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Manzhouguo: the True Story of a Short-Lived, Ideal State in Manchuria

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Manzhouguo: the True Story of a Short-Lived, Ideal State in Manchuria Manzhouguo: The True Story of a Short-lived, Ideal State in Manchuria By Huang Wenxiong TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: The Truth about Manchuria 1. Chinese criticism of Manzhouguo based on falsehoods 2. Characterization of Manzhouguo as an illegitimate state distorts history 3. Communist Chinese government lives off Manzhouguo legacy 4. China’s ambition: the resurrection of the Chinese empire 5. Dispute over inheritance of Qing empire triggers the Greater East Asian War 6. Potential of a united Asian state 7. Japan’s regret at not having forged a 100-year national strategy Chapter Two: The Chinese and the Manchus: Two Millennia of Conflict 1. Chinese accounts of Chinese history marked by arrogance 2. Limits of the Great Wall’s effectiveness 3. Manchuria’s unique history: the rise and fall of empires 4. Koguryo and Bohai built by antecedents of the Manchurians 5. Conquering dynasties that ruled China 6. The Manchurian Qing dynasty: halcyon days for the Chinese 7. Manchuria was never Chinese territory Chapter Three: Manchuria Devastated Under the Rule of Bandits and Warlords 1. Land of unions and divisions 2. Manchuria devastated by policy keeping the Han out 3. Huge waves of emigrants and refugees in the last days of the Qing dynasty 4. Failure of the million-household 20-year plan for Japanese emigration to Manchuria 5. Bandits and warlords controlled Manchuria 6. Former bandit rules Manchuria 7. Zhang’s son self-destructs i 8. Manchurian people bled dry Chapter Four: Behind the Manchurian-Mongolian Independence Movement 1. Russia spends a fortune acquiring rulerless Manchuria 2. Behind the Russo-Japanese War: secret Sino-Russian agreement 3. Sun Yat-sen offers to sell Manchuria 4. The Mukden Incident cannot be fully explained by the “conspiracy theory” alone 5. Manchu-Mongol independence and harmonious coexistence among five ethnic groups Chapter Five: A Harmonious Multi-ethnic State Is Born in a Land Devastated by Civil Wars 1. Ideas and ideals of Manzhouguo 2. Why the difference between Manzhouguo and Yungui Plateau? 3. So many blueprints for a new nation 4. Baojin anmin: the idea of Manchurian autonomy 5. Grassroots support for establishment of Manzhouguo 6. To call Manzhouguo a puppet state is to ignore history and reality 7. The making of a state begins with educating the people 8. Outrageous fabrication citing of 420,00 forced immigrants Chapter Six: But for the Manchuria Railway and Guandong Army, Manchuria Would Have Remained Wasteland 1. Acquisition of Siberia, Manchuria, and Mongolia Russia’s long-cherished desire 2. Secret pact concluded between Japan and Russia to divide and control Manchuria 3. Japanese Guamdong army: an independent combat group viewing the Soviet Union as a potential enemy 4. Deadlock caused by rejecting a partnership proposal on Manchuria Railway management ii 5. Manchuria Railway and Manzhouguo make remarkable advances in logistics 6. Manchuria Railway the greatest contributor to the modernization of Manchuria Chapter Seven: Miraculous Leap to a Modern Nationhood 1. Recognition of Manzhouguo and international relations 2. From exploitation of the people to land development 3. Construction of the world largest dams and electric power development 4. Aspiring to become a hub of the Greater East Asian heavy industry 5. Basis of public stability: unification of currency and establishment of financial system Chapter Eight: A United Asian State Ceases to Exist after only 13 1/2 Years 1. Lytton Report corners Manzhouguo 2. Japan’s withdraws from League of Nations 3. Manzhouguo affected by the fortunes of the Greater East Asian War 4. Guomingdang and communists struggle over Manchuria 5. Manzhouguo achievements a modern Asian miracle iii Chapter One: The Truth about Manchuria 1. Chinese criticism of Manzhouguo based on falsehoods Three-all tactics are products of the Chinese culture Certain types of descriptions are peculiar to the chronicling of modern Chinese history. When the Chinese write history, they fill pages with rhetoric called baguwen (literally, eight-part essays, after the style candidates taking imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing dynasties were required to use). The facts are not important. The dissection of Chinese historiography reveals, inevitably and unsurprisingly, a collection of compositions filled with complex, abstruse ideographs. As one would expect, this is creative writing — no effort is made to recount or substantiate the events of modern history. The most convincing proof of the inaccuracy of Chinese historical accounts is to be found in accounts of the Mukden Incident (1931-32) and the Sino-Japanese Incident (or Sino-Japanese War, 1937-45). For example, the Chinese describe Japanese policy in Manzhouguo as the “three –all policy.” A military term, “three-all” refers to directives to kill all, plunder all and burn all. In an economic context, it means “search all, exploit all and steal all.” However, the expression “three-all” does not exist in the Japanese language. Furthermore, the concept it denotes is alien to Japanese culture. “Three-all” can be traced back to Guomindang and Communist Party propaganda, used by each to vilify the other for its brutality. But “progressive” historians in Japan enthusiastically embraced the “three-all” characterization. Moreover, to discredit militarism from a pacifist standpoint, they adopted what can only be termed a morbid stance, asserting that the Japanese Army perpetrated three-all tactics, without even taking the trouble to verify the events in question. In the annals of modern Chinese history, terms like “Japanese militarism” and “Japanese imperialism” appear countless times. Without Japan, the archvillain, it seems impossible to describe those periods of history. Accusations against the Japanese seem endless: Chinese parents, brothers and sisters were brutally murdered by the Japanese Army. 1 Wives, daughters and sisters were raped. Women were abducted and forced to serve as sex slaves, houses were burned and land was laid waste. Every single day, Chinese were burned to death or buried alive, died in prison, froze or starved to death. And of course, Japanese military personnel committed all these horrific deeds. Even today, freedom of speech is strictly limited in China. There are certain perceptions of modern history that have been mandated by the Chinese Communist Party. One of them, which emphasizes Japan’s invasion of China, is conveyed as though it were historical fact. When we read too many of these accounts written by Chinese historians, with their perverted and twisted versions of historical events, we lose sight of the actual facts. It is my impression that some educated and cultured Japanese read Chinese history books and, completely unaware of the background, believe their distorted contents. Therefore, I will restate my point: Chinese history books, especially those dealing with Manzhouguo, should be construed as baguwen — exercises in rhetoric that are rife with lies. Americans viewed Manzhouguo as the only stable region in China Manzhouguo was indeed a short-lived nation whose history spanned only 13½ years. But Deputy Manager Kishi Nobusuke of the Business Division of the Management and Coordination Agency of Manzhouguo (and later prime minister of Japan) observed a nation aglow with the ideal of peaceful co-existence in a utopian kingdom strongly supported by both the Japanese and Manchurian peoples. He noted, additionally, that the Indian religious leader Mahatma Gandhi also sent his support and encouragement to the new nation. Furuumi Tadayuki, who served as deputy director of the same agency, contributed a chapter entitled “Manzhouguo and Japan” to Manshu kenkoku no yume to genjitsu (The founding of Manzhouguo: the dream and the reality).i According to Furuumi, the main task of the Guandong Army was to provide defense against the Soviet Union. The army did not have the means to manipulate Manzhouguo politically or administratively, nor did it ever attempt to do so. And as far as “guidance from within” Guandong Army Headquarters was concerned, Furuumi reported that the army did not oppress or interfere with the government in any way. 2 Manzhouguo was a multicultural sphere inhabited by many peoples. Recently, a new interpretation has been proposed, one with a focus on Manzhouguo’s multicultural, multinational society. If we subscribe to the traditional bipolar interpretation, which pits the Japanese against the Chinese, we are quite likely to overlook Manzhouguo’s diversity — a very important aspect of Manchurian society. Furuumi did admit that, owing to the prolonged Sino-Japanese War and the outbreak of the Greater East Asian War, Japan was in urgent need of wartime goods, such as food and military supplies. However, he added that at the same time, the Japanese government respected Manzhouguo’s independence, and willingly assisted the new nation as much as possible. It was particularly generous with aid in connection with the Northern Manchurian Railroad and efforts to abolish extraterritoriality. The Japanese government also helped with the institution of a yen-yuan par system to maintain the value of Manchurian currency, and with the issuance of Manchurian national bonds. The five-year plan for Manzhouguo’s industrial development would not have been successful without Japanese aid in the form of funds, materiel, personnel and other resources.ii Furuumi’s recollections coincide closely with historical fact. The relationship between Japan and Manzhouguo was that of two nations sharing the same
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