Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems Jun-ichiro Ishibashi • Kyoko Okino Michinari Sunamura Editors Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems TAIGA Concept Editors Jun-ichiro Ishibashi Kyoko Okino Department of Earth and Planetary Atmosphere and Ocean Science, Faculty of Sciences Research Institute Kyushu University The University of Tokyo Fukuoka, Japan Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan Michinari Sunamura Department of Earth and Planetary Science Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan ISBN 978-4-431-54864-5 ISBN 978-4-431-54865-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014948334 # The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2015. The book is published with open access at SpringerLink.com Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for commercial use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for commercial use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Cover illustration: # JAMSTEC 2014. Used with kind permission Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface This e-book is a collection of scientific results of studies obtained during the TAIGA project between 2008 and 2012. The TAIGA project was planned and organized to elucidate interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere through the fluid advection system beneath the seafloor through many cruises, modeling, and laboratory experiments. This interdisciplinary project was funded by MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan) from FY 2008 to FY 2012, as a project of a “Grant-in- Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas”. The program name “TAIGA” represents a dynamic fluid advection system beneath the seafloor (In Japanese, taiga refers to “a great river”), as introduced in Chap. 1. Multidisciplinary scientists from universities and institutes and many students worked together synergically for this program. Five research projects (A01–A05) were organized to attain major goals under the framework of the TAIGA program, as follows. A01: Diversity of TAIGA controlled by various geologic and geophysical structures; A02: Biogeochemical impact of TAIGA flux on the deep-sea environment; A03: Evolution of TAIGA—constraints from geochronology and molecular genetics; A04: Clarification of in situ physical, chemical, and biological interactive processes in TAIGAs; and A05: Laboratory experiments to eluci- date chemical and biological interactions in TAIGA. However, many individual specific studies were conducted by members across teams and disciplines, as will be obvious in the contents of this book. Several research cruises, dive expeditions, and drilling operations were conducted during the TAIGA project. To conduct these ocean field studies efficiently, three integrated study sites were selected, namely, the Central Indian Ridge, the Southern Mariana Trough, and the Okinawa Trough. Each of them represents different types of TAIGAs, as introduced in Chap. 1. Shallow seafloor drilling expeditions employing a Benthic Multicoring System (BMS) were conducted twice as hosted by the TAIGA project, once in August 2010 in the Southern Mariana Trough, and the other in July 2011 in the Okinawa Trough. Deep seafloor drilling during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 was conducted in the Okinawa Trough in September 2010, in which several TAIGA project members participated. More than 30 submersible dive expeditions and surface ship research cruises were conducted under the framework of Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) deep-sea investigations and of the Atmosphere Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo. These cruises were executed by research proposals submitted by TAIGA project members. This e-book consists of 51 chapters, which have been contributed by TAIGA project members as individual parts and critically reviewed by external reviewers or TAIGA project members. Part I compiles interdisciplinary studies, including summary articles for each research program. Parts II, III, and IV compile studies related to the three integrated study sites, the Central Indian Ridge, the Southern Mariana Trough, and the Okinawa Trough. Some of the chapters include review sections to overview the project results together with a summary of the background information and previous studies of the target site or the specialized field, for the benefit of readers. Appendices in three parts compile rather short reports which omit full discussion in order to give additional data or results. v vi Preface This volume is being published as “an open access e-book,” which is a new style of publication for scientific articles. We hope that this e-book is well accepted among the scientific community as a whole, since it is the first publication covering wide ranges of research topics both on the arc–backarc systems such as the western Pacific and on the mid- ocean ridge system such as the Indian Ocean. We would like to urge readers to inform their colleagues of this publication by quoting it as follows: Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems: TAIGA Concept http://link.springer.com/978-4-431-54865-2 Tokyo, Japan Tetsuro Urabe Fukuoka, Japan Jun-ichiro Ishibashi March 2014 Editorial Board The editorial board was organized from the principal members of the TAIGA project to handle editing work of the chapters. Members are listed below. Tatsuhiro Fukuba (Part I) Marine Technology and Engineering Center (MARITEC) Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Jun-ichiro Ishibashi (Part III, chief executive editor) Faculty of Sciences Kyushu University Kyoko Okino (Part III, vice executive editor) Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI) The University of Tokyo Michinari Sunamura (Part IV, vice executive editor) Department of Earth and Planetary Science The University of Tokyo Katsuhiko Suzuki (Part I) Research and Development (R&D) Center for Submarine Resources Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Ken Takai (Part II) Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Hiroyuki Yamamoto (Part IV) Research and Development (R&D) Center for Submarine Resources Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Toshiro Yamanaka (Part I) Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University vii Acknowledgments We would like to express our appreciation to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan for funding this project from FY 2008 to FY 2012 (#20109001–20109006), as a project of a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas. Additional funding in FY 2013 supported editing work and publication of this e-book. We especially thank the crew, submersible teams, drilling operators, and onboard scientists of all of the research cruises related to the project. Ken Kimlicka and Taeko Sato at Springer Japan provided efficient assistance during all stages of the process of editing. Photographs on the cover were kindly provided by JAMSTEC. Harumi Fujita supported the handling, reviewing, and editing of the manuscripts. We sincerely appreciate the external reviewers (listed below) who substantially improved the accuracy of the contents and clarity of the presentations. List of External Reviewers Wolfgang Bach Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen Stace E. Beaulieu Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Hitoshi Chiba Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Jon Copley Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton Cornel E. J. de Ronde GNS Science Je´roˆme Dyment Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS Rob L. Evance Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Toshiya Fujiwara Institute for Research on Earth Evolution, JAMSTEC Toshitaka Gamo Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo ix x Acknowledgments Yumiko Harigane Geological Survey of Japan, AIST Steven P. Hollis Earth Science and Resource Engineering, CSIRO Hironobu