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Miljøet Rundt Skandinavisk Selskab Etableres Et skandinavisk nasjonsbyggingsprosjekt Skandinavisk Selskab (1864-1871) Tor Ivar Hansen Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Våren 2008 TOR IVAR HANSEN Et skandinavisk nasjonsbyggingsprosjekt Skandinavisk Selskab (1864-1871) Trekløveren og trekanten var sentrale symboler for skandinavistene. De henspeilte til de tre rikene Danmark, Norge og Sverige i forening. For eksempel var de å finne i studentenes faner ved det nordiske studentermøtet i Lund og Kjøbenhavn 1862.1 Trekløveren var også logo for Nordisk Universitets-Tidsskrift (utgitt 1854-1864). Redaktøren, danske professor Martin Hammerich, hadde i funnet en sort kløver med en hvit trekant på bladene, og sendte et presset eksemplar til Johan Sebastian Welhaven i Norge: ”Denne slags Kløver er ligefrem skabt til Symbolsprog.”2 Illustrasjonen er hentet fra omslaget til dansken Carl Plougs diktsamling som utkom i 1869.3 Ploug var en av de fremst ideologene og dikterne innen den skandinaviske bevegelsen på 1800-tallet, og diktsamlingen hadde en klar skandinavistisk profil. 1 Mindeblade om det Femte Nordiske Studentermøde i Lund og Kjøbenhavn Juni 1862. Forlagsbureauet, Kjøbenhavn. [Finnes i Det Norske Studentersamfunds arkiv, Ra.]. 2 Martin Hammerich i brev til Johan Sebastian Welhaven 7.11.1854, gjengitt i Anne Lise Seip 2007: Demringstid. Johan Sebastian Welhaven og nasjonen. Aschehoug, Oslo. Side 373. 3 Carl Ploug 1869: Nyere Sanger og Digte. Forlagsbureauet, Kjøbenhavn. Forord Interessen for utviklingen av nasjonal identitet og det nasjonale spørsmål som overordnede spørsmål på 1800-tallet, ledet meg til skandinavismen som tema for masteroppgaven min. Fascinasjonen for dette har blitt ytterligere styrket under arbeidet. Disse spørsmålene grep inn i mange samfunnsområder; både for politikk, vitenskap og kultur var det nasjonale spørsmålet avgjørende. Skandinavismen blir derfor en interessant innfallsvinkel til midten av 1800-tallet. Det å få gå nærmere inn på en rekke aktører på midten av 1800-tallet, svært farverike personer med et kritisk blikk på sin egen samtid, har gjort det lett å motivere seg for arbeidet. Temaet skandinavisme berører også svensk-norske relasjoner i unionstiden. Oppgaven har derfor inngått i Prosjekt 1905, det brede forskningsprosjektet om unionsoppløsningen og svensk- norske forhold under unionen. Jeg vil gjerne få takke min veileder, professor Øystein Sørensen, for et godt samarbeid. Han har med stor tålmodighet kommet med verdifulle innspill og god oppmuntring. Koordinator for 1905-prosjektet, cand.philol. Ruth Hemstad, som i skrivende stund avslutter en PhD- avhandling om skandinavismen, må også takkes for gode innspill og svært nyttig hjelp i søk etter kilder. For økonomisk bistand til kildestudier i Stockholm vil jeg takke Svensk-norsk samarbeidsfond, Universitetets fondsforvaltning (Unifor) og Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie (IAKH). Arkivbesøkene i Sverige (Kungliga biblioteket og Riksarkivet i Stockholm) har vært viktige og inspirerende. Til sist vil jeg stud. philol. Andreas Snildal for hjelp med gjennomlesning av manuskript. Samt medstudenter for et godt studiemiljø, og min Guro for verdifull støtte. Roma, mars 2008. Tor Ivar Hansen Forkortelser brukt i oppgaven: Kb: Kungliga biblioteket (Stockholm) Nb: Nasjonalbiblioteket (Oslo) pa: privatarkiv (ved henvisning til privatarkiver i Riksarkivet, Oslo) Ra: Riksarkivet (Oslo) RaS: Riksarkivet i Sverige (Stockholm) Innhold Kapittel 1: Innledning.............................................................................................................. 1 Skandinavisk fellesskap og enhet....................................................................................... 1 Bakgrunn - skandinavismen ............................................................................................... 2 Historiografi ....................................................................................................................... 4 Problemstilling og avgrensing............................................................................................ 6 De skandinaviske damers polka – Er skandinavismen interessant?................................... 8 Kilder og metodiske problemer.......................................................................................... 9 Norden, Skandinavia og skandinavisme – sentrale begreper........................................... 12 Kapittel 2: Teori – skandinavisme og nasjonalisme............................................................ 15 Teoretisk forankring - nasjonalisme................................................................................. 15 Skandinavisme som nasjonalisme.................................................................................... 19 Konklusjon ....................................................................................................................... 23 Kapittel 3: Miljøet rundt Skandinavisk Selskab etableres................................................. 24 En bevegelse i krise.............................................................................................................. 24 Skandinavistisk debatt i Studentersamfundet................................................................... 24 Bitter passivitet................................................................................................................. 26 Splittelse........................................................................................................................... 27 Stiftelsen av Skandinavisk Selskab...................................................................................... 29 Et livsspørsmål ................................................................................................................. 29 Stiftelsen........................................................................................................................... 29 Selskapets program .......................................................................................................... 31 Miljøet .............................................................................................................................. 35 Kontinuitet i forhold til studenterskandinavismen........................................................... 38 En svensk parallell – Nordiska Nationalföreningen............................................................. 41 Skandinaviske foreninger stiftes ...................................................................................... 41 Nordiska Nationalföreningen ........................................................................................... 42 Det svenske miljøet .......................................................................................................... 44 Reformbevegelse.............................................................................................................. 45 Etter norsk mønster?......................................................................................................... 46 Konklusjon ........................................................................................................................... 47 Kapittel 4: Skandinavismens idégrunnlag ........................................................................... 49 Skandinavia – Én stat, ett land, ett folk................................................................................ 49 Én stat............................................................................................................................... 49 Syke lemmer på Europas legeme ..................................................................................... 51 Et folk............................................................................................................................... 53 Et land .............................................................................................................................. 54 Finner og samer – et problem........................................................................................... 55 Hva med Finland? ............................................................................................................ 58 Språkfellesskapet.................................................................................................................. 61 Felles språklig opphav...................................................................................................... 61 Skandinavisk språktilnærming ......................................................................................... 62 Språket som praktisk forutsetning.................................................................................... 64 Skandinavenes avstamning, rase og slektskap ..................................................................... 65 Det skandinaviske naturforskermøtet 1868...................................................................... 66 Daas skandinaviske innvandringsteori............................................................................. 68 En gren av den germanske rase........................................................................................ 70 En skandinavisk og historisk trosbekjennelse – skandinavistenes historiesyn .................... 73 Birkelands trosbekjennelse............................................................................................... 75 Sars’ syntese..................................................................................................................... 79 Politikk
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