visible differentiator and a main sett is generally relatively Very few physical characteristics are then becomes the presence or absence centrally located within that territory, then theoretically one should search at least a 500m radius from any secondary sett to have a reasonable chance of finding the nearby main setts (or vice versa). This equates to a roughly 1km2 minimum search area (see Figure 2 overleaf). This minimum search radius reflects the fact that average distance between main setts in England (and lowland Wales) is approximately 500m and rarely more than 1,000m (Lewns pers. comm.). Far better of NOTE: Circles represent the totality of course would be a 1km search radius from features associated with that sett type. Distance of feature-number from the first sett found, which would provide much enclosing circle’s perimeter (i.e. more central) loosely correlates to strength more assurance of full territory coverage. of ‘fit’ for that sett type. For lower population density areas such as Scotland, this search radius would need to be extended, as territory size here (c. 1-2km2) Figure 1. Venn diagram showing overlap in sett characteristics is significantly greater (Johnsonet al. 2002). 29 Feature Article: The Classification of BadgerMeles meles Setts in the UK: A Review and Guidance for Surveyors (contd)
certain combinations of features that are conclusive. Figure 3 below is my own summary of these features, based on the current convention for surveys in lowland Britain, but divided into the two sorts of evidence described above: conclusive combinations and substantiating. An analysis of Figure 3 allows one to devise a logical, step-wise approach to classification of individual setts. The characteristic features suggest that the first and easiest step in the process should be distinguishing between what might be a main sett (main or active subsidiary), and what is almost certainly not (annexe and Figure 2. Recommended minimum survey area or radius (lowland England and Wales) outlier). This first step can be done with relative reliability. If the sett being assessed is an annexe, one should easily be able to A Systematic Approach Good field-craft reveals that some find the main sett by following the obvious to Sett Classification features (sign/evidence) can be considered paths to the larger sett nearby. Thus the No system of classification is perfect, conclusive. These are signs that, on annexe is confirmed. Similarly an outlier is and despite the difficulties discussed their own, allow confident classification unlikely to be mistaken for any other sett above, the current system does seem to without supporting evidence. Clear type. It will consist of only one entrance, work reasonably well for experienced footprints indicating badger passage are or at most two, with limited spoil outside, surveyors working in high-density badger good examples. Other features should and be unconnected to other setts nearby regions (Roper 2010, Lewns pers. comm.). only be considered as substantiating (i.e. by obvious paths. This fact, combined with the need for they help to build and support a robust If neither of these applies, then one is left standardisation means that getting to grips interpretation but aren’t conclusive on with two choices: main or subsidiary. This with the current convention is important. their own, for example, disturbed leaf litter can be problematic, especially where large With this in mind, a structured, systematic near a sett). For badger sett classification, subsidiary setts are in current use. As has approach to interpreting the field signs we find that very few features in isolation been noted above, an active subsidiary sett may be helpful. are conclusive. However, we can identify can only be reliably identified as such in
Main Sett Annexe Sett Subsidiary Sett Outlier Sett
Conclusive* – Conclusive* – Conclusive* – Conclusive* –
Breeding activity apparent Within 15 to 150m of Beyond 50m from One or two entrances; and (e.g. bedding and play main sett; and main sett; and areas) Feb-June; and Small or absent spoil Obvious, well-worn paths No obvious, well-worn heaps; and Permanent occupation (esp. connected to main sett. paths connected to main apparent through winter). sett; and No obvious, well-used paths connected to Substantiating – Multiple entrances with main sett. spoil heaps. Multiple entrances with Substantiating – large spoil heaps. Substantiating – Beyond 50m from Central within its territory Intermittent (seasonal) use. main sett. (normally more than 300m from another Lacking signs of use group’s main sett). in winter.
Figure 3. Summary of features generally used for sett classification *Conclusive only in combination, otherwise substantiating. based on Kruuk (1978), Thornton (1988) and Cresswell et al. (1990)
30 START ‘annexe’ or ‘subsidiary’ to an intermittently HERE Treat as more used, multi-entrance sett located 100m than one sett from the main sett. Rather, it may be and reassess wiser to recognise that such tenuous For the sett being assessed, are all of the sett entrances within setts over 15m NO 15m of the next nearest entrance? apart separately. distinction is rarely relevant to a badger, nor will it often affect the conclusions or YES recommendations of an impact study. This Does the sett have small number of entrances (or only one), used example reminds us to always question the or disused, which are connected by well-worn path(s) to a reasons why we are collecting certain data YES Annexe Sett larger, well-used and currently active sett whose nearest and to tailor our methods according to our entrance is within 150m? purpose, rather than blindly follow a set NO process for its own sake. Classification is an essential tool in science, Does the sett have only one or (at most) two entrances, used or disused, and very small or absent spoil heaps with no well- YES Outlying Sett and indeed in human understanding worn paths leading to/away from it? generally. However, it is worth remembering NO that something vital is often lost in any reductive categorisation used to describe Does the sett show signs of current use in at least one entrance? the complexity of nature. As long as YES NO one recognises this, and suspends strict categorisation when necessary, then standard Does the sett have a network of well-worn paths leading to it classification remains valuable and relevant. and connecting its multiple entrances, at least some with large, NO Subsidiary Sett fresh spoil heaps? Acknowledgement YES Thanks to my colleague, Dr Iain Adderton, for providing a valuable review of this paper. Is this survey taking place during the period Feb-May?
YES NO
Are there signs of breeding outside the sett Is the sett located between 50m References entrances such as copious bedding collection in and 300m of a known main Cresswell, P., Harris, S. and Jefferies, D.J. (1990). late winter, and small footprints and worn ‘play sett with unobstructed access for The history, distribution, status and habitat areas’ in spring? badgers in-between? requirements of the badger in Britain. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough. YES YES No (or not sure) No (or not sure) Johnson, D.D.P. et al. (2002). Environmental Main Sett Assume Subsidiary correlates of badger social spacing across Europe. Sett and monitor Journal of Biogeography, 29: 411-25. Assume Main Sett and monitor Kruuk, H. (1978). Spatial organisation and territorial behaviour of the European badger Meles meles. Journal of Zoology, London 184: 1-19.0 Figure 4. A key to badger sett classification for walkover surveys based on criteria from Kruuk (1978), Thornton (1988) and Cresswell et al. (1990) Liebenberg, L. (1990). The Art of Tracking – The Origin of Science. David Philip, Claremont, SA.
Neal, E. and Cheeseman, C. (1996). Badgers. relation to a known main sett within the process of step-wise elimination, starting Poyser, London. same territory. The key difference will be with the low-status secondary sett types, as Roper, T. (2010). Badger. Harper Collins, London. evidence of year-round use and breeding described above. This diagram is presented activity. Both of these features can only be as a work-in-progress, and it is hoped that Thornton, P. (1988). Density and distribution of badgers in South-west England: a CIEEM members who use it will provide properly determined in the winter to spring predictive model. Mammal Review, period. Therefore, any classification of a feedback on its utility and suggestions 18: 11–23. ‘main’ or (active) ‘subsidiary’ sett during for improvement. summer-autumn walkover surveys should Final thoughts remain provisional until further survey can be About the Author In providing this simple tool, I am not undertaken the following year. (Or until all Richard Andrews CEnv MCIEEM is a necessarily recommending the standard setts within a known territory boundary have Technical Director for Ecology at Jacobs classification system in its entirety; I am UK. He specialises in mammal ecology and been found, described and mapped, which only seeking to aid the practitioner in has a particular interest in mammal survey normally requires a bait marking study.) its use. Indeed if anything, this paper and mitigation techniques. To help the relative novice, and as an aide- highlights some of the problems inherent Contact Richard at: memoire for the more experienced surveyor, in the standard system. To illustrate: [email protected] Figure 4 may prove useful. It is based on the perhaps one needn’t struggle to assign 31 Feature Article: NatureSpot – A Web-Based Tool for Supporting Biological Recording and Mapping
NatureSpot – A Web-Based Tool for Supporting Biological Recording and Mapping across the Counties of Leicestershire and Rutland. James Calow CEnv MCIEEM, David Nicholls and Graham Calow
Wildlife records are vitally important in helping us understand the distribution and abundance of different species, and this data is essential for both protecting sites through the planning system and for conservation management. Climate change and habitat loss are impacting on the distribution and numbers of wildlife populations in all areas of the UK. The picture is constantly changing and we need regular data to allow action to be taken to Figure 1. The NatureSpot website protect wildlife.
Traditionally most of this data has been as in previous years due to budgetary 1. to help the public to identify local gathered by volunteer naturalists, co- restrictions and enforced cut backs. The wildlife and to learn about the ordinated by community and voluntary BRC for the Counties of Leicestershire and natural environment; organisations, and supported by the Rutland have encouraged the voluntary 2. to create, with public participation, an Local Biological Records Centres (BRCs). recording community to seize the initiative online showcase of the wildlife and wild There is much concern that the majority and fill the gaps left by the cuts. places of Leicestershire and Rutland; of wildlife recorders are an aging group NatureSpot (www.naturespot.org.uk) was 3. to encourage and facilitate biodiversity and that there is an urgent need to founded as a charity (reg. no. 1138852) recording to support conservation encourage younger naturalists and in and has developed a web-based recording needs; and, particular to attract a new generation of system and mapping tool to support 4. to encourage more public visitation active volunteers that are fluent in digital biological recording in Leicestershire and to local sites of wildlife interest and to recording. In addition many BRCs in some Rutland. Its primary aims are: provide information which may add to counties cannot continue to provide the their enjoyment of those sites. same level of biological recording support 32 The NatureSpot website was built using Having such evidence makes verification NatureSpot has worked with several the Indicia (http://www.indicia.org.uk/) much easier for many species – though of County Recorders to agree which species software platform which is an open source course not for all. The majority of records are identifiable from a photo and which toolkit for developing online biological submitted tend to be of species that can are definitely not. This guidance is recording. The Indicia-constructed be relatively easily identified and also gradually being added to the website using NatureSpot website was designed for reasonably common. Indeed the status a ‘photo ID’ rating. Together with the generalist recorders working across of the species is an important factor in image galleries, which feature only photos diverse taxonomic groups and supported deciding how much rigour to apply during of species taken in VC55 , the site offers wildlife observation recording forms allow the verification process. NatureSpot will useful identification help. There is also a photo uploads, reporting, mapping and generally accept at face value records facility to upload photos of unidentified verification of the records. for common species such as goldfinch species to share online to see whether Since its launch in January 2011 the site Spinus tristis, fox Vulpes vulpes or peacock other NatureSpot members can help has documented over 4,000 species with butterfly Inachis io. with or without image with identification. over 37,000 individual records. This has evidence. However, for species that are Our experience has shown that an online been supported by many people interested more challenging and could be confused recording service like NatureSpot appeals in wildlife within the county with 609 with other similar species we would to naturalists and can bring them into the registered users and regularly receives expect either photographic evidence, the recording community. We welcome records over 16,000 unique visits per month to identification to have been confirmed by of both common and rare species – of all the website. a recognised expert or to have sufficient taxon groups. It is interesting that the first VC55 (or one of the first) records of the Despite its success at attracting new knowledge of the recorder to trust their sawfly Cimbex connatus and the moth members to the wildlife recording judgement. If there is any doubt about the Mompha langiella have come from community, online recording has not been certainty of the record it is tagged ‘likely’ people not previously involved in the warmly welcomed by all, and it is easy to and not included in the datasets submitted recording network. see why some are sceptical. After all, if annually to the VC55 Recorders (though anyone can submit a wildlife record, how still retained for reference). can the accuracy of the data be trusted? From the experience of running the Many experts have spent a lifetime trying to recording scheme over the last two years master the identification of a selected taxon we have made two key observations. Firstly, group, building a library of specialised rather than receiving records from lots of keys and spending countless hours with a different, random users, NatureSpot has microscope. Is it not just asking for trouble attracted an expanding core of regular to invite records from the ‘public’, who may recorders who have submitted the majority only have a popular guidebook or a few of the sites record data. This gives the Google images to base their ID on? recorder the opportunity to demonstrate This has provided NatureSpot with an over time that they have the skills and interesting dichotomy: the need to collect discipline to accurately identify their reliable and trustworthy data that can sightings and gives confidence to the contribute to the scientific record whilst validity of the data that they are submitting. at the same time trying to encourage Another interesting observation is that very more people into wildlife recording. To few users submit a record that they are try and address these issues NatureSpot not confident about. Despite the online has established a verification process and recording form being easy and convenient, only when the team of volunteer verifyers it still requires precise facts about the date, Figure 2. Mompha langiella the first are confident in the accuracy of a record location and species and it is maybe this record for Leicestershire and Rutland is it added to the dataset. If the trustees formality that discourages speculative Photo by Howard Peacock are unsure they seek expert help and records. At the same time, it is encouraging receive generous support from many of to see regular recorders gradually expand the County Recorders and other local and their knowledge and coverage, hopefully It is also a useful way of encouraging national specialists. All records are then as a result of the support they have people who perhaps already record moths later sent to the relevant local and national received and confidence gained from or birds, to extend their recording to other recording schemes. The County Recorders earlier submissions. To further support groups without having to track down then have the final say as to which records this broadening skill base, NatureSpot is the ‘right’ person or scheme. From the they accept for the county database. currently setting up a Mentoring Scheme County Recorder’s, or recording scheme’s, The majority of records are submitted for regular recorders, specifically to help perspective they receive more data, all with accompanying photographs. This them develop identification skills in taxon of which is pre-checked and arrives in a isn’t a requirement but it is encouraged. groups they are less familiar with. standardised format. 33 Feature Article: NatureSpot – A Web-Based Tool for Supporting Biological Recording and Mapping (contd)
The local wildlife maps developed from the submitted records will constantly evolve as more records and images are uploaded, helping to build an increasingly comprehensive picture of the biodiversity within the county. The maps combine both NatureSpot data and National Biodiversity Network (NBN) data using dynamic links to the NBN Gateway, providing comprehensive known distributions, in both Leicestershire/Rutland and across the UK. The site also enables individual parishes to develop their own ‘Parish Page’ which include a gallery of wildlife images taken within that parish and lists of species seen there, whilst the ‘Wild Places’ pages showcase sites within Leicestershire and Rutland that are rich in species, giving details about location, access and transport, plus interpretative site information. The wildlife records submitted to NatureSpot are held on a secure server at the Biological Records Centre based Figure 3. Cimbex conatus record on the NatureSpot website at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. All verified records are submitted to the Leicestershire and Rutland Environmental Records Centre, local and national recording schemes, and eventually the NBN. It is hoped that this work will allow conservation bodies to contribute to the biodiversity knowledge-base needed to make appropriate conservation management decisions.
Figure 4. Example of Local and National Mapping on the NatureSpot site for common For further information lizard Zootoca vivipara. On the Leicestershire and Rutland map above, red = NatureSpot Contact David Nicholls, records, green = NBN records. Chair, NatureSpot at: [email protected]
34 Feature Article: Issues in Survey Reliability: Launch of a Survey of CIEEM Members
Issues in Survey Reliability: Launch of a Survey of CIEEM Members Andrew Cherrill CEnv MCIEEM Harper Adams University
Summary In the last issue of In Practice I reviewed undertake a one- or two-day course missed during the development of NVC studies of repeatability of vegetation before dispersing to continue their day and Phase 1. The situation where individual mapping that have used either Phase 1 or jobs in relative isolation. Training is NVC vegetation types can occur in more National Vegetation Classification (NVC) clearly beneficial, yet it remains unclear than one Phase 1 ‘habitat’ illustrates approaches (Cherrill 2013). These studies how the lessons of Countryside Survey the potential for confusion between reported high levels of inter-observer (and similar) can be applied to the wider closely related ‘habitats’ in the Phase 1 variation, but, perhaps not surprisingly, environmental sector. classification. A mismatch between these that group training of surveyors could A second point worth mentioning is the classifications and those used to define UK improve consistency markedly. The article potential role of geostatistical datasets Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) habitats was was accompanied by an online discussion and techniques in vegetation survey. My also raised as an issue for those involved in on CIEEM’s LinkedIn pages. In this brief own feeling is that the technology can planning and interpreting field surveys. note I reflect on some of the points raised be extremely helpful; particularly with The continuum nature of vegetation by members and also wish to encourage regard to spatial location. However, most means that some variation in interpretation members to contribute to a follow-up variation between surveyors arises through between surveyors is inevitable. Indeed, online questionnaire launched this month. differences in vegetation classification this variation can form the basis for useful Several posts on LinkedIn argued that a rather than boundary location. Ultimately, discussions between surveyors, enhancing short training course was unlikely to have a human making decisions about what individual understanding and the collective a great impact on survey consistency for he/she sees will always lie at the heart interpretation of a site. However, while either junior or experienced surveyors. In of detailed vegetation mapping and such discussion may arise as part of training the former case, a short course will not ecological assessment. Here detailed (or within the artificial context of a study compensate for the deep understanding of descriptions of the vegetation types inter-observer variation), it is unclear (at vegetation that can accumulate only over a embedded within classifications that least to me) where, or if, this debate long career. For experienced surveyors, one adequately reflect the full range of would occur in the context of a site survey or two days of CPD is unlikely to modify variation in UK vegetation are critical in relating to a development site and the deeply engrained behaviours and beliefs allowing surveyors to make consistent, associated planning process. In general, about vegetation types. These points seem entirely reasonable but appear to justifiable decisions. Given that vegetation the absence of a second contemporary be at odds with the comparisons drawn varies in a more or less continuous manner, survey would preclude a discussion of between quantitative studies of inter- rather than with hard boundaries between alternative interpretations. None the less, observer variation with and without group types, there appears to be a particular a healthy debate (albeit retrospective) can training. On reflection it is worth clarifying need to improve guidance on how to be supported by the reporting of detailed that the studies involving group-training of classify vegetation that lies at the interface target notes and floristic data. We know surveyors (exemplified by the Countryside between two or more types. Thus, for that there is variation in the practice of both Surveys) each involved large-scale projects example, provision of floristic detail collecting and reporting target notes and during which survey teams worked on the distinctions between improved, quadrat data in Phase 1 and NVC survey together over periods of months post- semi-improved and unimproved Phase 1 respectively. In Phase 1, the numbers and training (also engaging in short refresher grasslands would be useful and ought to content of target notes recorded by different sessions to maintain consistency). Thus the be achievable. A point made by several surveyors varies enormously even for the situations giving rise to high consistency members in the online LinkedIn forum was same site. In NVC, some surveyors record between surveyors are unlike those that that the opportunity to create a hierarchy detailed data from quadrats, while others might typically apply if surveyors from of classifications (with NVC ‘communities’ do not. Moreover, the methods used to disparate organisations came together to nested within Phase 1 ‘habitats’) was interpret these floristic data varies between 35 Feature Article: Issues in Survey Reliability: Launch of a Survey of CIEEM Members (contd)
use of Rodwell’s keys, companies’ own in- knowledge) on the actual consequences of house keys, software (MATCH and TABLEFIT) variable survey quality on decision-making References and the application of personal experience. and the evaluation of sites. The extent to Cherrill, A. and McClean, C. (1999). Between These are, perhaps, key areas where practice which a lack of consistency in vegetation observer variation in the application of a could be enhanced and standardised to survey leads to additional costs and loss standard method of habitat mapping by promote both consistent mapping decisions of biodiversity is unknown. If negative environmental consultants in the UK. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 989-1008. and documentation of the underpinning consequences are rare then arguably there is evidence. A good example of the benefits no need for concern about levels of surveyor Cherrill, A. (2013). Repeatability of vegetation mapping using Phase 1 and NVC approaches: of reporting detailed target notes can be experience and qualification or to review Implications for professional practice and seen in my work on Phase 1 mapping survey methodologies. Conversely evidence surveyors’ training requirements. In Practice - with Colin McClean in Northumberland of negative consequences would provide a Bulletin of the Chartered Institute of mandate for raising standards and updating Ecology and Environmental (Cherrill and McClean 1999). Here a Management 81: 41-45. pasture, at some stage improved but at methods. What do members think? that point in time reverting to semi-natural The review of inter-observer variation in grassland, was mapped as semi-improved Phase 1 and NVC surveys, alongside the acid grassland by one surveyor, but semi- discussion on LinkedIn suggests that the improved neutral by another. Checking the topics raised are of interest to many CIEEM target notes revealed that both surveyors members. I would therefore like to invite viewed the field as being a patchwork of members to take part in an online survey acid and neutral indicator species. The two launched this month. The questionnaire surveyors disagreed on the relative balance (see weblink below) seeks your views of species; perhaps because they had taken on the extent to which inter-observer a different route when walking through the variability impacts on your working lives enclosure. Other surveyors viewing the same and what, if anything, should be done to field opted for different mapping codes raise standards. and several provided no target notes to enable an interpretation of their decisions. Acknowledgements This example is useful because it shows I would like to thank those who the potential value of detailed field notes contributed to the online LinkedIn when dealing with difficult vegetation discussion for highlighting a number of close to classification boundaries, but also issues and particularly Kevin Honour (Argus because it suggests that if such notes Ecology), Robin Cox (Natural Power), Alison were routinely reported there would be Strange (M+R Ecology LLP), Ian Bond less chance of subsequent disagreements, (Hartlepool Borough Council), Tom Haynes unnecessary follow up surveys, and poor (NatureBureau), David Matthews (Thomson decision-making. That last point is, perhaps, Ecology) and Phil Wilson for kindly contentious because while there is limited volunteering to read through a draft of this quantitative information on inter-observer article and the questionnaire (which at the variation, there appears to be none (to my time of writing remains in draft form).
Complete the online questionnaire at: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/VegMap2013
About the Author Andrew Cherrill is Senior Lecturer in Applied Ecology at Harper Adams University, Shropshire. Contact Andrew at: [email protected]
36 Chartered Institute News
Chartered Institute News
2013 AGM This year’s AGM was held at the Grand preceding 12 months commenting that it Harbour Hotel in Southampton on the had been another very busy year but with a Membership Renewals th 6 November. CIEEM’s President, John number of highlights, including the launch To all members that have already Box, gave a very positive report on behalf of the new degree accreditation scheme renewed, thank you – we look forward of the Governing Board regarding its and the Register of Chartered Ecologists. to another year of supporting you! work over the year and also thanked all CIEEM Treasurer, Steve Pullan, took To all other members, it’s still not too the volunteers who serve the Institute in those present through the main features late to renew, but if we haven’t governance roles or in other ways, for their of the accounts, emphasising how received your renewal by hard work over the year. John also paid important membership subscriptions 31st December 2013, your membership tribute to CIEEM Fellow Robin Buxton who are in enabling the Board to invest in will be deemed to have lapsed such was standing down from the Board after new services and initiatives such as the that you will not be able to use your many years of service in various roles. Competency Framework and the degree post-nominals or take advantage of The CEO, Sally Hayns, described the main accreditation scheme. any other membership benefits. The achievements of the Secretariat over the fastest way to renew your membership is by paying online. Please visit the members area of our website and follow the instructions to “Renew your CIEEM Membership” at www.cieem.net/members-area. A reminder to anyone who is planning to pay their subscription by BACS; please forward an email (remittance) detailing your name, membership number and payment amount to [email protected]. Without any remittance it is almost impossible for us to identify where direct payments have come from and what they are for. If you have lost your renewal form or have any questions please do not hesitate to contact the membership team on [email protected] or 01962 868626.
Robin Buxton (right) thanked by John Box CPD Reminder A reminder to all Graduate, Associate, Full and Fellow members that your CPD Following the elections the below governance changes were recorded. record for the period October 2012 - Vice President (England): Stephanie Wray CEnv FCIEEM was re-elected for a further September 2013 needs to be submitted three years. no later than 31st December 2013. The Honorary Treasurer: Steve Pullan CEcol CEnv FCIEEM was re-elected for a further CPD Recording Form can be downloaded three years. at www.cieem.net/cpd. Please save your completed form with a filename in the Governing Board: Robin Buxton CEnv FCIEEM stepped down. following format: ‘Surname-Membership Richard Handley MCIEEM was re-elected for a further Number’ (e.g. Smith-379) and return by three years. email to [email protected]. Debbie Bartlett FCIEEM was elected for a first term. Advisory Forum: Sue Swales MCIEEM was re-elected for a further three years. Tom Gray MCIEEM was elected for a first term. Pam Nolan CEcol CEnv FCIEEM was elected for a first term.
37 Chartered Institute News
Advisory Forum Biodiversity Offsetting Good Working Practices and Fellows Forum Like many other organisations, CIEEM Guidance Both the Advisory Forum, which met in responded to the Government’s Green Following the members’ survey last autumn October, and the Fellows Forum, which paper on Biodiversity Offsetting in England. the Governing Board requested that met in November, continue to provide The consultation response is on our the Professional Standards Committee the Governing Board and its Standing website. We are grateful to those members oversee the production of new guidance Committees with invaluable advice who contributed to our response either via on good working practices for ecologists and guidance. The notes of both these the specially-convened workshop held in and environmental managers. The new meetings are on the members’ area of the Birmingham or via our LinkedIn group or document is expected to be published website but topics covered include: directly to our email requests. very shortly and will cover issues such as • What are the priorities for policy working hours and rest periods, travel and engagement and how do we engage more subsistence, health and safety and training. members in our policy work? Diversity Working Group – Volunteers Wanted! • How do we grow our membership, profile RIBA and brand? The Governing Board has established a new working group to look at diversity In October the CEO had a very positive • Raising standards of professional issues within CIEEM. Chaired by one meeting with RIBA regarding ways in practice and raising awareness of of our Vice Presidents, Stephanie which our two professional institutes disciplinary issues. Wray, the new group will look at how can work more closely together. • Effective partnership working with CIEEM can better support women Initiatives that are currently being other professions. and individuals from black and ethnic explored including joint Section/ • Improving engagement with higher minority backgrounds as they seek Branch events, CPD provision for RIBA education institutions. to progress their careers in ecology members and a joint panel debate • The implications for CIEEM of increasing and environmental management. The in London in 2014 as well as some devolution and possible independence. working group will be conducting sharing of policy ideas. a survey of CIEEM members in the New Year but, in the meantime, the The Value of Planning group is looking for volunteers to Staff changes help progress its agenda. Most of the CIEEM President John Box gave a In September we said goodbye to discussions will be by teleconference presentation on behalf of CIEEM Membership Officer Michelle Nash who so there is little travel involved but at The Value of Planning seminar left us to rejoin a former employer. We ideas are certainly wanted. If you are organised by The Wildlife Trusts look forward to Sarah Richards joining us interested in being involved please and hosted by Weber Shandwick in in January as her replacement. email the secretariat at London at the end of October. The [email protected]. well-attended seminar was aimed at developers as well as representatives of environmental NGOs and professional bodies engaged with the planning process. The keynote speaker was Nick Boles MP, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Planning at DCLG. Inevitably the discussion turned to biodiversity offsetting and its potential role within the planning system in England. Despite the enthusiasm from the Government there appeared to be a much more cautious response from the developers present alongside the concerns expressed by many NGOs.
38 Chartered Institute Activities
South East England Section News
Debbie Bartlett FCIEEM on-Sea to hear about Natural England’s removing the upper shells of pacific oysters Vice Convenor, South East England work on marine invasive species. Willie Crassostrea gigas, leaving the turnstones and gulls to finish the task, we moved Geographic Section McKnight, who leads the volunteer team of ‘coastbusters’ introduced us to the on to Japanese wireweed Sargassum [email protected] species of concern, explained the impact muticum. This is a more recent arrival they were having on the North East Kent and is forming thick mats and shading Marine Protected Areas (NEKMPA) and the out everything underneath. The morning Epple Bay Visit management being undertaken to combat ended with discussion and information On 22nd September a small, but this. It was a very early start, to gain about the Thanet Coast Project in a cliff- enthusiastic, group of South East Section maximum benefit from the exceptionally top café. members met at Epple Bay, Westgate- low tide and, after trying our hands at
Visit to Richmond Park renowned, followed by meeting the shire interest were the challenges posed by horses who play an important role in managing a site with 4 million visitors a This visit, on Saturday 26th October, rolling the bracken and mowing (we were year, the potential conflicts between dogs, was hosted by Adam Curtis, Deputy all given an extra large horse shoe as a cars and deer, and diminishing resources. Superintendent of the Park, who began souvenir). The next visit was to the deer. Many thanks to Adam for a really the day with coffee and asking everyone The red deer stags compete for the hinds informative and enjoyable day. what they wanted from the day. A wide with the dominant holding a ‘harem’ range of interests were represented, from keeping a watchful eye on the others who arboriculturists to bat ecologists and most were waiting nearby for an opportunity. In of us were just looking forward to a day contrast the fallow were more spread out, out learning about the management of adopting an ‘exploded lek’ strategy with the site. We began by visiting some of stags holding adjacent territories, parading the veteran trees for which the Park is along the boundaries. Other points of
39 Chartered Institute Activities
West Midlands Section News
Veronica Lawrie CEnv MCIEEM are always glad of more support, so if you Our section has started forging links with West Midlands Geographic Section would like to get involved and support our Harper Adams University, in Shropshire, work please get in touch with us. with a view to attending their events and The West Midlands Section has had a Committee member Aidan Marsh organised supporting the student ecologists and busy few months. After the success of an Open Mic discussion on 21st October, environmental managers of the future. our reptile workshop in May, Cody Levine which was held at Lower Smite Farm in Looking ahead, we are busy organising a organised a second ‘Reptile Survey and Worcestershire. This event enabled open diverse programme of events, which will be Translocation Workshop’. The event discussions as far reaching as people’s announced in the near future. Please come included a visit to a reptile receptor site experiences of the new great crested along and contribute to our West Midlands near Pershore in Worcestershire. The event newt licence application forms, how the network and we hope you will meet some provided an opportunity to learn more Bat Low Impact class licence has been interesting colleagues and learn from each about reptiles in the Midlands and survey going, biodiversity offsetting and the new other. We look forward to seeing you soon. and mitigation for them. In the summer Biodiversity Standard. we organised a meeting at Tiddesley Wood Nature Reserve, in south Worcestershire, to look at the orchards and discuss management techniques for traditional orchards as well as the BAP species noble chafer Gnorimus nobilis. Our fourth AGM was held on September 10th in Birmingham and it included interesting talks by Michael Morris (Environment Agency) on the Bromsgrove Brooks Project, Dr Jon Russ (bat expert and ecologist) on Nathusius’ pipstrelle and by Nick Mott (Staffordshire Wildlife Trust) on river rehabilitation in Staffordshire. At this event we also welcomed a new committee member to our team Oliver Barnett. We Open Mic discussion at Lower Smite Farm in Worcestershire
Reptile receptor site near Pershore in Worcestershire 40 Chartered Institute Activities
Partnership News
European Network of President, was thanked for his generous Europarc Federation Environmental Professionals input and exceptional leadership over the Annual Conference 2013 last 8 years. The remaining members of ENEP Autumn General Assembly th the Executive Committee are Elisa Vignaga Europarc is currently celebrating its 40 There were a number of important items (Secretary, also from AIAT) and Herman Anniversary and this October, its annual on the agenda for the latest ENEP General Jan Wijnants (Treasurer, from the Dutch conference was held in the Hortobagy Assembly: a new funding model and association for environmental National Park in Hungary on the theme of business plan was agreed; and a new professionals – VVM). ‘40 Years Working for Nature’. President was elected along with two new The highlight of the plenary session Join the ENEP Newsflash Mailing List Vice Presidents. was the presentation by Julia Marton- Following some intense discussion, ENEP ENEP produces a monthly Newsflash Lefèvre, Director General of IUCN, who agreed to increase its membership fee. It of environmental news from Brussels gave a general perspective on the world should be noted that the membership fee and around Europe every month. Some conservation scene. She drew attention to is per individual member of the member interesting news items in the latest the target agreed at the CBD in Nagoya association and is paid by the member edition include: of 17% of the terrestrial surface of the association, and that this fee has been • Parliament report favours permanent earth and 11% of the water surface to 11 per individual member since the seat in Brussels be equitably managed and conserved by establishment of ENEP (then EFAEP) in • Parliament vote to be held on Green 2020. The ecosystem services provided by protected areas need to be highlighted as 2002. The membership fee will increase infrastructure resolution, biocides 1 1 was the need to forge better links with by 25%, from 1 to 1.25 per individual amending proposal and indirect land st business. She mentioned the forthcoming member, from 1 January 2014. The use change floor and ceiling caps for fees will remain World Parks Congress to be held in Sydney • European Parliament vote to ensure at 1250 and 17,000 respectively. It was in 2014 on the theme of ‘Parks, People new shale gas projects will have to pass agreed that this fee increase will be used to and Planet: inspiring Solutions’. Environmental Impact Assessment test fulfil Scenario 2 of the proposed Business The Hortobagy National Park attaches Plan (effectively business-as-usual) but • Agriculture MEPs endorse Reform of the great importance to the promotion of local, with extra activities including knowledge Common Agricultural Policy traditional skills, products and culture. exchange and EU engagement using a Set up a profile at It features the famous Hungarian grey bottom-up approach to agree activities. www.environmentalprofessionals.eu long-horned cattle and the Rascka sheep. ENEP will also look into options to diversify to receive to Newsflash directly. Added to this, the alkaline solanetz soils its income through paid-for services. The membership fee and cap levels will all increase with the EU rate of inflation each year. This will be applied from 1st January 2015 onwards. CIEEM agreed with these proposals, but only on the condition that we will review our membership in 2015 to see if CIEEM and our members are benefiting from this membership. There was an election for President, which was won by Kristof De Smet. Kristof is a representative for the Belgian environmental professionals association – VLAMEX. Bruno Weinzaepfel (from the French association of environmental professionals – AFITE) was re-elcted as a Vice-President, and Adam Donnan (from the UK Institution of Environmental Sciences – IES) and Mario Grosso (from the Italian association of environmental engineers – AIAT) were also elected as Vice-Presidents. Jan Karel, as the outgoing Grey Cattle, The Hortobagy National Park 41 Chartered Institute Activities
spoke about the complex hydrogeology of the Olympic Park and the importance of controlled water risk assessments to assess the impact of historic contamination; Mark Sharpe (WSP Group) outlined the unique challenges presented by the remediation of groundwater at the Olympic Park; and Mike Vaughan (Atkins) explained how the transformation from brownfield wasteland to valuable waterside habitat was achieved. The delegates, made up of consultants, academics and students, quizzed the panel during the Q&A session and seemed particularly interested in how successful the habitat creation has been, how potential problems such as re-colonisation by invasive plants and silt deposition are going to be addressed, and how the story of the Olympic Park is going to be told on site. They also commented that Mike Vaughan and his team had done a “fantastic job Raczka Sheep, The Hortobagy National Park with the wetland planting”. John Box, who brought the event to support a number of salt tolerant plant The 2014 Annual Conference will be held a close, said that it had been a “great species such as the Hungarian sea lavender in Killarney, supported by the Heritage success” and David Shilston was confident closely related to the several British species. Council of Ireland, and should be of that “there are opportunities for There are also populations of white storks, interest to Irish Members of CIEEM. Details collaborating on future events, perhaps great white egrets and great bustards. At will be posted in due course on the with GSL’s Geoconservation Commission”. this time of year there are vast flocks of Europarc website. migrating common cranes which made an Jim Thompson CEnv FCIEEM unforgettable sight on one of the field trips. The General Assembly which I attended as an observer was, in my view, Geological Society of London disappointing. Following a poorly prepared Sustainable Engineering for the Queen recommendation from Council, the Elizabeth Olympic Park – Past, Present Assembly voted (far from unanimously) and Future in favour of not proceeding with the The challenges and achievements of merger with Eurosite despite this being ecologists and geologists at the Queen under serious consideration for over four Elizabeth Park, home of the London 2012 years. Bearing in mind the considerable Olympic Games, were explored at a mini- similarities of the two organisations, conference jointly arranged by CIEEM and this seemed to be a missed opportunity the Geological Society of London (GSL). especially in view of Europarc’s currently The event took place on 17th September reduced levels of membership and income. 2013 in the impressive surroundings of A very successful innovation was a parallel Burlington House, where GSL are based, youth conference with delegates from all and was the brainchild of John Box over Europe. It made me wonder whether (President of CIEEM) and David Shilston CIEEM could consider similar activities for (President of GSL). John and David were some of our younger or student members. keen to use their presidencies to celebrate The highest honour which Europarc can multidiscipline working and the Olympic bestow is the Alfred Toepfer Medal, Park project was an obvious choice. awarded annually. To the very warm James Apted (Atkins) described the approval of the conference, it was awarded geotechnical aspects of the enabling works John Box and David Shilston in front of to Erica Stanciu, former Europarc President (which created the platform on which the William Smith’s Map (first map published and very active promoter of national parks venues were built), including earthworks [1815] showing the geology and soil types and conservation in Romania. and remediation; Libby Waterfall (Atkins) of the UK) 42 New and Prospective Members
Applicants and Admissions If any existing Member has any good reason to object to someone being admitted to the Institute, especially if this relates to compliance with the Code of Professional Conduct, they must inform the Chief Executive Officer by telephone or letter before 20th January 2014. Any communications will be handled discreetly. The decision on admission is usually taken by the Membership Admissions Committee under delegated authority from the Governing Board but may be taken directly by the Board itself. CIEEM is pleased to welcome applications for membership from the following:
APPLICANTS Upgrades to Associate Membership Miss Louise Sinnott, Mr Ian Smith, Applications For Full Membership Mr Thomas Deaney, Mr Willie Macken, Mr Michael Spawton, Miss Toni Stafford, Mr Steven Mills, Mr Gregor Neeve, Mr Fergus Taylor, Mr Matthew Thomas, Ms Sabrina Bremner, Miss Emily Cook, Miss Emma Reid, Mr David Spencer, Miss Helen Thompson, Miss Katherine Thorne, Mrs Claire Dewson, Miss Claire Hamilton, Mr Simon Tapley Miss Frances Tobin, Dr Colin Townsley, Mr Peter Haynes, Dr Rhys Jones, Mr Anthony Juniper, Mrs Melissa Lacan, Recent Graduate Members Miss Lacey Urquhart, Mr Matthew Viner, Mrs Julia Quinonez, Mrs Marina Taylor Miss Zoe Bellevue de Sylva, Mrs Annika Binet, Miss Bethany Walker, Miss Tania Westrop, Miss Jayne Wilkinson, Mr Gavin Williams, Applications For Associate Membership Miss Katie Bott, Mr Gareth Bowen, Mr Michael Bradburn, Mrs Emma Brogden, Mr Chris Wing, Mr Thomas Winter, Mrs Aline Brodzinski, Mr Pavel Votapek Miss Jessica Brooks, Miss Alice Brown, Miss Lynn Wyllie Applications to Upgrade to Associate Mr Alexander Caldwell, Miss Ellen Christmas, Recent Upgrades to Graduate Members Membership Miss Stephanie Clayton-Green, Miss Emily Eaton, Miss Rachel Hall, Mr Douglas Blease, Miss Elizabeth Bryce, Mr Terry Coddington, Mr Ben Cooke, Miss Hannah Mitchell, Mr Glenn Moores, Miss Sara Curtis, Miss Jenny Iles, Ms Ashling Cronin, Mr George Davies, Mr Alexander Sams, Mr Matthew Stones, Miss Kathleen Irvine Mr Colin Davies, Miss Katherine Davies, Mr Lewis York, Miss Nicole Youngs Ms Emma Downie, Mr Joseph Dyson, ADMISSIONS Mr Gerrard Eccles, Miss Jennine Evans, Recent Student Members Full Members Mr Neil Everett, Miss Natasha Firth, Mr Azim Ahmed, Miss Katie Atherton, Miss Adrienne Bennett, Mr Craig Carter, Ms Verena Fischer-Harman, Mr Karl Fisher, Miss Rebecca Cartwright, Miss Alexandra Cole, Dr Ian Davidson-Watts, Mr Stephen Gibbins, Miss Katrina Hall, Mr David Gibbs, Miss Bryony Hanlon, Mrs Diane Davidson-Watts, Mr Bryan Deegan, Mr Karl Harrison, Miss Georgina Hayworth, Mr Alexander Hannam, Mr Kieran Higgins, Dr Helen Fearnley, Ms Susan King, Miss Laura Hearnden, Miss Anne Heathcote, Ms Ruth Holland, Miss Kate Isger, Mr Rex Kellett, Dr Garry Mortimer, Miss Frances Mudd, Mr James Higgins, Mr Dylan Hodgkiss, Ms Victoria King, Miss Hoi-Lee Lam, Mr Peter Nairne, Dr Connie O’Driscoll, Miss Katherine Holland, Miss Sophia Imite, Ms Cynthia Lawes, Miss Juliette Linford, Mr Scott Paterson, Mr Ross Preston, Mrs Natascha Imlay, Mr Chris Jack, Mr Richard Little, Mr Kelvin Lofthouse, Ms Irene Tierney, Mr David West, Dr Patrick White Mr Timothy Kell, Miss Hannah Knight, Miss Abigail Mabey, Miss Rachel Maddison, Associate Members Mr Radoslaw Kozakiewicz, Mrs Agata Kozlowska, Mr Paul Liptrot, Miss Catriona Love, Mr Robert Monje, Mr David Morris, Mr Phil Bolton, Miss Louise Bunn, Dr Tim Butter, Mr Babajide Macaulay, Miss Joanne Makin, Mr Luke Murphy, Ms Una Nealon, Mr Steven Coyne, Mrs Deborah D’Arcy, Miss Rochelle Meah, Miss Amy Molotoks, Miss Sarah O’Loughlin-Irwin, Mr David Orchard, Miss Suzannah Forshaw, Miss Charlotte Furnival, Miss Emily Moore, Miss Marie Moore, Mr Lutfor Rahman, Mr Thomas Rickman, Mr Matthew Lawton, Mr Demian Lyle, Miss Katherine Morris, Ms Alex Morss, Miss Gail Robertson, Mr Mohammad Sarker, Mr Stephen McNee, Miss Sarah Parkin, Miss Breanainn Mullan, Mr Jonathan Nichols, Miss Alex Saunders, Miss Lindsay Selmes, Miss Blanca Rodriguez, Mr Tim Yardley, Mrs Amy Nightingale, Mr John Noonan, Miss Sarah Smith, Miss Samantha Tyler, Mr Neil Wilkinson, Miss Jane Wright Dr Helen Noel, Ms Hayley Oates, Miss Joanne Underwood, Mr Michael Unsworth, Upgrades to Full Membership Miss Sophie O’Hehir, Miss Brigid O’Leary, Miss Kayleigh Vining, Miss Rachael Wenmouth, Mr Mark Bates, Mr David Dowse, Mr Matthew Palmer, Miss Heather Parris, Ms Chrys Wood Mr Simon Holden, Ms Katie Linehan, Mr Anthony Pawsey, Miss Alexandra Phillips, Recent Affiliate Members Miss Sophie Meredith, Mr Bruce Milne, Miss Rachael Potter, Mr Conor Reid, Miss Claire Parry, Mr Jonathan Reeves, Mr Jake Robinson, Miss Andrea Sarkissian, Miss Vicky Bowskill, Mr Simon Brain, Miss Amy Roberts, Miss Elizabeth Ross, Ms Helen Saunders, Mr Christopher Schofield, Ms Veronica Bucknell, Mr Alex Hewitt, Miss Catherine Taylor Miss Sarah Scott, Miss Sarah Shepperd, Mr Adam Rhodes, Mr Denbeigh Vaughan
43 Internal Articles
Our Autumn Conference, attended by over 230 delegates, took place at the Grand Hotel in Southampton on 6-7 November 2013. This sketchnote of the conference was produced by Carlos Abrahams MCIEEM. The presentations from the conference are available at http: //www.cieem.net/previous-conferences-2013- autumn-conference-393.
44 CIEEM Autumn Conference 2013
45 ϮϬϭϰ^ƉƌŝŶŐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ϮϬϭϰ^ƉƌŝŶŐŽŶϮϬϭϰ^ƉƌŝŶŐŽŶϮϬϭϰ^ƉƌŝŶŐŽŶĨĞĨĞĨĞƌĞƌĞƌĞŶĐŶĐĞĞ /K/s Z/K/s Z/K/s Z^/dzK&^/dzK&^/dzK&&^&^&^ d d dd/E'd/E'd/E'͗͗ /K/s Z&ZKDWK>/z^/dzK&dKWZ&^d/ dd/E' ͗ &ZKDWK>/z&ZKDWK>/z&ZKDWK>/zdKdKdKWZWZWZd/d/d/ ϭϴDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϰ͕ŝƌŵŝŶŐŚĂŵ ϭϴDĂϭϴDĂϭϴDĂƌĐƌĐƌĐŚϮϬϭϰ͕ŝƌŵŝŶŐŚĂŵŚϮϬϭϰ͕ŝƌŵŝŶŐŚĂŵŚϮϬϭϰ͕ŝƌŵŝŶŐŚĂŵ
&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚĂĨƵůůĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ĂĨƵůůĐŽŶĨĂĨƵůůĐŽŶĨĂĨƵůůĐŽŶĨĞƌĞƌĞƌĞŶĐĞĞŶĐĞĞŶĐĞ ƉƌƉƌƉƌŽŐŽŐŽŐƌĂƌĂƌĂŵŵĞǁŝůůďĞŵŵĞǁŝůůďĞŵŵĞǁŝůůďĞ ĂŶŶŽƵŶĐĞĚƐŚŽƌƚůƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞǁŝůůďĞLJ͘ ĂŶŶŽƵŶĐĞĚƐŚŽƌƚůĂŶŶŽƵŶĐĞĚƐŚŽƌƚůĂŶŶŽƵŶĐĞĚƐŚŽƌƚůLJ͘LJ͘LJ͘ ŽŽŬŝŶŐƐǁŝůůŽƉĞŶŽŽŬŝŶŐƐǁŝůůŽƉĞŶŽŽŬŝŶŐƐǁŝůůŽƉĞŶ ŽŽŬŝŶŐƐǁŝůůŽƉĞŶŝŶ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰ͘ ŝŶ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰ͘ŝŶ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰ͘ŝŶ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰ͘
/ŶƚŚĞŵĞĂŶƟŵĞǁŚLJŶŽƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨƚŽƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚĂƌĞĂďLJĂƩĞŶĚŝŶŐ /ŶƚŚĞŵĞĂŶƟŵĞǁ/ŶƚŚĞŵĞĂŶƟŵĞǁŚLJŚLJŶŽƚŝŶƚƌŶŽƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞLJŽĚƵĐĞLJŽƵƌŽƵƌƐĞůĨƚŽƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚĂƌƐĞůĨƚŽƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚĂƌĞĂďĞĂďLJĂƩLJĂƩĞŶĚŝŶŐĞŶĚŝŶŐ /ŶƚŚĞŵĞĂŶƟŵĞǁŽƵƌďĞŐŝŶŶĞƌůĞǀĞůǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ͗ŚLJŶŽƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨƚŽƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚĂƌĞĂďLJĂƩĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŽƵƌďĞŐŝŶŶĞƌůĞǀĞůǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ͗ŽƵƌďĞŐŝŶŶĞƌůĞǀĞůǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ͗ ŽƵƌďĞŐŝŶŶĞƌůĞǀĞůǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ͗ Ŷ/ŶƚƌŶ/ŶƚƌŶ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŽƚŽŝŽĚŝǀŝŽĚŝǀŝŽĚŝǀĞƌĞƌĞƌƐŝƚLJKƐŝƚLJKƐŝƚLJKīƐīƐīƐĞƫŶŐĞƫŶŐĞƫŶŐ Ŷ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶϯDĂƌĐƚŽŚϮϬϭϰ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJKīƐĞƫŶŐ ϯDĂϯDĂϯDĂƌĐƌĐƌĐŚϮϬϭϰ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶŚϮϬϭϰ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶŚϮϬϭϰ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶ dŚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞŝƐĨŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐǁŚŽǁŝƐŚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ dŚŝƐĐŽƵƌdŚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞŝƐĨƐĞŝƐĨŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐǁŚŽǁŝƐŚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌƐŬŝůůƐŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐǁŚŽǁŝƐŚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ dŚŝƐĐŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƐĞŝƐĨƌƐŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐǁŚŽǁŝƐŚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌƐŬŝůůƐŝƚLJŽīƐĞƫŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͗ ŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐƌƐŝƚLJŽīŝƚLJŽīƐĞƫŶŐĂƉƉƌƐĞƫŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĨŽĂĐŚĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ͗͗ ŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽīƐĞƫŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ͗ ͻ ƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐ͖ ͻͻƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨŽīƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐ͖ƐĞƫŶŐ͖ ͻ ƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨŽīƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵďĞŝŶŐƉŝůŽƚƚĞƐĞƫŶŐ͖ ƐƚĞĚŝŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚďLJĞĨƌĂ͖ ͻͻƚŚĞƚŚĞƐLJƐƚƐLJƐƚĞŵďĞŝŶŐƉŝůŽƚƚĞĞŵďĞŝŶŐƉŝůŽƚƚĞƐƚƐƚĞĚŝŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚďLJĞĨĞĚŝŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚďLJĞĨƌĂƌĂ͖͖ ͻ ƚŚĞƚŚĞƉƌƐLJƐƚĂĐƟĐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽĞŵďĞŝŶŐƉŝůŽƚƚĞƐƚĞĚŝŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚďLJĞĨīƐĞƫŶŐĨŽƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĞƌĂ͖ ĐƚŽƌƐ͖ ͻͻƚŚĞƉƌƚŚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽĂĐƟĐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽīƐīƐĞƫŶŐĨĞƫŶŐĨŽƌǀŽƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĞĂƌŝŽƵƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĞĐƚŽƌĐƚŽƌƐ͖Ɛ͖ ͻ ƚŚĞƉƌĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĂĐƟĐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐĨŽƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͖ ͻͻĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ͖ĂŶĚ ͻ ĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ͖ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŝƐŬƐŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐĨĂŝůŝŶŐƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚŚŽǁ ͻͻƚŚĞƌŝƐŬƐŽĨŽīƚŚĞƌŝƐŬƐŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐƐĞƫŶŐĨĂĨĂŝůŝŶŐƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌŝůŝŶŐƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJďĞŶĞĮƚƐƐŝƚLJďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚŚŽǁĂŶĚŚŽǁ ͻ ƚŚĞƌŝƐŬƐŽĨŽīƚŚĞƐĞĐĂŶďĞŽǀĞƐĞƫŶŐƌĐŽŵĞ͘ĨĂŝůŝŶŐƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚŚŽǁ ƚŚĞƐĞĐĂŶďĞŽǀĞƚŚĞƐĞĐĂŶďĞŽǀĞƌĐƌĐŽŵĞ͘ŽŵĞ͘ ƚŚĞƐĞĐĂŶďĞŽǀĞ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚŬŝŶŐĂƌĐŽŵĞ͘ ƚǁǁǁ͘ĐŝĞĞŵ͘ŶĞƚ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚŬŝŶŐĂ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚŬŝŶŐĂ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚŬŝŶŐĂƚǁǁǁƚǁǁǁƚǁǁǁ͘ĐŝĞĞŵ͘ŶĞƚ͘ĐŝĞĞŵ͘ŶĞƚ͘ĐŝĞĞŵ͘ŶĞƚ 46 ϮϬϭϰ^ƉƌŝŶŐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ϮϬϭϰ^ƉƌŝŶŐŽŶϮϬϭϰ^ƉƌŝŶŐŽŶĨĞĨĞƌĞƌĞŶĐĞ Internal Articles
/K/s Z/K/s Z^/dzK&^/dzK&&^&^ d dd/E'd/E'͗ The Chartered Ecologist Register /K/s Z&ZKDWK>/z^/dzK&dKWZ&^d/ dd/E' ͗ &ZKDWK>/z&ZKDWK>/zdKdKWZWZd/d/ CIEEM has established the ϭϴDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϰ͕ŝƌŵŝŶŐŚĂŵ Register of Chartered Ecologists ϭϴDĂϭϴDĂƌĐƌĐŚϮϬϭϰ͕ŝƌŵŝŶŐŚĂŵŚϮϬϭϰ͕ŝƌŵŝŶŐŚĂŵ under powers conferred by the granting of a Royal Charter on 1st April 2013. &ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚ Chartered Ecologists are active &ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚĂĨƵůůĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ professionals who use their knowledge, ĂĨƵůůĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ experience and influence to promote and ƉƌŽŐĂĨƵůůĐŽŶĨƌĂŵŵĞǁŝůůďĞĞƌĞŶĐĞ advance ecology as an applied discipline. ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞǁŝůůďĞ They may work or have worked in local ĂŶŶŽƵŶĐĞĚƐŚŽƌƚůƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞǁŝůůďĞLJ͘ or national government, consultancy, ĂŶŶŽƵŶĐĞĚƐŚŽƌƚůLJ͘ the voluntary sector, statutory agencies, ĂŶŶŽƵŶĐĞĚƐŚŽƌƚůLJ͘ industry or academia but they are united by three common characteristics: ŽŽŬŝŶŐƐǁŝůůŽƉĞŶŽŽŬŝŶŐƐǁŝůůŽƉĞŶ • their advice and practice is based on ŽŽŬŝŶŐƐǁŝůůŽƉĞŶ a fundamental understanding of ŝŶ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰ͘ŝŶ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰ͘ ecology and the critical evaluation ŝŶ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰ͘ of scientific evidence; • they work in accordance with high standards of professional conduct; and • they can communicate complex ecological concepts and ideas confidently and effectively to a wide range of audiences. /ŶƚŚĞŵĞĂŶƟŵĞǁŚLJŶŽƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨƚŽƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚĂƌĞĂďLJĂƩĞŶĚŝŶŐ Penny Anderson presents John Box as the first Chartered Ecologist /ŶƚŚĞŵĞĂŶƟŵĞǁŚLJŶŽƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨƚŽƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚĂƌĞĂďLJĂƩĞŶĚŝŶŐ As our natural environment faces ever- /ŶƚŚĞŵĞĂŶƟŵĞǁŽƵƌďĞŐŝŶŶĞƌůĞǀĞůǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ͗ŚLJŶŽƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨƚŽƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚĂƌĞĂďLJĂƩĞŶĚŝŶŐ increasing pressures and threats there ŽƵƌďĞŐŝŶŶĞƌůĞǀĞůǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ͗ ŽƵƌďĞŐŝŶŶĞƌůĞǀĞůǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ͗ are signs that society is starting to The assessment process is a combination of The Register opened to CIEEM Full recognise and value the vital life support, desk-based review of applicant information members for the period 30th September- Ŷ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJKīƐĞƫŶŐ provisioning, regulating and cultural and a Professional Review Interview. CIEEM 31st October 2013, with interviews for Ŷ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJKīƐĞƫŶŐ services it provides. Chartered Ecologists, Past-Presidents and Fellows were invited to this second batch expected to take Ŷ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶϯDĂƌĐƚŽŚϮϬϭϰ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJKīƐĞƫŶŐ in the many different guises that they apply first in order to trial the process and place in early December and successful ϯDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϰ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶ may be found, are at the forefront of also to create the initial pool of assessors applicants being announced in January ϯDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϰ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶ work to protect and enhance the natural necessary as there is no grandparenting 2014. Registrants will be announced dŚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞŝƐĨŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐǁŚŽǁŝƐŚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ environment and to safeguard, manage process. This trial was a great success with on a quarterly basis. Further dates will dŚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞŝƐĨŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐǁŚŽǁŝƐŚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ and restore these services for the benefit excellent feedback from the applicants be announced in due course as will dŚŝƐĐŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƐĞŝƐĨƌƐŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐǁŚŽǁŝƐŚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌƐŬŝůůƐŝƚLJŽīƐĞƫŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͗ of nature and society. resulting in a few small process tweaks only. applications from equivalent grade members of certain other licensed ŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽīƐĞƫŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ͗ The award of Chartered Ecologist has We are delighted to announce that all 21 ŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽīƐĞƫŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ͗ professional bodies. For the most up- given us the opportunity to create a new applicants who successfully completed the to-date information, please check the professional standard which will be widely Chartered Ecologist process were recently ͻ ƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐ͖ Chartered Ecologist pages on the ͻ ƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐ͖ recognised and valued. To that end, the ratified by the CIEEM Governing Board. ͻ ƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨŽīƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵďĞŝŶŐƉŝůŽƚƚĞƐĞƫŶŐ͖ ƐƚĞĚŝŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚďLJĞĨƌĂ͖ CIEEM website. ͻ ƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵďĞŝŶŐƉŝůŽƚƚĞƐƚĞĚŝŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚďLJĞĨƌĂ͖ process has been designed to be thorough, They may now use the post nominals ͻ ƚŚĞƚŚĞƉƌƐLJƐƚĂĐƟĐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽĞŵďĞŝŶŐƉŝůŽƚƚĞƐƚĞĚŝŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚďLJĞĨīƐĞƫŶŐĨŽƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĞƌĂ͖ ĐƚŽƌƐ͖ robust and rigorous. ‘CEcol’. One of the Registrants of this first ͻ ƚŚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐĨŽƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͖ In order to establish the Register there have tranche is CIEEM President, John Box. ͻ ƚŚĞƉƌĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĂĐƟĐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐĨŽƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͖ been a number of tasks that needed to be ͻ ĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ͖ĂŶĚ ͻ ĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ͖ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŝƐŬƐŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐĨĂŝůŝŶŐƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚŚŽǁ undertaken, including: determining the ͻ ƚŚĞƌŝƐŬƐŽĨŽīƐĞƫŶŐĨĂŝůŝŶŐƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚŚŽǁ eligibility criteria, agreeing the competence ͻ ƚŚĞƌŝƐŬƐŽĨŽīƚŚĞƐĞĐĂŶďĞŽǀĞƐĞƫŶŐƌĐŽŵĞ͘ĨĂŝůŝŶŐƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚŚŽǁ standard and developing both the ƚŚĞƐĞĐĂŶďĞŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ͘ assessment and application processes. ƚŚĞƐĞĐĂŶďĞŽǀĞ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚŬŝŶŐĂƌĐŽŵĞ͘ ƚǁǁǁ͘ĐŝĞĞŵ͘ŶĞƚ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚŬŝŶŐĂ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚŬŝŶŐĂƚǁǁǁƚǁǁǁ͘ĐŝĞĞŵ͘ŶĞƚ͘ĐŝĞĞŵ͘ŶĞƚ 47 Internal Articles
CIEEM Awards 2013
At our 2013 Autumn Conference, CIEEM announced the winners of our annual Best Practice and People Awards. The awards aim to celebrate individuals, projects and schemes that exemplify best practice, promote innovation and share knowledge in the realm of ecology and environmental management. The Best Practice Award for outstanding achievement in both the Practical Nature Conservation category and in the Innovation category went to Penny Penny Anderson (Penny Anderson Associates) and Philip Austin (United Utilities) Anderson Associates for the Sustainable Catchment Management Programme across an extensive area with all the Society, teaches at Reading University and (SCaMP). The SCaMP project is based habitats of value safeguarded within Farm is a devoted badger ecologist, holding on the Bowland Estate, Lancashire and Plans, with enhancement management position of Director of the Badger Trust and Peak District moorlands on land owned included where necessary. involved with his local Oxfordshire Badger by United Utilities which incorporates 21 Penny continued, “SCaMP has been Group, undertaking surveys and aiding farms and 45 land holdings. The project, innovative in a number of ways. The vaccination treatment against Bovine TB.” run in collaboration with the RSPB, set out policies on which it is founded were Simon said of receiving the award: “It was to improve river catchment quality whilst fundamentally unique when Ofwat first fantastic to receive this award and I am so ensuring a sustainable future for tenants permitted utilities companies to develop grateful to those who must have worked of the Bowland Estate which comprises and fund catchment management systems on the nomination. It is humbling to be 56,385ha of catchment, mostly in the at source, rather than end product put forward for something like this and uplands, of which 17,343ha are Sites of engineered solutions. The scale of the it makes it even better knowing that the Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). project over such a large area has been a award comes from a great organisation like Penny Anderson said, “It’s absolutely logistical challenge and the commitment by CIEEM. I really don’t know what makes an brilliant to have won these awards having United Utilities to the ongoing monitoring individual ‘outstanding’, but I can say that I worked on this project for more than means we have an archive of data like few love what I do and am very lucky to have a five years. When we first started in 2005 other projects of this kind in Britain.” job which is basically my hobby and allows no one else was really doing this kind of me to keep on learning. It is also great to catchment work in the UK. Now we are The award for Outstanding Individual was get involved in other groups such as the seeing more and more projects being set presented to Simon Boulter CEnv MCIEEM, Badger Trust and Mammal Society. Taking up of a similar nature to SCaMP.” a Principal Consultant at the environmental part allows me to use the skills that I have The project began in 2005 with a five-year consultancy RSK. Simon was nominated learnt, develop them (without having to plan to meet the Government’s target by colleague and peer Sarah Harmer, work to tight deadlines) and work with of 95% of SSSIs being in favourable or Managing Director. Sarah said “Simon some great friends and ecologists.” favourable recovering condition by 2010. has a thirst for knowledge and takes on “I was informed that I had won the award SCaMP helps individual farms across the many of our challenging projects. He is several months ago, but was sworn to estate to work towards improving water committed to training and developing his secrecy. It was extremely difficult to keep quality, reducing run-off rates, sediment skills on Ecological Impact Assessment quiet about. However, despite having load and downstream flooding. SCaMP and holds many posts outside of his work known about the award, collecting it at the has made a significant contribution to at RSK. Amongst his many commitments conference was still nerve-wracking, but the quality and functionality of upland he is a dedicated Council Member and something I won’t forget. It will serve as a ecosystems and biodiversity conservation Publications Officer for the Mammal great motivation to keep getting involved, 48 Penny Anderson (Penny Anderson Associates) and Philip Austin (United Utilities) Jessica Batchelor and Simon Boulter David Stubbs
keep enjoying what I do and to remember “As a graduate looking for a career in CIEEM are expanding their awards again how much fun it can be to work in the ecology, finding a job was a daunting this year and recognising even more people ecological industry.” task. I lost count of the number of times for their dedication to the profession.” I was told how hard it would be to find a job in such a tough market, and the The New Professional Award was presented Also presented at the conference, although number of voluntary hours and muddy to Jessica Batchelor GradCIEEM, a graduate announced in the summer (see September nights I worked to build my experience. ecologist at Arup, an independent firm 2013 In Practice, page 56), was the CIEEM of designers, planners, engineers and The day I was offered my first ‘proper’ Medal. The Medal was presented to David consultants dedicated to enhanced job in ecology, I was ecstatic. Someone Stubbs in recognition of his outstanding sustainability through its design projects. recognised my passion and took a chance contribution to the development of Jessica was nominated by Senior Ecologist on me, and I resolved to work hard and ecologically sustainable sports facilities and colleague Oliver Barnett. Oliver said make the decision to hire me worthwhile.” and sports event management. David “Jess has a positive and infectious can-do “I have found the last two years at Arup responded to being presented with the attitude and has displayed a depth and incredibly hard work, far beyond what I Medal by saying that he was especially breadth of knowledge that is advanced naively imagined might consist of catching pleased to have been nominated and well beyond what is normally expected of slow worms and writing the occasional recognised by his own peers. He concluded a graduate ecologist.” report. Baptism by fire is a saying I can with a plea for members to nominate more Jessica said of receiving the award: relate to well. It has been a far steeper women for the Medal in the future. “Receiving an urgent voicemail from learning curve than I ever imagined Linda Yost, who manages the disciplinary possible although lightened by falling in procedures, certainly set my heart muddy ponds, being attacked by squirrels pounding, and had me agonising over or having police dogs called on us for what I might have done to warrant the call. suspected copper theft at 1am.” I was very relieved to get through to Linda “Being presented this award at the two days later, and surprised to learn I had Autumn Conference gave me the same been nominated for and won the 2013 joy as I had when I was offered my first New Professional Award.” ecology job. It is so easy for us all to get For more information “It is a humbling feeling to know that caught up in the pressures of work, and on this year’s and 2014’s someone has gone out of their way to take what we and our colleagues do for awards please spend the time and effort putting in a granted. We should not underestimate the visit www.cieem.net/awards. nomination to recognise me, and it really value of having our hard work recognised, is appreciated.” which is why I think it is fantastic that 49 / D/ DttZ^ϮϬϭϰZ^ϮϬϭϰ ϮϬϭϯtŝŶŶĞϮϬϭϯtŝŶŶĞƌƐƌƐ;ůĞŌƚŽƌŝŐŚƚͿ͗;ůĞŌƚŽƌŝŐŚƚͿ͗ ϮϬϭϯtŝŶŶĞͻͻ / DDĞĚĂů/ DDĞĚĂůƌƐ;ůĞŌƚŽƌŝŐŚƚͿ͗ͲͲĂǀĂǀŝĚ^ƚƵďďƐ ŶŝĚ^ƚƵďďƐ Ŷ ǀD/ DǀD/ D / DŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉ/ DŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌĞƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐĂŶŶƵĂůĂǁƐĞŶƟŶŐĂŶŶƵĂůĂǁĂƌĂƌĚƐĨĚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĂƐŽƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƐŝdžƚƐŝdžLJĞLJĞĂƌĂƌƐ͕Ɛ͕ĂŶĚŝŶϮϬϭϰǁĞĂĂŶĚŝŶϮϬϭϰǁĞĂƌĞƌĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ͻͻ / DDĞĚĂůĞĞƐƚƐƚWWƌĂƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĐƟĐĞǁĂƌͲĂǀĚŝĚ^ƚƵďďƐ ŶͲĚͲ ǀD/ D / DŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐĂŶŶƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƐŝdžLJĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶϮϬϭϰǁĞĂƌĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ͻ ĞWĞWĞŶŶƐƚŶŶWLJŶĚĞƌĂLJŶĚĞĐƟĐĞǁĂƌƌƐƌƐŽŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƚŽŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĚͲ ĞƐ;^ĂDWWƌĞƐ;^ĂDWWƌŽũĞĐƚŽũĞĐƚͿ Ϳ ƚŚĞƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶŝŶƚŽŝŶƚŽĂĂƐƐƵďƵďƐƚƐƚĂŶƟĂůůLJĂŶƟĂůůLJůĂƌůĂƌŐĞŐĞƌƌĞǀĞŶƚĞǀĞŶƚŝŶŝŶďŽƚŚďŽƚŚƐĐĂůĞƐĐĂůĞĂĂŶĚŶĚƉƉƌŽƌŽĮůĞĮůĞǁŝƚŚǁŝƚŚůŽƚƐůŽƚƐŵŽŵŽƌĞƌĞĂĂǁĂǁĂƌĚƌĚ ͻͻ WĞKƵƚƐKƵƚƐŶŶƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůǁĂƌĚLJŶĚĞƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůǁĂƌĚƌƐŽŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞƐ;^ĂDWWƌͲͲ ŽũĞĐƚͿ ƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶŝŶƚŽĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůLJůĂƌŐĞƌĞǀĞŶƚŝŶďŽƚŚƐĐĂůĞĂŶĚƉƌŽĮůĞǁŝƚŚůŽƚƐŵŽƌĞĂǁĂƌĚ ͻ KƵƚƐ^ŝŵŽŶŽƵůƚĞƌ ^ŝŵŽŶŽƵůƚĞƌ ƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůǁĂƌĚŶǀŶǀD/ DD/ D Ͳ ͻ WƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐWƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůǁĂƌĚͲ ͻ ^ŝŵŽŶŽƵůƚĞƌ WƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐWƌŽĨĞŶǀƐƐŝŽŶĂůǁD/ DĂƌĚͲ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞĨĂŶƚĂƐƟĐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂĚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ :ĞƐƐŝĐĂĂƚĐŚĞůŽƌ'ƌĂĚ/ D ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞĨĂŶƚĂƐƟĐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂĚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ ͻ Wƌ:ĞƐƐŝĐĂĂƚŽŵŝƐŝŶŐWĐŚĞůŽƌ'ƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůǁƌĂĚ/ DĂƌĚͲ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞĨĂŶƚĂƐƟĐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂĚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ :ĞƐƐŝĐĂĂƚĐŚĞůŽƌ'ƌĂĚ/ D ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJDĐWĂƌůĂŶĚ&ŝŶŶ>ƚĚͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJDĐW;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJDĐWĂƌůĂŶĚ&ŝŶŶĂƌůĂŶĚ&ŝŶŶ>ƚ>ƚĚͿĚͿ
dŚĞ/ DDĞĚĂůŝƐƚŚĞŚĂƌƚĞƌdŚĞ/ DDĞĚĂůŝƐƚŚĞŚĂƌƚĞƌĞĚ/ŶƐĞĚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͛ƟƚƵƚĞ͛ƐŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂĐĐŽůĂĚĞĂŶƐŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂĐĐŽůĂĚĞĂŶĚŝƐĂĚŝƐĂǁĂǁĂƌĚƌĚĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůLJŝŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůLJŝŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂŶ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁdŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĂƌĚĚƌĞƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;&ƵůůŵĞŵďĞƌŽƌĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;&ƵůůŵĞŵďĞƌŽƌ&Ğ&ĞůůŽǁͿŝŶůůŽǁͿŝŶ dŚĞ/ DDĞĚĂůŝƐƚŚĞŚĂƌƚĞƌŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶŐůĞŽƌůŝĨĞͲůŽŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨĞĐŽůĞĚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͛ƐŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂĐĐŽůĂĚĞĂŶŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶĚŝƐĂǁĂǀŝƌƌĚŽŶŵĞŶĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůLJŝŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŶƐŝƐdŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁƚĞŶƚůLJĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƉƌĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;&ƵůůŵĞŵďĞƌŽƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ &ĞůůŽǁͿŝŶ ŽƵƚƐƚŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶŐůĞŽƌůŝĨĂŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶŐůĞŽƌůŝĨĞͲůŽŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨĞĐŽůĞͲůŽŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶŽŶŵĞŶƚĂƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘͘ ĐŽŶƐŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞƚĞŶƚůLJĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐŶƚůLJĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚĞƉƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĨŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͖ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞ ŽƌĸůŝĂdŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁƚĞͿĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞƐƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĐĂƌdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĞĞƌ͘dŚĞǁŝŶŶĞƌǁŝůůŚĂĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;'ǀĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ƐƐŽĐŝƌĂŐĞĂƚĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͖ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞ ŽƌĸůŝĂƚĞͿĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJƐƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĐĂƌĞĞƌ͘dŚĞǁŝŶŶĞƌǁŝůůŚĂǀĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ WƌĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞĐŽŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞǀĂƟƌǀŽŶĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŝĐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĞŵďŽĚLJƚŚĞƉŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨƐƵƐƚƌƐŝƚLJ͖ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽŽƌĸůŝĂƚĞͿĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJƐƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĐĂƌĞĞƌ͘dŚĞǁŝŶŶĞĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƌǁŝůůŚĂƉŵĞŶƚ͘ǀĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌ ĂƚĞĚĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞĐŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞƌǀƌǀŝĐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĞŵďŽĚLJƚŚĞƉŝĐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĞŵďŽĚLJƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨƐƵƐƚƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĨĞĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ƉŵĞŶƚ͘
;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĚŝƐƉůĂLJŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽƌŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ;ƐͿ͖ƌĞƉůŝĐĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨE'KƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐĂŶĚ Wƌ;ĂŶĚĂĚWƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĚŝƐƉůĂŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĚŝƐƉůĂǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďĞƐLJŝŶŶŽLJŝŶŶŽƚƉƌǀĂƟǀĂƟĂĐƟĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉƌŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽƌŽŽĂĐŚ͕ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶͿ͖ĂŶĚĚĞƌƌŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ;ƐͿ͖ƌŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ;ƐͿ͖ƌŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĂŶĚĞƉůŝĐĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƉůŝĐĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽƌŽũĞĐƚũĞĐƚ ƉƌdŚŝƐĂdŚŝƐĂŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĂƚŚĂƐŚĂĚĂŵĂũŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚŝŶďĞŶĞĮƟŶŐŶĂƚƵǁĂǁĂƌĚƌĚƌƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨE'KƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂƐĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨE'KƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂƐƌĞĂŶĚƐŽƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐĂŶĚĐŝĞƚƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐĂŶĚLJ͘ ĞŶ;ĂŶĚĂĚ;ĂŶĚĂĚǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶǀĂǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďĞƐŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďĞƐƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐƐƵƚƉƌƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉĂĐƟĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨƌŽƌŽĨĞĨĞƐƐŝŽŶͿ͖ĂŶĚĚĞƐƐŝŽŶͿ͖ĂŶĚĚĞŽƌƐŽĐŝĞƚŵŽŶƐƚƌŵŽŶƐƚƌLJ͘ ĂƚĞƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĂŶĚĂƚĞƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĂŶĚ ƉƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĂƚŚĂƐŚĂĚĂŵĂũŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚŝŶďĞŶĞĮƟŶŐŶĂƚƵŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĂƚŚĂƐŚĂĚĂŵĂũŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚŝŶďĞŶĞĮƟŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĞƌĞĂŶĚƐŽĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚĐŝĞƚLJ͘LJ͘ ĞŶĞŶǀŝƌǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶŽŶŵĞŶƚĂƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞƌůŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐƐƵƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐƐƵƐƚƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨĂŝŶĂďůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐŽŽƌƐŽĐŝĞƚĐŝĞƚLJ͘LJ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ ƚŬŝŶƐͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƚƚŬŝŶƐͿŬŝŶƐͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƚŽďŽƚŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƚŽďĞŶĞĮƚƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ WƌƐƚWƌĂŬŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ĂƉƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ĂƉƉƌĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͖ĂŶĚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĂĐŚĞƐĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƚŽďŽƚŚƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƚŽďŽƚŚƉƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐLJĂŐĞŶĚĂƐĨŽũĞĐƚŽũĞĐƚĂǀŽƵƌŝŶŐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞŚŽǁƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽƐdŚŝƐĂdŚŝƐĂǁĂǁĂƌĚƌĚƌƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƌƉŽƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƚŽďĞĂƚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƚŽďĞƚĂīĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂŬŶĞĮƚƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌŶĞĮƚƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞƉĂůĞĂůĞŶǀŶǀŝƌŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂƌĂĐƟĐĂůŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ďĞƐƚƐƚĂŬĂŬƐƚĞŚŽůĚĞƌƉĞŚŽůĚĞƌƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶƐĂŶĚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͖ĂŶĚŚĂƐĂŶĚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͖ĂŶĚŚĂǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽŝŶŇǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽŝŶŇ͘ ƵĞŶĐĞƵĞŶĐĞƌĞƌĞƐĞĂƌƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐLJĂŐĞŶĚĂƐĨĐŚĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐLJĂŐĞŶĚĂƐĨĂǀĂǀŽƵƌŝŶŐŽƵƌŝŶŐ ŽĨƚŚĞƉŝŶĐůƵĚĞŚŽǁƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞŚŽǁƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽƐƌŽũĞĐƚ͚ŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ͛͘ ƚĂƚĂīĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚīĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂŬĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞƉƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞƉƌĂƌĂĐƟĐĂůŽƵĐƟĐĂůŽƵƚĐƚĐŽŵĞƐŽŵĞƐ ďĞďĞƐƚƐƚƉƉƌĂƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶĐƟĐĞŝŶĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶŽŶŵĞŶƚĂƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘͘ ŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽƌŽũĞĐƚ͚ũĞĐƚ͚ŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ͛ŽƵŶĚ͛͘͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJd WͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJd W;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJd WͿͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚĂŶĚƟŵĞůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ dŚĞ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚWƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƌĚƐƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚďLJ/ D^ƚƵĚĞŶƚ;ŽƌƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJƵƉŐƌĂĚĞĚ'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞͿ WƌŝŶWƌĨŽŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĂŶĚĂůůŽǁĐŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŚĂǀĞƚǀĞƚƌĂƌĂŶƐƉĂŶƐƉĂƌĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĚƟŵĞůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŝŶŶƚĂŶĚƟŵĞůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŝŶǀĞŝŵƉĂƌƟĂů͕ĨŽĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌŵĂƟŽŶĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚŚĂ͖͖ĨĂĨĂĐŝůŝƚĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚĞdžĂƚĞĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚĞdžǀĞĨĂŝƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ ŵĞŵďĞƌdŚĞ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚWdŚĞ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚWƐŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƌŽƌŽũĞĐƚũĞĐƚ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚǁĂǁĂƌĚƌĚƐƌƐƌĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚďLJ/ D^ƚƵĚĞĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚďLJ/ D^ƚƵĚĞƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚͬĚŝƐƐĞƌƚŶƚ;ŽƌƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJƵƉŐŶƚ;ŽƌƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJƵƉŐĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJŽƌƌĂƌĂĚĞĚ'ƌĚĞĚ'ƌĂĚƵĂĂĚƵĂƚĞƚĞͿͿ ŝŶŐƌŝĞŝŶĨŽĨŽǀĂƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĂŶĚĂůůŽǁĐŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŚĂƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĂŶĚĂůůŽǁĐŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽĂůůƐƚǀĞŝŵƉĂƌƟĂů͕ĂŬǀĞŝŵƉĂƌƟĂů͕ĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ ĂĐĐĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚŚĂĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚŚĂǀĞĨĂŝƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĨŽƌǀĞĨĂŝƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĨŽƌ ĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌŵĞŵďĞƌǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƐŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚ͘ĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƉƌƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚͬĚŝŽũĞĐƚͬĚŝƐƐƐĞƌƚƐĞƌƚĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJŽƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJŽƌ ŐƌŝĞŐƌŝĞǀĂǀĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŶĐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƌĞƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂǀĂĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽĂůůƐƚŝůĂďůĞƚŽĂůůƐƚĂŬĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐƌƐ͘͘ ĞŶĞŶǀŝƌǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶŽŶŵĞŶƚĂƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ'ƌĂƉŚŝĐƐ Ϳ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ'ƌĂƉŚŝĐƐͿ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨŽƵƌƐƵďͲĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĚƐ;ĂďŽǀĞͿƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĮŌŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ƚŚĞ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ'ƌĂƉŚŝĐƐͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨŽƵƌƐƵďͲĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĚƐ;ĂďŽǀĞͿƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĮŌŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ƚŚĞ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ dŽ/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨŶLJƌĂĚƐŚĂǁǁĂƌĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌŽƵƌƐƵďͲĐĂĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐĞƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĨdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽƌƚŚĞĞƐŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞĐƌŝƚĂƌĚƐ;ĂďŽǀĞͿƚŚĞĞƌŝĂƌĞĨŽŝƐĂĮŌŚĐĂƚƌƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞŐŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞLJ͕ƚŚĞ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐE t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ ŚĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĂƵƚŚŽƌƐŽĨĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝŶ dŽŶLJƌĂĚƐŚĂǁǁĂƌĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐŚĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĂƵƚŚŽƌƐŽĨĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝŶ ĂďŽǀĞĐĂdŽŶLJƌĂƚĞĚƐŚĂǁǁŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƐĞƚĂŶŽǀĞĂƌĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐĞƌĂůůŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚƐƚdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůƉƌĂŶĚĂŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚƌĚ͘ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ ŽƵƌŵĞŵďĞdŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌƌƐĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŝ͛ďƵůůĞƟŶ͕/ŶWƌĂĐƟĐĞŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐ͕ŵĂŬĞ͘dŚĞũƵĚŐĞƐǁŝůůďĞůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŚĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĂƵƚŚŽƌŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚƚŚƐŽĨĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝŶŽƵŐŚƚͲ ĂďŽǀĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƐĞƚĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘ ŽƵƌŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͛ďƵůůĞƟŶ͕/ŶWƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŵĂŬĞ͘dŚĞũƵĚŐĞƐǁŝůůďĞůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚƚŚŽƵŐŚƚͲ ĂďŽǀĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƐĞƚĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘ ƉƌŽƵƌŵĞŵďĞŽǀŽŬŝŶŐĂƌƟĐůĞŽĨƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƌƐ͛ďƵůůĞƟŶ͕/ŶWƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ ͕ŵĂŬĞ͘dŚĞũƵĚŐĞƐǁŝůůďĞůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚƚŚŽƵŐŚƚͲ ƉƌŽǀŽŬŝŶŐĂƌƟĐůĞŽĨƚŚĞLJĞĂƌ͘ ƉƌŽǀŽŬŝŶŐĂƌƟĐůĞŽĨƚŚĞLJĞĂƌ͘ Ǥ ǤȀ 50 Ǥ ǤȀ / DtZ^ϮϬϭϰ ϮϬϭϯtŝŶŶĞƌƐ;ůĞŌƚŽƌŝŐŚƚͿ͗ ͻ / DDĞĚĂůͲĂǀŝĚ^ƚƵďďƐ ŶǀD/ D / DŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐĂŶŶƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƐŝdžLJĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶϮϬϭϰǁĞĂƌĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ͻ ĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĚͲ WĞŶŶLJŶĚĞƌƐŽŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞƐ;^ĂDWWƌŽũĞĐƚͿ ƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶŝŶƚŽĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůLJůĂƌŐĞƌĞǀĞŶƚŝŶďŽƚŚƐĐĂůĞĂŶĚƉƌŽĮůĞǁŝƚŚůŽƚƐŵŽƌĞĂǁĂƌĚ ͻ KƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůǁĂƌĚͲ ^ŝŵŽŶŽƵůƚĞƌ ŶǀD/ D ͻ WƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐWƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůǁĂƌĚͲ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞĨĂŶƚĂƐƟĐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂĚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ :ĞƐƐŝĐĂĂƚĐŚĞůŽƌ'ƌĂĚ/ D
;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJDĐWĂƌůĂŶĚ&ŝŶŶ>ƚĚͿ
dŚĞ/ DDĞĚĂůŝƐƚŚĞŚĂƌƚĞƌĞĚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͛ƐŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂĐĐŽůĂĚĞĂŶĚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůLJŝŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂŶ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;&ƵůůŵĞŵďĞƌŽƌ&ĞůůŽǁͿŝŶ ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶŐůĞŽƌůŝĨĞͲůŽŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůLJĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͖ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞ ŽƌĸůŝĂƚĞͿĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJƐƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĐĂƌĞĞƌ͘dŚĞǁŝŶŶĞƌǁŝůůŚĂǀĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĞŵďŽĚLJƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘
;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĚŝƐƉůĂLJŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽƌŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ;ƐͿ͖ƌĞƉůŝĐĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨE'KƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐĂŶĚ ;ĂŶĚĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶͿ͖ĂŶĚĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĂŶĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĂƚŚĂƐŚĂĚĂŵĂũŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚŝŶďĞŶĞĮƟŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƚŬŝŶƐͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƚŽďŽƚŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƚŽďĞŶĞĮƚƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͖ĂŶĚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐLJĂŐĞŶĚĂƐĨĂǀŽƵƌŝŶŐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞŚŽǁƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂīĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͚ŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ͛͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJd WͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚĂŶĚƟŵĞůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ dŚĞ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚWƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƌĚƐƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚďLJ/ D^ƚƵĚĞŶƚ;ŽƌƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJƵƉŐƌĂĚĞĚ'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞͿ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĂŶĚĂůůŽǁĐŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŚĂǀĞŝŵƉĂƌƟĂů͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚŚĂǀĞĨĂŝƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĨŽƌ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚͬĚŝƐƐĞƌƚĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJŽƌ ŐƌŝĞǀĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽĂůůƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ'ƌĂƉŚŝĐƐͿ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨŽƵƌƐƵďͲĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĚƐ;ĂďŽǀĞͿƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĮŌŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ƚŚĞ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ dŽŶLJƌĂĚƐŚĂǁǁĂƌĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐŚĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĂƵƚŚŽƌƐŽĨĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝŶ ĂďŽǀĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƐĞƚĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘ ŽƵƌŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͛ďƵůůĞƟŶ͕/ŶWƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŵĂŬĞ͘dŚĞũƵĚŐĞƐǁŝůůďĞůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚƚŚŽƵŐŚƚͲ ƉƌŽǀŽŬŝŶŐĂƌƟĐůĞŽĨƚŚĞLJĞĂƌ͘
Ǥ ǤȀ / DtZ^ϮϬϭϰ / DtZ^ϮϬϭϰ ϮϬϭϯtŝŶŶĞƌƐ;ůĞŌƚŽƌŝŐŚƚͿ͗ ϮϬϭϯtŝŶŶĞƌƐ;ůĞŌƚŽƌŝŐŚƚͿ͗ ϮϬϭϯtŝŶŶĞͻ / DDĞĚĂůƌƐ;ůĞŌƚŽƌŝŐŚƚͿ͗ͲĂǀŝĚ^ƚƵďďƐ Ŷ ǀD/ D ͻ / DDĞĚĂůͲĂǀŝĚ^ƚƵďďƐ ŶǀD/ D / DŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐĂŶŶƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƐŝdžLJĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶϮϬϭϰǁĞĂƌĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ͻ / DDĞĚĂůĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌͲĂǀĚŝĚ^ƚƵďďƐ ŶͲ ǀD/ D / DŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐĂŶŶƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƐŝdžLJĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶϮϬϭϰǁĞĂƌĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ͻ ĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĚͲ / DŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐĂŶŶƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƐŝdžLJĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶϮϬϭϰǁĞĂƌĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ͻ ĞWĞŶŶƐƚWLJŶĚĞƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌƌƐŽŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĚͲ ĞƐ;^ĂDWWƌŽũĞĐƚͿ WĞŶŶLJŶĚĞƌƐŽŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞƐ;^ĂDWWƌŽũĞĐƚͿ ƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶŝŶƚŽĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůLJůĂƌŐĞƌĞǀĞŶƚŝŶďŽƚŚƐĐĂůĞĂŶĚƉƌŽĮůĞǁŝƚŚůŽƚƐŵŽƌĞĂǁĂƌĚ ͻ WĞKƵƚƐŶŶƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůǁĂƌĚLJŶĚĞƌƐŽŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞƐ;^ĂDWWƌͲ ŽũĞĐƚͿ ƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶŝŶƚŽĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůLJůĂƌŐĞƌĞǀĞŶƚŝŶďŽƚŚƐĐĂůĞĂŶĚƉƌŽĮůĞǁŝƚŚůŽƚƐŵŽƌĞĂǁĂƌĚ ͻ KƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůǁĂƌĚͲ ƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶŝŶƚŽĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůLJůĂƌŐĞƌĞǀĞŶƚŝŶďŽƚŚƐĐĂůĞĂŶĚƉƌŽĮůĞǁŝƚŚůŽƚƐŵŽƌĞĂǁĂƌĚ ͻ KƵƚƐ^ŝŵŽŶŽƵůƚĞƌ ƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůǁĂƌĚŶǀD/ D Ͳ ^ŝŵŽŶŽƵůƚĞƌ ŶǀD/ D ͻ WƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐWƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůǁĂƌĚͲ ^ŝŵŽŶŽƵůƚĞƌ ŶǀD/ D ͻ WƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐWƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůǁĂƌĚͲ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞĨĂŶƚĂƐƟĐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂĚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ :ĞƐƐŝĐĂĂƚĐŚĞůŽƌ'ƌĂĚ/ D ͻ WƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐWƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůǁĂƌĚͲ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞĨĂŶƚĂƐƟĐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂĚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ :ĞƐƐŝĐĂĂƚĐŚĞůŽƌ'ƌĂĚ/ D ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞĨĂŶƚĂƐƟĐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂĚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ :ĞƐƐŝĐĂĂƚĐŚĞůŽƌ'ƌĂĚ/ D ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJDĐWĂƌůĂŶĚ&ŝŶŶ>ƚĚͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJDĐWĂƌůĂŶĚ&ŝŶŶ>ƚĚͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJDĐWĂƌůĂŶĚ&ŝŶŶ>ƚĚͿ dŚĞ/ DDĞĚĂůŝƐƚŚĞŚĂƌƚĞƌĞĚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͛ƐŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂĐĐŽůĂĚĞĂŶĚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůLJŝŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂŶ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;&ƵůůŵĞŵďĞƌŽƌ&ĞůůŽǁͿŝŶ dŚĞ/ DDĞĚĂůŝƐƚŚĞŚĂƌƚĞƌĞĚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͛ƐŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂĐĐŽůĂĚĞĂŶĚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůLJŝŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂŶ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;&ƵůůŵĞŵďĞƌŽƌ&ĞůůŽǁͿŝŶ dŚĞ/ DDĞĚĂůŝƐƚŚĞŚĂƌƚĞƌŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶŐůĞŽƌůŝĨĞͲůŽŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨĞĐŽůĞĚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͛ƐŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂĐĐŽůĂĚĞĂŶŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶĚŝƐĂǁĂǀŝƌƌĚŽŶŵĞŶĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůLJŝŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŶƐŝƐdŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁƚĞŶƚůLJĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƉƌĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;&ƵůůŵĞŵďĞƌŽƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ &ĞůůŽǁͿŝŶ ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶŐůĞŽƌůŝĨĞͲůŽŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůLJĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶŐůĞŽƌůŝĨĞͲůŽŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůLJĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͖ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞ ŽƌĸůŝĂdŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁƚĞͿĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞƐƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĐĂƌdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĞĞƌ͘dŚĞǁŝŶŶĞƌǁŝůůŚĂĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;'ǀĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ƐƐŽĐŝƌĂŐĞĂƚĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͖ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞ ŽƌĸůŝĂƚĞͿĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJƐƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĐĂƌĞĞƌ͘dŚĞǁŝŶŶĞƌǁŝůůŚĂǀĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞĐŽWƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞǀĂƟƌǀŽŶĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŝĐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĞŵďŽĚLJƚŚĞƉŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨƐƵƐƚƌƐŝƚLJ͖ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽŽƌĸůŝĂƚĞͿĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJƐƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĐĂƌĞĞƌ͘dŚĞǁŝŶŶĞĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƌǁŝůůŚĂƉŵĞŶƚ͘ǀĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌ ĂƚĞĚĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĞŵďŽĚLJƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĞŵďŽĚLJƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘
;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĚŝƐƉůĂLJŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽƌŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ;ƐͿ͖ƌĞƉůŝĐĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨE'KƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐĂŶĚ ;ĂŶĚĂĚWƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĚŝƐƉůĂǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďĞƐLJŝŶŶŽƚƉƌǀĂƟĂĐƟĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶͿ͖ĂŶĚĚĞƌŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ;ƐͿ͖ƌŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĂŶĚĞƉůŝĐĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĂƚŚĂƐŚĂĚĂŵĂũŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚŝŶďĞŶĞĮƟŶŐŶĂƚƵǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨE'KƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂƐƌĞĂŶĚƐŽƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐĂŶĚĐŝĞƚLJ͘ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĚŝƐƉůĂLJŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽƌŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ;ƐͿ͖ƌĞƉůŝĐĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨE'KƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐĂŶĚ ĞŶ;ĂŶĚĂĚǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďĞƐƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐƐƵƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶͿ͖ĂŶĚĚĞŽƌƐŽĐŝĞƚŵŽŶƐƚƌLJ͘ ĂƚĞƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĂŶĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĂƚŚĂƐŚĂĚĂŵĂũŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚŝŶďĞŶĞĮƟŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ ;ĂŶĚĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶͿ͖ĂŶĚĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĂŶĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĂƚŚĂƐŚĂĚĂŵĂũŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚŝŶďĞŶĞĮƟŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ ƚŬŝŶƐͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƚŬŝŶƐͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƚŬŝŶƐͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƚŽďŽƚŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƚŽďĞŶĞĮƚƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ƐƚWƌĂŬŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ĂƉƉƌĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͖ĂŶĚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĂĐŚĞƐĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƚŽďŽƚŚƉƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐLJĂŐĞŶĚĂƐĨŽũĞĐƚĂǀŽƵƌŝŶŐ dŚŝƐĂŝŶĐůƵĚĞŚŽǁƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽƐǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƚŽďĞƚĂīĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂŬŶĞĮƚƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞƉĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂƌĂĐƟĐĂůŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƚŽďŽƚŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƚŽďĞŶĞĮƚƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ďĞƐƚĂŬƐƚĞŚŽůĚĞƌƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶƐĂŶĚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͖ĂŶĚŚĂǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽŝŶŇ͘ ƵĞŶĐĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐLJĂŐĞŶĚĂƐĨĂǀŽƵƌŝŶŐ ŽĨƚŚĞƉŝŶĐůƵĚĞŚŽǁƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽƐƌŽũĞĐƚ͚ŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ͛͘ ƚĂīĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͖ĂŶĚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐLJĂŐĞŶĚĂƐĨĂǀŽƵƌŝŶŐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞŚŽǁƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂīĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͚ŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ͛͘ ďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͚ŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ͛͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJd WͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJd WͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJd WͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚĂŶĚƟŵĞůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ dŚĞ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚWƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƌĚƐƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚďLJ/ D^ƚƵĚĞŶƚ;ŽƌƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJƵƉŐƌĂĚĞĚ'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞͿ ŝŶWƌĨŽŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĂŶĚĂůůŽǁĐŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŚĂǀĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚĂŶĚƟŵĞůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŝŶǀĞŝŵƉĂƌƟĂů͕ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚŚĂ͖ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚĞdžǀĞĨĂŝƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ dŚĞ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚWŵĞŵďĞƌƐŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚǁĂƌĚƐƌĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚďLJ/ D^ƚƵĚĞƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚͬĚŝƐƐĞƌƚŶƚ;ŽƌƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJƵƉŐĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJŽƌƌĂĚĞĚ'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞͿ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚĂŶĚƟŵĞůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ dŚĞ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚWƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƌĚƐƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚďLJ/ D^ƚƵĚĞŶƚ;ŽƌƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJƵƉŐƌĂĚĞĚ'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞͿ ŐƌŝĞŝŶĨŽǀĂƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĂŶĚĂůůŽǁĐŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽĂůůƐƚǀĞŝŵƉĂƌƟĂů͕ĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚŚĂǀĞĨĂŝƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĨŽƌ ĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƐŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚ͘ĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚͬĚŝƐƐĞƌƚĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJŽƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĂŶĚĂůůŽǁĐŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŚĂǀĞŝŵƉĂƌƟĂů͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚŚĂǀĞĨĂŝƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĨŽƌ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚͬĚŝƐƐĞƌƚĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJŽƌ ŐƌŝĞǀĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽĂůůƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ŐƌŝĞǀĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽĂůůƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ'ƌĂƉŚŝĐƐ Ϳ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ'ƌĂƉŚŝĐƐͿ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨŽƵƌƐƵďͲĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĚƐ;ĂďŽǀĞͿƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĮŌŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ƚŚĞ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ'ƌĂƉŚŝĐƐͿ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨŽƵƌƐƵďͲĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĚƐ;ĂďŽǀĞͿƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĮŌŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ƚŚĞ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ dŽŶLJƌĂĚƐŚĂǁǁĂƌĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐŚĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĂƵƚŚŽƌƐŽĨĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝŶ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨŽƵƌƐƵďͲĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĚƐ;ĂďŽǀĞͿƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĮŌŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ƚŚĞ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ dŽŶLJƌĂĚƐŚĂǁǁĂƌĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐŚĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĂƵƚŚŽƌƐŽĨĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝŶ ĂďŽǀĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƐĞƚĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘ ŽƵƌŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͛ďƵůůĞƟŶ͕/ŶWƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŵĂŬĞ͘dŚĞũƵĚŐĞƐǁŝůůďĞůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚƚŚŽƵŐŚƚͲ dŽŶLJƌĂĚƐŚĂǁǁĂƌĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐŚĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĂƵƚŚŽƌƐŽĨĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝŶ ĂďŽǀĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƐĞƚĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘ ŽƵƌŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͛ďƵůůĞƟŶ͕/ŶWƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŵĂŬĞ͘dŚĞũƵĚŐĞƐǁŝůůďĞůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚƚŚŽƵŐŚƚͲ ƉƌŽǀŽŬŝŶŐĂƌƟĐůĞŽĨƚŚĞLJĞĂƌ͘ ĂďŽǀĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƐĞƚĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘ ŽƵƌŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͛ďƵůůĞƟŶ͕/ŶWƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŵĂŬĞ͘dŚĞũƵĚŐĞƐǁŝůůďĞůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚƚŚŽƵŐŚƚͲ ƉƌŽǀŽŬŝŶŐĂƌƟĐůĞŽĨƚŚĞLJĞĂƌ͘ ƉƌŽǀŽŬŝŶŐĂƌƟĐůĞŽĨƚŚĞLJĞĂƌ͘ Ǥ ǤȀ 51 Ǥ ǤȀ / DtZ^ϮϬϭϰ ϮϬϭϯtŝŶŶĞƌƐ;ůĞŌƚŽƌŝŐŚƚͿ͗ ͻ / DDĞĚĂůͲĂǀŝĚ^ƚƵďďƐ ŶǀD/ D / DŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐĂŶŶƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƐŝdžLJĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶϮϬϭϰǁĞĂƌĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ͻ ĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĚͲ WĞŶŶLJŶĚĞƌƐŽŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞƐ;^ĂDWWƌŽũĞĐƚͿ ƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶŝŶƚŽĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůLJůĂƌŐĞƌĞǀĞŶƚŝŶďŽƚŚƐĐĂůĞĂŶĚƉƌŽĮůĞǁŝƚŚůŽƚƐŵŽƌĞĂǁĂƌĚ ͻ KƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůǁĂƌĚͲ ^ŝŵŽŶŽƵůƚĞƌ ŶǀD/ D ͻ WƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐWƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůǁĂƌĚͲ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞĨĂŶƚĂƐƟĐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂĚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ :ĞƐƐŝĐĂĂƚĐŚĞůŽƌ'ƌĂĚ/ D
;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJDĐWĂƌůĂŶĚ&ŝŶŶ>ƚĚͿ dŚĞ/ DDĞĚĂůŝƐƚŚĞŚĂƌƚĞƌĞĚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͛ƐŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂĐĐŽůĂĚĞĂŶĚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůLJŝŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂŶ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;&ƵůůŵĞŵďĞƌŽƌ&ĞůůŽǁͿŝŶ ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶŐůĞŽƌůŝĨĞͲůŽŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůLJĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĂ/ DŵĞŵďĞƌ;'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͖ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞ ŽƌĸůŝĂƚĞͿĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJƐƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĐĂƌĞĞƌ͘dŚĞǁŝŶŶĞƌǁŝůůŚĂǀĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚĞŵďŽĚLJƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘
;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚĚŝƐƉůĂLJŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽƌŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ;ƐͿ͖ƌĞƉůŝĐĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨE'KƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐĂŶĚ ;ĂŶĚĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶͿ͖ĂŶĚĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĂŶĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĂƚŚĂƐŚĂĚĂŵĂũŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚŝŶďĞŶĞĮƟŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƚŬŝŶƐͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƚŽďŽƚŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨĂĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƚŽďĞŶĞĮƚƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͖ĂŶĚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐLJĂŐĞŶĚĂƐĨĂǀŽƵƌŝŶŐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞŚŽǁƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂīĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͚ŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ͛͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƌƵƉͿ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJd WͿ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚĂŶĚƟŵĞůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ dŚĞ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚWƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƌĚƐƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚďLJ/ D^ƚƵĚĞŶƚ;ŽƌƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJƵƉŐƌĂĚĞĚ'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞͿ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ĂŶĚĂůůŽǁĐŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŚĂǀĞŝŵƉĂƌƟĂů͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚŚĂǀĞĨĂŝƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĨŽƌ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚͬĚŝƐƐĞƌƚĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐLJŽƌ ŐƌŝĞǀĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽĂůůƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ;^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJ'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ'ƌĂƉŚŝĐƐͿ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨŽƵƌƐƵďͲĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞƐƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĂƌĚƐ;ĂďŽǀĞͿƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĮŌŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ƚŚĞ E t&KZϮϬϭϰ͊ dŽŶLJƌĂĚƐŚĂǁǁĂƌĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ dŚŝƐĂǁĂƌĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐŚĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĂƵƚŚŽƌƐŽĨĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝŶ ĂďŽǀĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƐĞƚĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘ ŽƵƌŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͛ďƵůůĞƟŶ͕/ŶWƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŵĂŬĞ͘dŚĞũƵĚŐĞƐǁŝůůďĞůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚƚŚŽƵŐŚƚͲ ƉƌŽǀŽŬŝŶŐĂƌƟĐůĞŽĨƚŚĞLJĞĂƌ͘
Ǥ ǤȀ Internal Articles
End of an Era?
If an unfortunate calamity had struck the Lee Wood Hotel in Buxton, Derbyshire on the afternoon of 5th September the future of the UK’s biodiversity could have taken a decided turn for the worse. Many of our leading ecologists and environmental managers were gathered there to applaud the career of former CIEEM President Penny Anderson who was retiring as Managing Director of Penny Anderson Associates. Guests, who included our current President, John Box, and former Presidents David Parker and David Goode, represented a wide range of backgrounds including fellow consultants, statutory agencies, academia and clients. They heard a fascinating presentation from Penny about her experiences over the 40 years of her out, when Penny’s career started the life of is that trustee board that needs a little bit career including her work on heaths, dunes, a professional ecologist was very different of time and that project that needs a bit moorlands and peatlands, which has come and female professional ecologists were of advice – and for a CIEEM Fellow such as to typify much of the work that Penny scarce. Penny has been instrumental in Penny there are always lots of CIEEM jobs Anderson Associates is renowned for. promoting high standards of practice and to help out with! So we are very pleased Her innovative approach to habitat integrity and has been very generous in that we will continue to have Penny’s restoration has inspired countless others in encouraging and supporting others trying involvement and support with CIEEM and our profession, a point made very clearly by to build their careers. The large assembly its activities just as we are sure that Sacha guest speakers Professor Rob Marrs from of people gathered to celebrate her career Rogers, the new Managing Director at Liverpool University and Professor David included many whom she had helped Penny Anderson Associates, is very grateful Goode. But what really struck home was along the way. to have Penny’s continuing involvement the role that Penny has played in shaping Of course ecologists do not really retire. as a Director and source of expert advice. the profession that we are proud to be part They may do a bit more gardening and After all, ecologists never really retire! of today. As both Rob and David pointed watch a little more cricket but then there
Rob Marrs, Penny Anderson, Sacha Rogers and David Goode 52 New Publications
Birmingham and BS 42020, Biodiversity Black Country Flora – Code of practice for Authors: Ian Trueman, Mike Poulton and planning and development Paul Reade ISBN-13: 978 0 580 77917 6 ISBN-13: 9781874357551 Price: £100.00 Price: £37.99 Available from: Available from: www.nhbs.com http://shop.bsigroup.com/ This book is an absolute triumph. Ian BSI, the business standards company, Trueman, Mike Poulton and Paul Reade – has recently launched BS 42020, and everyone involved – have produced Biodiversity – Code of practice for planning and development. The by far and away the most fabulous and fantastic flora that I have standard will help organisations fulfil their obligation to support ever seen. Reading this Flora gives a wonderful account of why the local biodiversity targets. It deals with projects and products botany and ecology of this huge metropolitan area is so exciting. that include planning and development of new buildings, also The ultimate complexity of the whole Flora project undertaken extending to changes in land use – and how these activities over so many years has been revealed in this book. I admire the impact upon biodiversity. weaving of the distribution maps and the superb photos into and Strategies to protect wild flora and fauna are in place for England, around the words. Reading the individual species accounts with Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, with the general objective their references to locations brings back wonderful memories of to halt overall loss of biodiversity by 2020 in line with the European places that I know like Clayhanger, Brownhills, the Wrens Nest, Biodiversity Strategy for 2020 and the UN Aichi targets. In England, Sutton Park and Illey Pastures. the streamlined National Planning Policy Framework supersedes The Flora starts with a tribute to George Barker and Bunny Teagle much of the previous guidance around biodiversity, so BS 42020 and The Endless Village – the ground-breaking account of the will play a vital role in helping protect and enhance UK biodiversity. Black Country and its wildlife in the 1970s – and to Chris Baines, Its coherent methodology for biodiversity management will provide: Peter Shirley, Chris Parry and Mike Dando. A wonderful group of • Guidance on how to produce clear and concise ecological committed people who have passed the urban wildlife philosophy on to so many others over the years. information to accompany planning applications. The first few chapters set the scene brilliantly. The concept of • Recommendations on professional ethics, conduct, including botanical walks means that this Flora will reach a much competence and judgement to give confidence that proposals wider audience than more traditional ones. for biodiversity conservation, and consequent decisions/actions Chapter 4 is a real triumph for ecology because it provides so taken, are sound and appropriate. much detailed information and interpretation – whether to a • Direction on effective decision-making in biodiversity management. casual reader or to a serious ecologist. The ecology and the science is presented elegantly and clearly. The section by Andy • A framework to demonstrate how biodiversity has been Slater on the heathlands has revived my idea to try to get a managed during the development process to minimize impact. UNESCO Biosphere Reserve stretching all the way from Cannock By adopting BS 42020, authorities, developers, planners and local Chase in Staffordshire to Sutton Park in Birmingham incorporating government ecologists will have the necessary information and all the heathlands in between across the Black Country and methodology to make sound decisions on biodiversity issues. opening the way for a major heathland restoration programme. The standard was developed by a committee with representatives The NatureBureau and Pisces Publications have done a fabulous from organisations such as the Association of Local Government job in producing a beautiful and amazing book. Ecologists, the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Finally, it is great to see the Black Country version of ‘Op (Wild Hop) Management, the Landscape Institute, Defra, the Environment - no other Flora that I know takes such liberties and so successfully. Agency, the Department of the Environment Northern Ireland, John Box CEnv FCIEEM the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Natural England, the Civil Engineering Contractors Association, the Countryside Council for Wales, the Bat Conservation Trust, and the Association of Wildlife Trusts, as well as experts from the construction industry, ecologists, ethicists and academics. David Fatscher, Head of Market Development for Sustainability at BSI, says: “When we plan and construct new buildings we have a responsibility towards the biodiversity in that location. Having a standard like BS 42020 that unifies the reporting procedure for everyone involved in this area, in a clear and consistent manner, means that the government directives for biodiversity can be met. It also demonstrates a real commitment to managing biodiversity and minimising the impact of development.”
Rob Marrs, Penny Anderson, Sacha Rogers and David Goode 53 Journals
Mapping ecosystem service and biodiversity EDITORIAL: Ecological science for changes over 70 years in a rural English county. ecosystem services and the stewardship Jiang, M., Bullock, J.M. and Hooftman, D.A.P. of Natural Capital. Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 841–850. Hails, R.S. and Ormerod, S.J. The authors mapped changes between the 1930s and 2000 by Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 807–810. combining land-use maps with multiple proxies of service delivery The evidence-base and quantitative understanding of links for the 10 different Broad Habitats in Dorset. Overall, they found between biodiversity, ecosystem function and ecosystem significant increases in agricultural provisioning and large losses services are insufficient to allow informed use and management. in biodiversity over the period. They found no change in Dorset’s Moreover, the concepts of natural capital and ecosystem services carbon store, because carbon lost through land-use intensification are insufficiently mainstream to influence decisions that currently was balanced by increases in woodland over the 20th century. The favour the production of food and fibre rather than less tangible carbon storage and the delivery of provisioning services both became services such as climate regulation, air and water purification, more unequally distributed, indicating a change from relatively pollination or the contributions of environment to health. homogeneous delivery of services to concentration into hotspots. The There are specific challenges in this interdisciplinary endeavour: maps from the year 2000 showed spatial dissociation of hotspots for specifically, to develop frameworks for identifying and monitoring carbon, provisioning and biodiversity, which suggests that, compared natural capital; to parameterise factors affecting ecosystem to the 1930s, modern, intensive land use creates conflicts in delivery services and their resilience to change; to integrate the complexity of multiple services and biodiversity. Detailed maps of historical of ecological systems into ecosystem service valuation; and to changes in location-specific service delivery and biodiversity provide characterise the synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem valuable information for land-use planning, highlight trade-offs and services in different management and policy scenarios. help to identify drivers. Correspondence: [email protected] Correspondence: [email protected]
REVIEW: Nutrient stripping: the global disparity REVIEW: The role of ecosystems and their between food security and soil nutrient stocks. management in regulating climate, and soil, Jones, D.L., Cross, P., Withers, P.J.A., DeLuca, T.H., Robinson, water and air quality. D.A., Quilliam, R.S., Harris, I.M., Chadwick, D.R. and Smith, P., Ashmore, M.R., Black, H.I.J., Burgess, P.J., Evans, Edwards-Jones, G. C.D., Quine, T.A., Thomson, A.M., Hicks, K. and Orr, H.G. Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 851–862. Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 812–829. The authors explore the global extent of unsustainable agricultural The authors examine the role of ecosystems in delivering systems, with specific emphasis on the failure of macronutrient regulating ecosystem services, using the UK as a case study management (e.g. N, P) to deliver continued improvements in region. They identify some of the main co-benefits and yield and the failure of agriculture to recognise the seriousness of trade-offs of ecosystem management within, and across, the micronutrient depletion (e.g. Cu, Zn, Se). The spatial disconnects regulating services of climate regulation, and soil, water and caused by the segregation and industrialisation of livestock systems air quality regulation, and where relevant, they also describe are identified as a major constraint to sustainable nutrient recycling. interactions with other ecosystem services. The authors This study advocates that agricultural sustainability can only be conclude that although there are some good examples of accomplished using a whole-systems approach. integrated ecosystem management, some aspects of ecosystem Correspondence: [email protected] management could be better coordinated to deliver multiple ecosystem services, and that an ecosystem services framework to assess co-benefits and trade-offs would help regulators, REVIEW: Managing urban ecosystems policy-makers and ecosystem managers to deliver more for goods and services. coherent ecosystem management strategies. Correspondence: [email protected] Gaston, K. J., Ávila-Jiménez, M. L. and Edmondson, J. L. Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 830–840. The authors review key challenges to the effective management PRACTITIONER’S PERSPECTIVE: of ecosystem goods and services within urban areas. These Sustainable forest management in a challenges include the structure of green space, its temporal time of ecosystem services frameworks: dynamics, spatial constraint on ecosystem service flows, occurrence of novel forms of flows, large numbers of land common ground and consequences. managers, conflicting management goals, possible differences Quine, C.P., Bailey, S.A. and Watts, K. between perceptions of urban dwellers and the reality of the Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 863–867. distribution and flow of ecosystem services, and the ‘wicked’ nature of the problem of ecosystem service management. The authors reflect on the common ground and consider possible Applied ecology has a broad range of tools available to assist consequences for forestry and sustainable forest management of in determining solutions, including the use of high-resolution incorporating an ecosystem services approach. remote sensing techniques, landscape ecology principles and Correspondence: [email protected] theory, and systematic conservation planning approaches. This paper is freely available at http://bit.ly/XWS8zw. Correspondence: [email protected]
54 REVIEW: Towards a systems approach Estimation of bird and bat mortality at wind- for understanding honeybee decline: power farms with superpopulation models. a stocktaking and synthesis of Péron, G., Hines, J.E., Nichols, J.D., Kendall, W.L., Peters, existing models. K.A. and Mizrahi, D. S. Becher, M.A., Osborne, J.L., Thorbek, P., Kennedy, P.J. Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 902–911. and Grimm, V. Carcass counts from collision of birds and bats with turbines in Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 868–880. utility-scale wind farms were conducted to quantify the ‘take’ of Despite detailed knowledge of the behaviour of honeybees protected species need to be corrected for carcass persistence and their colonies, there are no suitable tools to explore the probability (removal by scavengers and decay) and detection resilience mechanisms of this complex system under stress. probability (searcher efficiency). These probabilities may vary Empirically testing all combinations of stressors in a systematic with time since death, because of intrinsic changes in carcass fashion is not feasible. The authors therefore suggest a cross- properties with age and of heterogeneity (preferential removal level systems approach, based on mechanistic modelling, to of easy-to-detect carcasses). The authors describe the use of investigate the impacts of (and interactions between) colony and superpopulation capture–recapture models to perform the land management. They describe how a new integrated model required corrections to the raw count data and review how to could be built to simulate multifactorial impacts on the honeybee make such models age-specific and to combine trial experiments colony system, using building blocks from reviewed models. The with carcass searches in order to accommodate the fact that development of such a tool would not only highlight empirical carcasses are stationary (which affects the detection process). research priorities but also provide an important forecasting tool The authors derive information about optimal sampling design for policy-makers and beekeepers. (proportion of the turbines to sample, number of sampling occasions, interval between sampling occasions) and use Correspondence: [email protected] simulations to illustrate the expected precision of mortality estimates. The authors analysed data from a small wind farm in New Jersey, in which they found the estimated number of FORUM: Landscape-scale conservation: fatalities to be twice the number of carcasses found. collaborative agri-environment schemes Correspondence: [email protected] could benefit both biodiversity and ecosystem services, but will farmers Multiscale, presence-only be willing to participate? habitat suitability models: McKenzie, A.J., Emery, S.B., Franks, J.R. and Whittingham, M.J. fine-resolution maps for eight bat species. Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 1274–1280. The authors argue that collaborative agri-environment schemes Bellamy, C., Scott, C. and Altringham, J. (cAES) – single environmental management agreements for Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 892–901. multiple farm units – can benefit biodiversity, and discuss how The authors have developed multi-scale habitat suitability models a shift to this type of scheme may impact upon ecosystem (HSMs) for bats, a mobile group of mammals, for a geographically services (ES). Well-designed landscape-scale schemes are likely varied region of the UK (Lake District National Park). They asked to be more beneficial than farm-scale schemes for a small but whether the models have sufficient accuracy to contribute to informed significant number of key farmland species and ES, such as decision-making in habitat management and in minimising the impact bats, mammals and some important pollinators, while unlikely of climate change and human infrastructural development. The best to harm species operating at smaller scales. The results of this multi-scale models were selected using fivefold cross-validation, with study show that these schemes can be expected to attract backwards, stepwise variable removal, whilst minimising residual spatial widespread participation from landowners. autocorrelation and sampling bias. Further tests with independent Correspondence: [email protected] field data indicated good model transferability across the entire National Park. Foraging bats were generally most strongly associated with variables measured at small spatial scales and distance measures. Reappraising the effects of habitat structure However, each species responded differently across the range of on river macroinvertebrates. scales, and strong associations were also found at the largest scale of analysis (6,000m). The best models for determining habitat suitability Barnes, J.B., Vaughan, I.P. and Ormerod, S.J. had few variables, making them easy to interpret and use in practical Freshwater Biology 2013, 58: 2154-2167. conservation planning. The approach is applicable to any taxa for Three hypotheses about habitat structure were tested at the patch- which reliable presence records are available, providing insight into the scale in tributaries of the Rivers Wye and Usk, mid-Wales: (i) greater potential impacts of land-use and environmental change. Maps identify habitat heterogeneity and surface complexity alter macroinvertebrate areas of conservation concern, such as hot spots for diversity, rare assemblage composition and increase diversity, richness and or vulnerable species and potential or threatened network corridors, abundance; (ii) the effects of complexity on macroinvertebrates making them useful for EcIA of proposed developments, and to are distinct from those of increased surface area; and (iii) habitat conservation managers planning habitat creation or improvement. structure (heterogeneity and complexity) is a major determinant of Correspondence: [email protected] variations in macroinvertebrates among habitat types (bedrock, silt, sand, gravel, pebbles and cobbles). The results support the first two hypotheses, but only in part. Habitat heterogeneity did not affect macroinvertebrates, whilst the effects of complexity were weak. The major implication is that habitat type affects macroinvertebrates through factors other than structure alone and the authors advocate a wider reappraisal of the processes involved. Correspondence: [email protected]
55 Journals
The Trojan hives: REVIEW: An overview of the environmental pollinator pathogens, imported and distributed risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides. in bumblebee colonies. Goulson, D. Graystock, P., Yates, K., Evison, S.E.F., Darvill, B., Goulson, D. Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 977–987. and Hughes, W.O.H. Neonicotinoids, the most widely used insecticides in the world, Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 1207–1215. act systemically, travelling through plant tissues and protecting The authors used molecular methods to examine the occurrence of all parts of the crop, and are widely applied as seed dressings. As parasites in bumblebee colonies that were commercially produced neurotoxins with high toxicity to most arthropods, they provide in 2011 and 2012 by three producers. They then used controlled effective pest control and have numerous uses in arable farming experiments to determine whether any parasites present were and horticulture. However, the prophylactic use of broad- infectious and found that 77% of the commercially produced spectrum pesticides goes against the long-established principles bumblebee colonies from the three producers, which were imported of integrated pest management (IPM), leading to environmental on the basis of being free of parasites, in fact carried microbial concerns. It has recently emerged that neonicotinoids can persist parasites, with five different parasites being detected across the total and accumulate in soils. They are water soluble and prone to sample of bumblebees and a further three in the pollen supplied with leaching into waterways. Being systemic, they are found in nectar the colonies as food. Controlled experiments showed that at least and pollen of treated crops. Reported levels in soils, waterways, three of these parasites were infectious to bumblebees with significant field margin plants and floral resources overlap substantially with negative effects on their health, and that at least four of the parasites concentrations that are sufficient to control pests in crops, and carried by commercially produced bumblebees were infectious to commonly exceed the LC50 (conc. that kills 50% of individuals) honeybees, indicating that they pose a risk to other pollinators as for beneficial organisms. Concentrations in nectar and pollen in well. The results demonstrate that commercially produced bumblebee crops are sufficient to impact substantially on colony reproduction colonies carry multiple, infectious parasites that pose a significant risk in bumblebees. Although vertebrates are less susceptible than to other native and managed pollinators. arthropods, consumption of small numbers of dressed seeds Correspondence: [email protected] offers a route to direct mortality in birds and mammals. Major knowledge gaps remain, but current use of neonicotinoids is likely to be impacting on a broad range of non-target taxa including Can restoration of afforested peatland pollinators and soil and aquatic invertebrates and hence threatens a range of ecosystem services. regulate pests and disease? Correspondence: [email protected] Gilbert, L. Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 1226–1233. This study tested the impact of restoring peatlands from conifer Does it make economic sense to restore forestry on Ixodes ricinus tick abundance and explored the rivers for their ecosystem services? likely mechanisms. Large-scale surveys of I. ricinus, vertebrate Acuña, V., Díez, J.R., Flores, L., Meleason, M. and Elosegi, A. herbivores and vegetation were conducted in adjacent areas of forest, bog and areas felled 5–13 years previously. Questing Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 50: 988–997. tick abundance was greatest in forest and almost absent from The authors examine how adding dead wood to restore blanket bog, with intermediate numbers in felled areas. The likely stream channel complexity affects the provision and value of mechanisms for these variations in tick abundance were deer selected ecosystem services, mainly related to the retention and habitat preferences and ground vegetation height or canopy transformation of matter and cycling of nutrients, as well as to cover, which are generally associated with alternative tick hosts the effects on aquatic biota. The authors evaluated the cost- and micro-climates that aid tick questing and survival. The author effectiveness of stream restoration through a comparative analysis suggests that felling conifer forest to restore peatlands could of four reach-scale projects in streams flowing through temperate produce a dramatic decline in tick abundance throughout the forest and into a drinking water reservoir and two scenarios of restoration process, and therefore, a further ecosystem service of active and passive restoration at the basin scale. Results indicate peatlands in addition to climate, biodiversity and water regulation that the lack of dead wood in streams has an important economic is regulating pests and disease. cost because of the effects on fish provisioning, opportunities for Correspondence: [email protected] recreation and tourism, water purification and erosion control. Active reach-scale restoration resulted in a 10- to 100-fold increase in the monetary benefits provided by streams, accounting as much as 11.80 per metre of restored river length each year. Results of the reach-scale cost–benefit analyses estimated that the time required to recover the active restoration investment ranged from Free access to Journal of Applied Ecology 15 to 20 years in low- to middle-order streams. The benefits The British Ecological Society is offering CIEEM members free in terms of the analysed services surpass the costs of active 30-day trial access to the Journal of Applied Ecology. Visit restoration over realistic timeframes, whereas this was not the case www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/myprofile/trials and use trial code for passive restoration. jpecieem (case sensitive). Correspondence: [email protected]
56 Diary
Forthcoming Events For information on these events please see www.cieem.net.
Conferences Date Title Location 18 March 2014 Biodiversity Offsetting: From Policy to Practice Birmingham
5-6 November 2014 (TBC) Habitat Creation and Restoration (TBC) Scotland (TBC)
Training Courses
8 January 2014 Salmonid Habitat and Spawning Assessment Salisbury
21 January 2014 Habitat Regulations Assessment (HRA of Projects) for Project Proposers and Advisers London
27 January 2014 Habitat Regulations Assessment (HRA of Projects) for Local & other Competent Authorities Birmingham
28 January 2014 Habitat Regulations Assessment (HRA of Projects) for Project Proposers and Advisers Birmingham
3 February 2014 Ecological Clerk of Works Edinburgh
4 February 2014 Environmental Advisor for Construction Sites Edinburgh
5 February 2014 Introduction to Ecological Impact Assessment (EcIA) Bristol
18 February 2014 Trees and Bats – Best Practice Dorking
19 February 2014 Introduction to BS 5837 – Trees in Relation to Demolition and Construction Dorking
25 February 2014 Surveying for Bats and Development – the Consultant’s Approach London
27 February 2014 Invasive Non-Native Species – Legislation and Policy London
3 March 2014 Introduction to Biodiversity Offsetting London
6 March 2014 Introduction to Wildlife Law Oxford
11-12 March 2014 Train the Trainer London
19-20 March 2014 Developing Practical Skills in Ecological Impact Assessment (EcIA) Bristol
24 March 2014 Advanced course in Ecological Impact Assessment (EcIA) Bristol
25 March 2014 Water Vole Ecology Lifton, Devon
26 March 2014 Water Vole Mitigation – Options for Development Lifton, Devon
3 April 2014 Water Environment – The Legal Framework Oxford
7-8 April 2014 Reptile Ecology, Survey and Handling Wat Tyler Country Park, Essex
28-29 April 2014 Reptile Mitigation Wat Tyler Country Park, Essex
30 April 2014 Introduction to Bat Survey Dunblane
1 May 2014 Bat Impacts and Mitigation Dunblane
5 May 2014 Early Season Grass and Sedge Identification Salisbury
4 June 2014 Grass and Sedge Identification – Neutral and Calcareous Grassland Salisbury
5 June 2014 Grass, Sedge and Rush Identification – Heaths, Acid Grassland and Bogs New Forest
7 July 2014 Wildflower Identification – Grasslands and Meadows Salisbury
8 July 2014 Wildflower Identification – Heaths, Acid Grassland and Bogs New Forest
Geographic Section Events
16 January 2014 Scottish Section Event and AGM: Future Challenges of Mitigation Discussion Workshop Edinburgh
57 58 CIEEM ad 2:Layout 1 4/11/13 12:13 Page 1
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