International Journal for Clergy November 1987

The Old Testament text in antiquity SIEGFRIED HORN/4______The deceptive theology of institutionalism CALEB ROSADO/9

Ten tips for raising PKs KAY KUZMA/13

Disposing of the defrocked—PEGGY BOYLE/16 Can science and religion work together?— LEONARD R. BRAND/22______Smoking and unemployment— WILLIAM L. WEIS/26 Departments: Letters/2 Editorial/18 Editorial: Computer Comer/20 The Prophets of Profit Science and Religion/22 7. Robert Spangkr/18 Health and Religion/26 Biblio File/28 ShopTalk/31 Letters

Hell not true, how can we be sure that what only until they are consumed. We know I was shocked that you would print He says about heaven is true? Although about how long it takes to reduce a body such an article as "Is the Hell of the we must employ our intellect to under to ashes, but how long does it take for a Bible Unending?" (July 1987). I have stand Scripture, it is best understood by soul or spirit to become ashes? And never seen such misinterpretation of the faith. M. A. Ervin, Nacogdoches, what do the ashes of a soul look like? If Scriptures. Woodrow Stephens, Tal- Texas. they are totally consumed, how will the smoke of their torment ascend up from ladega, Alabama. Tim Crosby©s "Is the Hell of the Bible the ages into the ages? Rudyard K. Unending?" is a good article, but it Fay, Kingston, Michigan. The article "Is the Hell of the Bible leaves some questions unanswered. For Unending?" appears objective and de example, has the author considered 1 I have been receiving your magazine mands careful consideration. I am a Peter3:18-20 and 1 Peter 4:5, 6? If the for several years now and have been Southern Baptist minister, and we, nor- unrighteous dead are burned to extinc reluctant to write of my utter disdain. I mally, believe in unending conscious tion right after death, how could Christ find your publication to be pitiful, pa torment, but I am willing to hear you preach to the spirits in prison who dis thetic, and pious. out on this subject. So, I wonder if you obeyed "long ago"? How could they The article "Is the Hell of the Bible have a fuller treatment of this subject, have remained "in prison" if they were Unending?" is the most damnable of carefully exegeting every passage that extinct? George R. Ross, McMurray, all. The Old Testament scripture re deals with this important matter. W. Pennsylvania. ferred to was dealing with the destruc F. Lovejoy, Charleston, West Virginia. Peter is giving an interpretation of Gen tion of life as we know it in the earthly The first two parts of Volume I of Le- esis 6: Iff commonly accepted in his day a or physical sense, not the eternal dam Roy E. Froom©s The Conditionalist Christian twist. The spirits he refers to are nation of the lost. Howard B. Wingo, Faith of Our Fathers (Washington, fallen angels who will not die until the Dickson, Tennessee. D. C.: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., final judgment. "Preach" here is not to 1966) deal with the biblical texts pertinent proclaim good news. Rather, it means to Dealing with difficult doctrinal topics to this subject. A more recent, very thor announce. By His death and resurrection, is sometimes risky; however, MINISTRY ough work, not written by an Adventist Christ announced the fate of the angels is to be commended for facing those but in harmony with our understanding of who have fallen. Peter cites their example difficulties and taking those risks. The the subject, is Edward W. Fudge©s The as a warning to all. Editors. article entitled "Is the Hell of the Bible Fire That Consumes (Houston: Provi Unending?" not only gives a thorough dential Press, 1982; foreword by F. F. The early Church Fathers and scholars biblical exposition of the doctrine but Bruce). Editors. taught an eternal burning hell where also makes it relevant to the mission of the wicked would suffer as long as the the church. Regarding the recent article on hell, saints were blessed. These men were The article, however, could have Origen, an ancient "giant," thought too much closer to the original languages been substantially strengthened by that at the end of time hell would be than we, and I find it difficult to fly in quoting from the growing number of shut down. Right on. John W. Stark, the face of the traditional doctrines of evangelical scholars who hold the same Elkader, Iowa. the church that have been believed and position as does Pastor Crosby. The preached down across the centuries. March 20, 1987, issue of Christianity Tim Crosby saddens my heart. Hell is The author©s doing so requires unmiti Today carried an article by Clark Pin- the most tragic thing a person can imag gated pride and arrogance in believing nock, professor of systematic theology ine. However, as bom-again believers it that somehow he has stumbled upon at McMaster Divinity College, entitled is our responsibility to warn people of truth that the ancient scholars never "Fire, Then Nothing." Pinnock devel the terrible reality of hell, not to deny found, and that they were all ops a biblical understanding of this doc that reality. in error. trine that is fully in harmony with that By the same logic Mr. Crosby uses, Certainly sinners will be less afraid to of Pastor Crosby. John W. Fowler, one can do away with the doctrine of go to hell if taught this doctrine since, Cote d©lvoire, Africa. heaven. If what Jesus said about hell is according to Mr. Crosby, it will last (Continued on page 30)

If you©re receiving MINISTRY bimonthly without having paid for a subscription, it©s not a mistake. Since 1928, MINISTRY has been published for Seventh-day Adventist ministers, but we believe the time has come for clergy everywhere to experience a resurgence of faith in the authority of Scripture and in the great truths that reveal the gospel of our salvation by grace, through faith alone in Jesus Christ. We want to share with you our aspirations and faith in a way that we trust will provide inspiration and help to you too. We hope you will accept this journal as our outstretched hand to you. Look over our shoulders, take what you want and find helpful, and discard what you cannot use. Bimonthly gift subscriptions are available to all licensed and/or ordained clergy; requests should be on church letterhead. 2 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 First Glance MINISTRY is the international journal of the Seventh-day Adventist Ministerial Association. ASSOCIATION SECRETARY: Floyd Bresee EDITOR: J. Robert Spangler EXECUTIVE EDITOR: ]. David Newman ASSISTANT EDITORS: David C. James Our shortest article is also our saddest. "Disposing of the Kenneth R. Wade Defrocked" tells not the minister©s story but the spouse©s. How does SEMINAR DIRECTOR: a church treat the divorced wife? How is unconditional love shown? Rex D. Edwards CONTRIBUTING EDITORS: Preachers' kids are unique because of the fishbowl they live in. Carlos Aeschlimann Ellen Bresee People expect PKs to be the model for all the other kids. Unfair? Raoul Dederen Whoever said life is fair? However, you can make your life a little Ariel Roth Gary Swanson easier by applying "Ten Tips for Raising PKs." N. C. Wilson CONSULTING EDITORS: Debates on which Bible translation is best are endemic among Galen Bosley conservative Christians. Few consider that there are more differing C. E. Bradford P. Gerard Damsteegt Hebrew and Greek Bible manuscripts than there are English trans Roland R. Hegstad lations. So deciding which translation is best is a moot point if you Frank Holbrook Kenneth]. Mittleider don©t know which is the best original. Siegfried Horn, one of this Marie Spangler Richard Tibbits century©s outstanding archeologists, sheds some light on this sub Leo R. Van Dolson ject in "The Old Testament Text in Antiquity." EDITORIAL SECRETARIES: Ella Rydzewski "Institutions must not judge truth. Ultimately, truth must Mary Louise McDowell judge institutions," writes the author of "The Deceptive Theology ART DIRECTOR: of Institutionalism." This article will stir your thinking "juices." Byron Steele DESIGNER: Even if it gives you some indigestion, it should cause you to reexam- G. W. Busch ine your own relationship to institutions. MARKETING: Tom Kapusta "Can Science and Religion Work Together?" begins a two-part ADVERTISING SALES: series. Are science and religion complementary or antagonistic? Orval Driskell Are there limitations to science©s study of earth©s history? Dr. Brand SUBSCRIBER SERVICES: provides a fascinating study. Larry Burtnett INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENTS: Africa-Indian Ocean,____ Our Letters to the Editor are provocative; our Biblio File stimu Eastern Africa, Harry A. Cartwright lating; our Shop Talk informative; our Computer Corner compel Euro-Africa, Johannes Mager Far East, James H. Zachary ling; our . . . Well, we are not the perfect clergy journal, but we Inter-America, Salimjapas hope that something in these pages will inspire you in your ministry North America, William C. Scales, Jr. Trans-Europe, MarkFinley to help make Jesus Christ a little more real to the people you serve. South America, Amasias Justiniano South Pacific, A. David C. Currie Southern Asia,____ MINISTRY, (ISSN 0026-5314), the interna tional journal of the Seventh-day Adventist Ministerial Association 1987, is published monthly by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists and printed by the WAAAjiA©V Review and Herald Publishing Association, 55 West Oak Ridge Drive, Hagerstown, MD 21740, U.S.A. Subscriptions: US$19.95 for 12 issues in U.S., US$22.95 for 12 issues else where. Single copy: US$2.00. Member Asso ciated Church Press. Second-class postage paid at Hagerstown, Maryland. This publica tion is available in microfilm from University Microfilms International. Call toll-free 800- 521-3044. Or mail inquiry to: University Mi crofilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Postmaster: Send address changes to MINIS TRY, 55 West Oak Ridge Drive, Hagerstown, Maryland 21740. Editorial Office: 6840 Eastern Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. 20012. Stamped, self-addressed envelope should accompany unsolicited manuscripts. VOLUME 60 NUMBER 11

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 3 The Old Testament text in antiquity

remember well the tical with that of the Masoretic Hebrew Siegfried H. Horn shock I received Bible. more than 40 years Nearly 40 years have passed since that ago when as a college memorable day, and much has happened student I learned since then. We soon learned that the that the Hebrew text scrolls did not come from a monastery ______of the Old Testa- library in Jerusalem but from a cave in the ment is based on manuscripts that were wilderness of Judea. Ten other caves Ancient scrolls produced in the ninth century A. D. and containing scrolls were found near Qum- later. We had only a fragment of a bibli ran, the community center of a Jewish continue to shed light cal scroll that was pre-Christian the sect, probably the Essenes. Later more Nash Papyrus, which contained a por fragments of biblical scrolls were discov on what happened at tion of the Decalogue. It was disquieting ered in caves to the west and south of Jamnia, and how we to ponder how much the Old Testament Qumran, at Wadi Murabba©at, Nahal text might have suffered in the many Hever, Nahal Se©elim, and Masada. got our Bible* The hundreds of years that elapsed between Altogether, thousands of fragments of the time it was originally written and the biblical manuscripts and hundreds of story is more complex earliest manuscripts we had. It is no won noncanonical Jewish works came to der that critics such as Friedrich De- light. The fragments come from more and interesting than litzsch claimed that the biblical text had than 500 manuscripts. Portions of the experienced a degree of corruption be Bible are found in 170 different manu you may have yond our wildest imagination. 1 Those scripts. This material is known as the thought. who defended the authority of the text Dead Sea scrolls, a designation given to had nothing but faith to support their all scrolls found in the wilderness of Judea belief that God had kept His hands over since 1947. (See Table 1 for a brief survey His Word and had not allowed it to be of the biblical manuscripts we now come corrupted. have.) Then came the most exciting day in Except for the famous Isaiah scroll my life as an archeologist. In the early from Qumran Cave 1, all the Dead Sea spring of 1948, as one of W. F. Albright©s scrolls have come into our hands in frag students, I heard him announce that mentary form. Some rather sizable por Siegfried H. Horn is "the greatest manuscript discovery of tions of several biblical books have been professor emeritus of modern times" had been made in the Syr preserved, such as a second scroll of archeology at Andrews University, Berrien ian monastery library in Jerusalem. Isaiah from Qumran Cave 1 that con Springs, Michigan. Albright had just received some pho tains about 20 percent of its original text, tographs of a scroll of Isaiah, and had a Psalms scroll from Qumran Cave 11 in spent the whole night examining the which more than 35 percent of the origi script of the scroll and collating it with nal text has been preserved, a scroll of the Masoretic text. He had reached the Samuel from Qumran Cave 4 (not yet conclusion, he said, that the script could published) pieced together from hun not be later than the second century dreds of fragments, and a recently pub B.C. and that the text was almost iden lished portion (8 percent) of a Leviticus

4 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 scroll from Qumran Cave 11. ies show that the earliest Qumran scrolls All other scrolls have come into our were produced in the third century B.C. hands in many thousands of small frag and the latest in the first half of the first The Qumram and ments. But even such fragmentary texts century A.D. These manuscripts, then, are of great value since they reveal what span a period of about 300 years. Masada manuscripts text type existed at the time the scrolls The biblical text material from Ma were produced. sada predates the capture of that moun can be considered to Because of my desire to keep abreast of tain fortress in A.D. 73. So all of the other phases of biblical archeology, I had Qumran and Masada manuscripts were represent the text to limit my studies of Dead Sea scroll produced before the end of the first cen types of the Hebrew material to biblical texts only. Through tury A.D. and can be considered to rep the years I have collated every published resent the text types of the Hebrew Bible Bible circulating biblical manuscript with the Masoretic that was circulating during the ministry text and have tried to read most of what of Jesus and the apostles. during the ministry of other scholars who work on these texts On the other hand, the manuscripts have had to say about them. found at the Nahal Hever, the Nahal Jesus and the apostles* When we had only the scrolls from the Se©elim, and in the Wadi Murabba©at first Qumran cave, we thought that their were hidden in caves during the Bar texts were for all practical purposes iden Kokba revolt, which ended in A.D. 135. tical to the earliest previously known He Hebrew script were those of the Penta brew biblical manuscripts. Variants Two distinct groups teuch and Job in other words, only found in the two Isaiah scrolls from Qum So the biblical Dead Sea scroll mate those books that Jewish tradition held to ran Cave 1 were almost exclusively spell rial can clearly be divided into two have been written by Moses. In a prelim ing mistakes, or of an orthographic, groups: (1) the 170 manuscripts from the inary report, Patrick Skehan, to whom grammatical, or syntactical nature. No 11 Qumran caves and the biblical frag some of the fragments from Cave 4 were where did they affect the sense of the ments from Masada, all of which pre assigned for publication, wrote that these known text. date A.D. 70, and (2) the manuscripts paleo-Hebrew fragments represent a re On the basis of these observations, I from the other desert caves in the Wadi cension that can be called a " ©Samaritan© stated at the 1952 Bible Conference in Murabba©at, the Nahal Hever, and the recension, with all the essential charac Washington, D.C., that the Dead Sea Nahal Se©elim, hidden there during the teristics of that fuller text, including its scrolls unmistakably prove that the He early part of the second century A.D. repetitious manner of recounting the brew Bible of the days of Jesus was, with The second-century manuscripts from plague episodes, its borrowings from out any variations, the Masoretic text. the second group are practically identical Deuteronomy, and its transpositions; Several other scholars had reached the with the Masoretic text. 4 This is espe this is true at almost every point where same conclusion. For example, in 1950 cially true of the scroll of the minor the extant fragments make verification Harry Orlinski wrote, "Regardless of the prophets from the Wadi Murabba©at, of possible." 5 date of Saint Mark©s Isaiah scroll, I doubt which 26 percent has been preserved. This is very interesting, the more so that its value for the textual critic will On the other hand, the biblical manu since the Samaritans retained the paleo- amount to very much, except insofar as it scripts from the Qumran caves and from Hebrew script and, with slight alter will help to convince more biblical Masada, which all predate the council of ations, use it to the present day. scholars that the traditionally preserved Jamnia, show more variation in text form Could it be that in these paleo- text of the Hebrew Bible should be as well as the type of script used. Hebrew biblical manuscripts we have Created with far greater respect than it has Let me first deal with the scripts. In texts of the Sadducees? Although they been." 2 the first Qumran cave a few scraps of have left us no literature at all, we know The discoveries made between 1952 Leviticus and Numbers written in the from other sources that they accepted and 1956 in other Qumran caves and preexilic Hebrew or paleo-Hebrew script only the Torah of Moses, and possibly those made between 1951 and 1964 in came to light. When they were first dis Job, as canonical. 6 caves of the Wadi Murabba©at, Nahal covered, some scholars thought that they Recently the paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Hever, Nahal Se©elim, and at Masada were fragments of biblical manuscripts scroll from Qumran Cave 11 was have proved both his prediction and my written prior to the Exile. This view published. 7 Its text character differs from categorical claim wrong. The biblical proved to be incorrect when more bibli that of the Cave 4 paleo-Hebrew frag textual material found there showed that cal fragments written in the same script ments Skehan described. The Cave 11 we still had a lot to learn about the com came to light in four other Qumran paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll represents plexities of the text history of the Old caves. The grammatical and ortho a text type that, like that of the famous Testament. graphic forms of these fragmments show Isaiah scroll from Qumran Cave 1, has The dates of the various scrolls and that they belong to the same general pe been called proto-Masoretic. Its pres fragments are of great importance for re riod as do the scrolls written in the later ence among the Qumran scrolls indicates constructing the history of the biblical square Hebrew script. (Table 2 lists the that the library of Qumran contained the text. All the manuscripts of the Qurnran extant paleo-Hebrew script material.) books attributed to Moses in both differ caves come from a period that ended in It is significant that of the 170 manu ent scripts and different text types one A.D. 68 or 69, when the scrolls were scripts found in the Qumran caves, the that agrees with the Samaritan Penta stored in the caves. Paleographical stud only manuscripts written in the paleo- teuch and another that is more in har-

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 5 mony with the text type chosen by the rabbis at Jamnia to become the standard recension for all generations to come. According to Jewish tradition, Ezra in The Council of Jamnia troduced the postexilic square script into Palestine. Among the biblical materials Between the two devastating Jewish-Roman wars of the first and from Qumran, we have about 160 manu second centuries A.D. an important event took place in the develop scripts in this script, some represented by ment of the biblical text and canon. Unfortunately we know very little no more than small fragments, others by about the Council of Jamnia. No clear records of it have survived; not scrolls that have preserved about 20 per even its date is certain. What we know about it comes from some cent (lQIsb),8 35 percent (HQPsa), and allusions to it in the Talmud. The Council probably convened toward the end of the first century A. D. Its chairman was Yohanan ben Zakkai, 50 percent (4QSamb), to a full 100 per but the undisputed leader was Rabbi Akiba ben Joseph, who lived from cent (IQIs3) of the original text. about A.D. 55 to 137. There is no indication as to which of the hundreds of manuscripts biblical Akiba grew up as an illiterate orphan shepherd boy. Having been and nonbiblical found in the caves endowed with a keen, natural intellect, he developed a deep respect for were considered canonical by the Qum the mysteries of anything written. Akiba fell in love with his master©s ran sectaries. However, it may be signif daughter, and she promised to marry him, but demanded that he go to icant that portions of all the books the school. Her parents opposed the match and disinherited her when she rabbis at Jamnia accepted as canonical, married Akiba, and she went to work as a field hand to support the except for Esther, have been found family while he attended school. Eventually Akiba ended up in the among the Qumran scrolls. We don©t rabbinical school at Jamnia. This school had been founded by Yohanan know whether this is an accident of pres ben Zakkai after the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. There Akiba became one of the most illustrious and influential scholars of his time. ervation or whether the Essenes to In the meantime his wife©s parents had accepted him, and he had gether with many Pharisees of the pre- inherited their wealth. Jamnia period rejected Esther. In later years Akiba became an ardent patriot who was responsible for More than one Old Testament text much political unrest against Rome. He supported the rebellion of Bar type Kokba with his wealth and endorsed him as the new Messiah. Hence, During the period when we had only he was in part responsible for the second Jewish-Roman war. Captured the scrolls from Qumran Cave 1 (1948- during that war by the Romans, Akiba was taken to Rome and, after 1952) it was thought that the Dead Sea several years of imprisonment, executed in A.D. 137 at the age of 82. scrolls supported nothing but the Maso- After the destruction of the Temple Akiba recognized that the only retic text, although the two Isaiah scrolls symbol left for his people to rally around was the Bible, God©s Word. and the fragments differed slightly with However, there were two disturbing phenomena. First, the biblical each other. The text of the fragmentary texts in circulation showed differences. No two manuscripts were iden Isaiah scroll (IQIs ) is almost identical tical. Second, he had become acquainted with the disputes among the with the Masoretic text and proved that rabbis about the size of the canon. this text type existed 1,000 years before The Council of Jamnia was called to address these matters. The the Masoretes lived and worked. And council made no changes in the canon. It was mainly due to Akiba©s the complete Isaiah scroll (lQIsa) con eloquence that the several books in question were retained in the tained a text type that is so closely related canon. His arguments were so persuasive that the question of the canon to the Masoretic text that in translation has never been raised again among Orthodox Jews. its variants would not show up. The translators of the Revised Standard Ver With regard to the establishment of a unified Hebrew text at the sion accepted only 13 readings from this Council of Jamnia, we are less well informed than with regard to the scroll as being superior to those of the canon. However, the facts that a unified text suddenly became the Masoretic text. Even these were ex standard at the end of the first century and that not one copy of a tremely insignificant, changing the divergent text survived (except the Dead Sea scrolls that had already meaning in not one instance. been hidden when Jamnia convened), indicate clearly that the Coun This picture changed with the discov cil of Jamnia must have taken actions in this matter. Moreover, the fact ery of scores of scroll fragments in Qum that Aquila, one of Akiba©s pupils, soon thereafter produced a new ran Cave 4 in 1952, and of scrolls in Greek translation that slavishly translated the Hebrew unified text for Qumran Cave 11 in 1956. In an article the use of the Diaspora Jews gives credence to the idea that Akiba must dealing with one of the Samuel scrolls have been a key influence in the standardization of the Hebrew text. from Qumran Cave 4, Frank Cross in formed the scholarly world of new devel opments in our understanding of the pre- Masoretic biblical text form. Cross showed that this particular manuscript

6 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 agrees more with the Septuagintal than mary witness, also arose from this Old with the Masoretic text. This was the Palestinian textual family. Table 1 first indication that in the pre-Jamnia This does not mean that evidence ex period, Hebrew biblical manuscripts had ists that each of the books of the Hebrew Locations of existed that belonged to a different text Bible was represented in each of the dif Dead Sea Scrolls type than the one with which we were ferent recensions. All the extant Qum familiar. ran manuscripts for Isaiah and Ezekiel After studying more material from belong to only one textual family, while Book Where found Qumran Cave 4, Albright published his those of Job and Jeremiah represent no Genesis 5 Qumran caves (1,2,4,6, programmatic article "New Light on more than two textual families. On the 8), Masada Early Recensions of the Hebrew other hand, the Qumran manuscripts re Bible." 10 He pointed out that the manu Exodus 4 Qumran caves (1, 2, 4, veal that three different recensions of the 7), Nahal Se©elim scripts from Qumran represented two Pentateuchal books and Samuel existed. main strands of biblical recensions. One Leviticus 5 Qumran caves (1, 2, 4, 6, 11), Masada of these, the one to which the complete Increasing respect for the Septuagint Numbers 2 Qumran caves (2, 4), Isaiah scroll from Qumran Cave 1 be Even before the discoveries at Qum Nahal Hever longs, he called the Babylonian recen ran, some scholars interpreted the ex Deuteronomy 5 Qumran caves (1, 2, 4, sion because it contained Assyrian and istence of the Septuagint and the Samar [14 mss.], 5, 6), Masada Babylonian names in an almost correct itan Pentateuch in its various text forms Joshua 1 Qumran cave (4) spelling. This recension, known to us as as an indication that different recensions the Masoretic text, became essentially of the Hebrew Bible existed in the pre- Judges 2 Qumran caves (1,4) the Hebrew textus receptus. The other Christian era. However, most of us Samuel 2 Qumran caves (1,4) recension he called the Egyptian recen thought that the Septuagint differed Kings 3 Qumran caves (4, 5, 6) sion since it seems to have been the He from the Masoretic text because the Isaiah 3 Qumran caves (1, 4 [12 brew biblical text that was in circulation Greek translators took liberties in their mss.], 5) in Egypt during the third and second cen work. Similarly, we believed that the dif Jeremiah 2 Qumran caves (2, 4) turies B.C. when the Septuagint was ferences between the Masoretic and Sa Ezekiel 3 Qumran caves (1, 3, 4), produced. maritan Pentateuchs were due mainly to Masada During the past 30 or more years Frank the theological bias of the Samaritan Hosea 1 Qumran cave (4 [8 mss.]) Cross has spent more time working with copyists. Today we know that Hebrew Joel 1 Qumran cave (4), Wadi the biblical manuscripts from Qumran manuscripts existed that must have Murabba©at than has any other scholar (so much time served the Greek translators and the Sa Amos 2 Qumran caves (4, 5), that his wife said she wished the strayed maritan copyists as Vorlagen. Wadi Murabba©at goat whose loss led to the discovery of the The Psalms scrolls from Qumran show Obadiah 1 Qumran cave (4), Wadi first cave had eaten the scrolls!). He has even more differences. Because much of Murabba©at concluded that before the rabbis chose it is preserved, 1 lQPsa is a good example. Jonah 1 Qumran cave (4), Wadi the one that became the Masoretic text, The manuscript, which is comprised of Murabba©at three major recensions existed. four fragments, is 13 feet 10 inches long Micah 1 Qumran cave (1), Wadi Cross believes that in the fourth cen and totals 28 columns. It contains, in a Murabba©at tury B.C. two recensions developed out sequence not known from any other Nahum 1 Qumran cave (4), Wadi of an archetype that existed through the source, 36 canonical psalms (not all Murabba©at previous century. One of these recen complete); Psalm 151, found otherwise Habakkuk 1 Qumran cave (4), Wadi sions was the Babylonian textual family, only in the Septuagintal, Old Latin, and Murabba©at from which came the Masoretic text. Syriac versions; two of five psalms that Zephaniah 2 Qumran caves (1, 4), The other was the Old Palestinian tex only the Syriac Psalter contains; 2 Sa Wadi Murabba©at tual family, which has been preserved in muel 23:7; a passage from Sirach; and Haggai Wadi Murabba©at the Samaritan Pentateuch. In the third four noncanonical compositions. Appar Zechariah 1 Qumran cave (4) century B.C., the Egyptian textual fam ently the Jewish hymn book of the pre- Malachi 1 Qumran cave (4) ily, of which the Septuagint is the pri- Jamnia era, if we can call the Psalter a Psalms 8 Qumran caves (1, 2, 3, hymnbook, circulated in several differ 4 [10 mss.], 5, 6, 8, 11), ent collections, of which the Masoretic, Nahal Hever, Masada Septuagintal, and Syriac Psalters are Proverbs 1 Qumran cave (4) The Septuagintal text three examples that have survived. Job 2 Qumran caves (2, 4) Jeremiah is another book of which at Song of Songs 2 Qumran caves (2, 6) of Jeremiah omits least two different recensions were in cir Ruth 2 Qumran caves (2, 4) culation, one representing the Masoretic about 2,700 words text and the other the Septuagintal. Lamentations 3 Qumran caves (3, 4, 5) that the Masoretic Both recensions have come to light as Ecclesiastes 2 Qumran caves (2, 4) Hebrew manuscripts at Qumran. [Esther not represented] text contains* It is well known that the Septuagintal Daniel 3 Qumran caves (1, 4, 6) text of Jeremiah omits about 2,700 words Ezra/Nehemiah 1 Qumran cave (4) (about six or seven chapters) that the Chronicles 1 Qumran cave (4)

MINISTRY/NOVEMBERyi987 7 babes and sucklings thou hast ordained strength." I do not know whether this Although different particular passage is extant among the Study with the Qumran manuscripts not yet published, recensions existed in but I am quite sure that Matthew quoted one who wrote from a Hebrew text that agreed with the the book Jesus' time, the divine Vorlage that the Greek translators used. We have learned a lot about the He messages were the brew biblical text during the past 40 same. years. We now have a better idea of what the Bible of Jesus© time looked like. Al though different recensions existed in His time, the divine messages were the same. All of them could have been used William G. Johnsson, noted profitably by the Christian missionaries. New Testament scholar, author of several Masoretic text contains, and that it con The Christian church used the Septua- books on Hebrews, including Knox tains about 100 words for which there are gint in its foreign mission work and in the Preaching Guides, editor of the ADVENTIST REVIEW. no equivalent passages in the Masoretic Gentile churches with just as much suc text. Furthermore, those chapters that cess and power as if they had used the a new CE course are extant in both recensions Hebrew biblical text accepted by the rabbis at and Greek are in different order, par Jamnia. ticularly the oracles to the nine foreign In fact, with the exception of Saint PREACHING nations. Jerome, the Church Fathers liked the The explanation for these differences Septuagint better than the later Jewish From must probably be sought in the prophet©s Greek translations, while the Jews re habit of issuing his messages separately as jected the Septuagint since it did not fully agree with their accepted text and HEBREWS they were given to him from time to had become the Bible of the Christians. YOU will learn how the message of time. People then collected them as they Hebrews speaks to contempo It was not until the Vulgate became came to them. Some evidently had more rary Christian issues. available at the end of the fourth century YOU will learn how to make your than others, and this accounts for the that the Western Christian church ac sermons from Hebrews come different lengths of the several cepted the Old Testament in a form that alive with surprising force. collections. agreed with the Hebrew Bible of the "Preaching From Hebrews" The Qumran discoveries have also Jews. The Eastern Christian church still includes study guide and provided us with an explanation as to considers the Septuagint the authorita textbook and offers why some of the quotations in the New tive Old Testament text. you 2 CEUs for Testament agree with the Septuagintal text of the Old Testament rather than 1 Die Grosse Tauschung (Stuttgart: Deutsche the Masoretic text. For example, Mat Verlags-Anstalt, 1921), vol. 2, p. 5. 2 Journal of Biblical Literature 69 (1950): 152. thew 21:16 quotes Psalm 8:2 as saying 3 Unfortunately, except for a few sample photo ORDER FORM "Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings graphs, those .from Masada have not yet been pub thou hast perfected praise." This agrees lished. See Yigael Yadin, Israel Exploration Journal WM.7m 7 Preaching Your Way to Better Preaching $ 7.50 _ 15 (1965): 103-105. For their text character we HCM-7013 Deosions $ 3.50 _ with the Septuagintal reading. The Ma must therefore depend on the testimony of the ex __HCM-7014 Coping With Grief J23.95 _ ___HTH-7015 Principles of Prophetic Interpretation $20.95 _ soretic text reads "Out of the mouth of cavator. See also M. Avi-Ybnah, ed. Encyclopedia ___HCM-70Z9 Keeping Church Finance Christian $10.95 _ of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (En* _ HGS-7028 Transitions $ 5.00 _ glewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976-8) vol. __ HGS-7086 Care.Fronting $14.95 _ 3, p. 812. ___HCM-7099 Adventures in Church Growth $13.95_ HTH-71M Sanctuary, 1844, and the Pioneers $13.95 _ Y. Aharoni, Israel Exploration Journal 11 __HTH-7134 Biblical Message of Salvation $17.95 _ Table 2 (1961): 22-23; Yadin, Israel Exploration Journal 11 HTH.711S Problem Solving/Conflict Resolution $19.95 _ (1961): 40. ___HTH-7145 Studies, on the Book of Daniel $17.95 _ 5 Journal of Biblical Literature 74 (1955): 182. HrM-7147 Mating Worship Meaningful $14.95 _ HfM.7174 Christian Hospitality Made Easy $16.95 - Paled-Hebrew 6 See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book lTMT,77rn Preaching From Hebrews $10.95 _ script materials XVIII, Section 16. Subtotal - 7 D. N. Freedman and K. A. Mathews, The Leas: 10% if ordenng 2 _ Paleo©Hebrew Leviticus Scroll (Philadelphia: Amer 15% if ordering 3 _ ican Schools of Oriental Research, 1985). 20% if ordenng 4 or more _ Book Where found 8 The code identifying the Dead Sea scroll bibli Total EndiwJ (U.S. funds only) - cal manuscripts and fragments lists first the cave Name_ Genesis 2 Qumran caves (4, 6) number from which the item comes, then the re gion from which it comes, next the biblical book it Exodus 1 Qumran cave (4) contains, and finally a letter designating which Leviticus 4 Qumran caves (1, 2,6, 11 manuscript of that biblical book this item comes City/State/Zip ______(Make check payable to Continuing Education for Ministry.) [8 percent of a scroll]) from. So lQIsb indicates the "b" manuscript of Isaiah from Qumran Cave 1. Send to: Numbers 1 Qumran cave (1) 9 Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Re Continuing Education for Ministry, c/o CDS, Deuteronomy 1 Qumran cave (4) search (1953), No. 132, pp. 15-26. 6840 Eastern Avenue NW., 10 Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Washington, DC 20012 Job 1 Qumran cave (4) Research (1955), No. 140, pp. 27-33.

8 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 The deceptive theology of institutionalism

he year was 586 B.C. could God allow heathens to come and Caleb Rosado Judah was about to demolish His own city? In this place is go down for the third the Temple of the Lord, the Temple of and last time. Nebu the Lord, the Temple of the Lord!" chadnezzar©s two pre Jeremiah came back with "This catch T vious invasions ap word of yours is a lie. Your theology is peared to have made deceptive!" no impressions whatever on God©s peo Central to the prophet Jeremiah©s Institutions serve ple of the gravity of the situation they message was his warning against the de faced. They stuck fast to their belief that ceptive theology of institutionalism. important functions God©s Davidic covenant promises guar in our world* But like anteed His intervening to save His peo Jeremiah's message 1 ple from ultimate destruction. Jeremiah©s protest did not involve individuals, they The prophet Jeremiah saw it differ some mini-institution. Rather, he spoke ently. While the people looked at the of the Temple of the Lord, the greatest become dangerous if Davidic promises and saw hope, Jeremiah institution in the life of the covenant looked at the same promises and saw de people. No wonder they almost had him not kept accountable* struction! Selective perception made the killed! difference. People tend to accept as real But Jeremiah did not direct his attack ity only those things that fit their expec at the Temple of the Lord itself. Instead, tations. he directed it at the deceptive theology The people refused to look at their surrounding that sacred institution. sins. They focused only on the bare Without the many social institutions promises and neglected to consider the that impact upon and govern our lives conditions for their fulfillment. The re from the moment of birth, we couldn©t sultant theology was faulty. have collective group life. Institutions Realizing where such a deceptive exist to satisfy human needs. But when theological outlook would lead, Jere they turn inward and focus primarily or miah began to sing a requiem, a dirge, the exclusively on their own survival or quest nation©s funeral chant. He sang that for power, the result is the wreckage of what had happened to Shiloh, the site of human lives whose needs have gone Caleb Rosado, PfuD., the Israelite sanctuary destroyed by the unmet. pastors the All Nations Philistines, what had happened to Israel, Institutions have their own peculiar Seventh-day Adventist Church, Berrien taken into captivity in the year histories. A small group of people with a Springs, Michigan. A.D. 722, would happen to Judah. De socially insignificant beginning can de struction would come to Judah! The time velop into a complex network of institu for repentance was over judgment day tions whose number is legion. People had come view some institutions as sacred, while "No!" the people responded. "No they are willing to see others change. matter what happens, Jerusalem will be Some institutions are more useful to the safe and protected. It is God©s city. His community than others. Temple is here; His seat is here. How We must be aware of the dangers in-

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 9 tutional religious life!" and humanity by the proclamation and What a protest! What a challenge Je practice of a gospel of liberation from all How can people live remiah gave to God©s people! But it fell forms of oppression. on deaf ears. The people refused the The institutions of the church, where with the decision not prophet©s message, so the inevitable the outworking of the gospel in justice came along with the city, the Temple and liberation should be manifested in to stand for principle? was destroyed, never to be the same the most creative ways, are sometimes again. the very embodiment of injustice. This People do it by happens when people are lulled into a Jesus and Jeremiah false sense of security based on the decep rationalizing, by Some 600 years later history repeated tive theology: "This is the temple of the convincing themselves itself, with the same devastating results. Lord, the temple of the Lord, the temple The Carpenter of Nazareth laid down the of the Lord therefore we are safe!" At that it was the right hammer of His earthly father and took up such times the words of judgment from the hammer of His heavenly Father to Jeremiah and Jesus must be allowed to thing to do because of reconstruct the institutional life of His cleanse Gpd©s house as they did the Tem people, the nation of Israel. ple of the Lord in their day. the circumstances. Jesus© ministry paralleled Jeremiah©s so As pastors, upon whom the mantle of closely that when Jesus asked His disci the Old Testament prophets has fallen, ples, "Who do people think that I am?" we must carry on not only a priestly min they replied, "They think You are Jere istry of intercession in behalf of individ herent in all institutions, for though miah" (see Matt. 16:13,14). ual people, but also carry on a prophetic once flexible, they tend to become rigid Why? Because Jesus, like Jeremiah ministry of denunciation and annuncia and impersonal. And once established, and all the other prophets, did not talk so tion regarding institutions and their ac they die hard. Only very rarely do they much about being righteous as about doing tions. Denunciation involves denounc deny themselves. For this reason we must justice. When Jesus, in cleansing the ing a dehumanizing situation in continually place even our most es Temple, told the religious leaders that institutions, while annunciation in teemed and cherished structures under they had converted God©s house into a volves the announcing of a more human the scrutiny of Scripture, the gospel, "den of robbers," His words came from structure reflective of the gospel. 4 and the purpose for which they were Jeremiah. Both Jesus and Jeremiah made established. known the truth that "no human institu Where are the Jeremiahs? The real danger institutions pose, tion, no matter how sacred it is held to Why are there so few Jeremiahs today? however, is found not in the institutions be, can be allowed to serve as a ©cover-up© There are several reasons. themselves but in the theology that de or justification for injustices." 2 One reason is economics. Let©s face it, velops around them. Jeremiah summa Jeremiah©s words just as surely chal when it comes to a choice between stand rized the pith of this deceptive theology lenge the church today. All of our insti ing up for principle and putting food on as, "This is the Temple of the Lord- tutions need to be placed under the judg the table, most people will compromise therefore we are safe!" ment of Jeremiah 7:3-8: "Thus says the and choose the latter. This is economic This theology is manifested in various Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, Amend expediency. ways: your ways and your doings, and I will let A second reason is politics. The desire "This is what the General Conference you dwell in this place. Do not trust in to avoid being labeled a radical and los has declared!" these deceptive words: This is the tem ing out politically in the church will "This is what the Annual Council has ple of the Lord, the temple of the Lord, sometimes cause a person to compro voted!" the temple of the Lord.© For if you truly mise. Everyone knows what happens "This is what the conference commit amend your ways and your doings, if you once you are labeled no one will touch tee has decided!" truly execute justice one with another, if you! So it is more comfortable to go along "This is what the church board has you do not oppress the alien, the father with a group decision even one that may agreed on!" less or the widow, or shed innocent blood be wrong than to stand alone for truth. "This is what the seminary faculty in this place, and if you do not go after But how can people live with the deci believe!" other gods to your own hurt, then I will sion not to stand for principle? People do "This is what the administrative board let you dwell in this place, in the land it by rationalizing, by convincing them has decided to do!" that I gave of old to your fathers for ever. selves that what they did was not all that "This is what the pastor preaches!" Behold, you trust in deceptive words to bad. That, in fact, it was the right thing "This is God©s true church therefore no avail" (RSV). to do because of the economic and polit we are safe!" Kosuke Koyama declares: "On this ba ical circumstances. They have turned "No!" cries Jeremiah the protestant. sis, Christians can and must be critical the tables and believe themselves to be "Beware of these deceptive words! Insti about institutions related to the church. on the side of right and justice, when all tutions can become deceptive even the We are not called to serve institutions as along they have compromised. Temple of God. Mend your ways and our end. That would be idolatry. Institu Such is the process whereby pharisa- your doings! Live the life of the covenant tions are only humble means by which we ism develops within the church. And the people! Emancipate yourselves from the may participate in God©s work in way of pharisaism is the way of indiffer illusion of a salvation secured by an insti history." 3 We are called to serve God ence personal devotion to God di-

10 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 vorced from genuine concern for people. ©done,© but even more what you have ac A third reason that there are so few cepted from it." 6 Jeremiahs today is a narrow definition of A fourth reason there are so few Jere Failure to see sin in sin. This is the failure to see sin as did miahs is because of theological reduction- Jesus, Jeremiah, and all the prophets ism "the exclusive use of biblical and its social dimension not only as personal wrongdoing, but doctrinal language in the interpretation also as a social infraction of God©s holy of the church." 7 James M. Gustafson de leads many good law. Euro-American theology has been clares: "Many make the explicit or tacit people to think affected by the Western preoccupation assumption that the church is so abso with the individual (which is not totally lutely unique in character that it can be understood only in its own private human justice is not wrong). It has given rise to a privatized language." 8 spirituality that sees religion exclusively their area of The church is not only a divine insti in the personal dimension at the expense tution the body of Christ but also a responsibility* of the social (which is wrong). As Rose human institution with social, political, mary Radford Ruether so aptly states it: and economic dimensions. Yet when it "The apostasy of Christianity lies in its comes to clarifying the nature of the privatization and spiritualization. Priva church, we define it only from a biblical tization means one can be converted to perspective. Thus, our understanding of ternational religious organization, with God without being converted to each the church is restricted to the theological an institutional presence in more than other. Spiritualization means one can dimension. Yet all the while the church, 180 countries. It is perhaps the most eth declare that the Christ-nature is realized functioning as a social institution and nically diverse denomination in the inwardly without having to deal with the within history, continues to affect peo world today. Yet in this age of cultural contradictions of an unregenerate ple©s lives politically, economically, and diversity and pluralism, the church is still world." 5 socially. This restricted perspective pushing the outmoded industrial so Failure to see sin in its social dimen masks the political, economic, and social ciety©s assembly-line model of uniformity sion leads many good people to think sins taking place within the church. as a methodology of mission. A new age human injustice is not their area of re The church, then, develops a unique demands new methods! To stay relevant, sponsibility. "Our job is to save souls and message, but it has hardly any under we must not only respond to change; we not to become involved in political standing of the diverse people to whom must anticipate, it! power struggles," they declare. But social the message is to be given. It has even less America suffers from a "political myo sin, as opposed to personal sin, is trans- understanding of the political, eco pia" a failure to see the needs of the generational it "continues across gen nomic, and social contexts in which peo broader world society and to realize how erations. It is historically inherited. Indi ple find themselves. All of this can result our politics affect the rest of the world. viduals are socialized into roles of in the likelihood that no one will listen We tend to focus on American wants and domination and oppression and taught to what the church has to say. Therefore, needs and how American interests can that these are normal and right. Discov what we thought was "present truth" be safeguarded. ery that the social system of which you may actually become past truth, with no In the push for a strong North Ameri are a part is engaged in chronic duplicity present relevance. can Division, the same thing may be hap and contradiction, then, comes as a As pastors, we must realize that the pening within the Adventist Church. I shock. . . . One has to reevaluate not church is not an abstract entity operating am not opposed to our having a separate only the social system, but one©s own life in a social vacuum. It is a social institu organizational structure for North Amer in it; not only what you have actually tion involved in history. And as such, it ica. What scares me is that this move must take into consideration the con may be intended to protect power inter crete situation in which it exists. 9 There ests in North America. Because there are fore, the pressing concerns of our age now more Adventists in the Third apartheid, nuclear annihilation, racism, World the non-White world than in The pressing concerns sexism, abortion, poverty, and hunger, North America, the next leaders of our just to name some must be on the church will probably come from the of our age—apartheid, agenda of a world church concerned with Third World. And with a shift in leader nuclear annihilation, developing a global strategy of outreach. ship comes a shift in power. My concern, then, is that strengthening the North racism, sexism, On being world citizens American Division may be a means to This means that we must develop a stave off those power shifts. abortion, poverty, world citizen mind-set. Let me explain. What I am saying here is that what we As a people, we live in a society that has see happening in the American political hunger—must be on developed from an agrarian to an indus scene, we are also seeing in the Adventist trial and now to an information society. political scenario. But we need to realize the agenda of a world We have moved from a nationalism con that "God so loved the world, that he church* cerned with uniformity to an interna gave ..." Above all peoples, Adventists tionalism concerned with diversity. The must become world citizens a people Seventh-day Adventist Church is an in- who rise above partisan politics to be

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 11 concerned with the needs of all of God©s the deceptive theology of "this is the came the text of a well-known hymn ap children because we are, first of all, Temple of the Lord therefore we are pealing to the national conscience: Christians. Such an orientation would safe!" but rather on the correct theology: "Once to Every Man and Nation." The transcend our partisan, national poli "the Lord of the Temple therefore we emphasis of the hymn was on truth the ticking and maintain a healthy balance shall obey!" word appears in every stanza. 10 between the realms of church and Institutions must not judge truth. Ul James Russell Lowell©s concern, as society. timately, truth must judge institutions. that of Jeremiah and Jesus, was to stand As pastors, we need to inspire our The year was 1845, Abraham Lincoln for truth, even if that should place him in church members to become world citi was before Congress, speaking against the minority. zens. This means that we must learn to war with Mexico. To him it was apparent What do you stand for? On what do think about how our decisions and inter that such an action would merely be an you base your theology? ests impact the rest of the world, both our excuse for the slaveholding states of the denominational family and those not of south to gain more territory and thus ex our church. And it means that we must tend slavery. place the needs of a world society and James Russell Lowell (1819-1891), 1 Much of this section is taken from Kosuke church family above our own interests. poet, professor of language at Harvard, Koyama, Waterbuffalo Theology (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1974), pp. 187-190. Now, please don©t get me wrong. I and later ambassador to Spain and Great 2 Virgilio Elizondo, Galilean Journey: The don©t mean by this that we should not Britain, supported this protest by writing Mexican-American Promise (Maryknoll, N.Y.: have pride in our country. We can never an eighteen-stanza poem entitled "The Orbis Books, 1984), p. 74. 3 Koyama, p. 189. forget our nationality and sense of peo- Present Crisis." Describing the contro 4 Paulo Freire, "Conscientisation," Cross Cur plehood. But we must allow Christ to be versy over slavery, the opening stanza rents, Spring 1974. 5 Rosemary Radford Ruether, "Rich Nations/ our example in politics, in ethical reads, Poor Nations: Towards a Just World Order in the decision-making, and in global mission "When a deed is done for freedom, Era of Neo-Colonialism," in Francis A. Figo, ed., strategies. And He loved the world so through the broad earth©s aching Christum Spirituality in the United States: Indepen dence and Interdependence, Proceedings of the The much that He gave, not took. breast ology Institute of Villanova University (Villanova, Runs a thrill of joy prophetic, Pa.: Villanova University Press, 1978), pp. 82, 83. On what do you base your trembling on from east to west, 6 Rosemary Radford Ruether, "Social Sin," Commonwealth, Jan. 30, 1981, p. 46. theology? And the slave where©er he cowers, 7 James M. Gustafson, Treasure in Earthen Ves Jeremiah©s message of present truth feels the soul within him climb sels: The Church as a Human Community (New York: Harper & Row, 1961), p. 100. was as relevant to Judah as the next day©s To the awful verge of manhood, 8 Ibid. headlines that spoke of the invasion from as the energy sublime 9 Paulo Freire, "Education, Liberation, and the the north. Of a century bursts full-blossomed Church," Risk 9, No. 3 (1973): 34. 10 Edward E. White, Singing With Understanding Why? on the thorny stem of time. (Warburton, Australia: Signs Pub. Co.), pp. 352, Because his message was based not on A shortened version of this poem be 353.

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12 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 Ten tips for raising PKs

here is definitely an quests was "No thanks that©s not for Kay Kuzma art to raising kids in me." Getting up in front of others just the parsonage just wasn©t his thing. ask any pastor who is What Larry wanted most of all was trying to do it! Rais simply to melt into the background. He ing children is hard wanted to be just like all the other kids. enough under opti He would find his place of service even mum conditions, but put your family in a tually, but he hated it when everyone The do©s and don©ts of fishbowl and surround them with the di assumed he would be musical, a story verse and unrealistic expectations of an teller, or a prayer person just because his raising preachers© entire congregation, and you©re in for dad was. kids right from their some special challenges! And he resented his "pushy" parents Parenting in the parsonage will never even more even though they didn©t own mouths. be easy, but it can be successful. I©ve mean to be pushy at all. They just wanted talked to hundreds of pastors and their to encourage Larry to participate in as children, and here is their advice. many activities as possible. "Larry, why don©t you say yes? What will the people think if you don©t cooperate? It would do J.« Let kids be themselves. Everyone you good to get up in front once in a seems to expect PKs to be perfect, tal while. How will you ever know if you can ented, intelligent, and friendly. But lead music or tell stories if you never even preachers©kids are, first of all, kids! They try?" Their pleas went on and on. Mom go through the same stages that teachers© and Dad were just trying to be helpful, kids go through and mechanics© kids, but it made Larry feel as if he would be manufacturers© kids, and . . . Just being accepted only if he did what they wanted born to pastors doesn©t mean that a halo him to do, and that made him angry and of rational maturity automatically is be resistant and it nearly ruined relation stowed as a birthright. ships within the family. Larry©s folks had just moved to a new parish, and because Larry was an only child, the church members were eager to L* Praise them. Let them know they Kay Kuzma received make him feel welcome. "Larry," the are special. Every child has special needs, her doctorate in early youth activities leader asked, "how about skills, talents, and abilities. Let your kids childhood education at UCLA and is president leading out in the song service next know that you appreciate them. of Parent Scene, a week?" A pastor©s wife, who was a preacher©s nonprofit organization Larry groaned. He couldn©t carry a kid herself, once said: "My dad believed that supports the fam tune. that I©d be conceited if he praised me. He ily. She is an author and seminar speaker "Larry, we need someone to tell a story always told me that pride was one of the and has a radio pro at children©s church. Can we count on things the Bible mentions that God gram on 60 stations in you? Or would you rather have the hates, and it was too easy for me to get the United States. prayer?" someone else asked. attention because I was the preacher©s Larry©s reaction to each of these re kid, so he didn©t want to contribute to a

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 13 in the goldfish bowl for one day of her crucified anytime they leave a mess in the own. living room, put fingerprints on the slid Don't add to the If you feel you©re living in a goldfish ing glass door, or run through the house bowl, don©t add to the problem by telling whooping and hollering. It©s no fun to problem by telling a a story in a sermon that might embarrass grow up in a museum. Homes are to be someone in your family. Be sure to ask lived in. story in a sermon that permission before telling anything about Chris was a collector. He loved rocks the family. And don©t be defensive about and shells, stamps and baseball cards. might embarrass your children©s behavior. When some But his folks never complained about his someone in your one criticizes, just smile, and with a twin cluttered shelves his room was his own. kle in your eye say, "He©s a special kid. If he chose to open it to friends, that was family. What a challenge and what a delight! his decision, but his mom never embar Aren©t you glad that God is not finished rassed him by parading parishioners past with any of us yet?" The idea is to let the his highly valued, yet often disheveled, criticizing person know that you are treasures. He respected his mom and dad tuned in to your kid and won©t stoop to for respecting him. demeaning talk about a family member. We all have faults! O* Lengthen the apron strings allow feeling of pride by praising me. I do not your kids to grout toward independence on remember my dad ever complimenting T1* Take time to talk to your kids. their timetable, not yours. One of the most me for anything I did. That©s probably Pastors and their wives usually spend a difficult aspects of parenting preachers© why I don©t have a very good feeling great deal of time counseling others. kids is to allow them to make their own about myself today. Now that I have chil Since so much of their day is spent talk decisions even though their immature dren, I don©t want to make the same mis ing, they sometimes cherish their time at choices might embarrass the pastor. In take, so I make sure that I notice the home as a time of solitude a time for some homes "father knows best" is more special things they do and let them know reflection and study. Jake says that he than just an old TV series. It©s not wrong that I approve. Preachers© kids need remembers running up to his father©s of for father to know best, but it is wrong for words of appreciation just like other fice in the attic, bubbling over with some him to make all the decisions. "Dad was kids and maybe even a few more be neat piece of information, only to be so afraid I©d make a bad decision and tar cause they are so often the brunt of scolded for interrupting. Yet seconds nish the family name that I never had a criticism." later his dad answered the phone and chance to make any choices until I went could be heard saying to someone else, away to college," said one PK. "Because "Oh, no, you©re not interrupting any my father never trusted me to make deci J* Give them space. Living in the thing; I was just sitting here reading." sions, I didn©t trust myself, so I tended to parsonage can be like living in a goldfish Jake said that if there was one thing he lean on others to make decisions for me, bowl unless you make a real effort to pre wished he could change in his father, it and I got into some pretty tough jams serve your family©s privacy. One pastor was that his dad would have time for him because of it. I©m trying to be more deci said that the wisest move he ever had in the same way he had time for others. sive, but I wish I had had an opportunity made was when he traded homes with the Contrast this dad with Abraham Lin to practice making decisions during my church maintenance man. The mainte coln, who, I understand, gave his son growing years. Then I could have learned nance man moved into the parsonage Tad unlimited access to himself during by my mistakes while my folks were still next to the church so he could keep the his working hours. He was first of all a around to rescue me, and decision- building and grounds in order, while the father, and second the president. pastor and his family moved to the coun It©s easy for children to feel that they try so they could have a life of their own. aren©t very important to dad if he spends Shelly, the daughter of a pastor, said more time with others than with them. that every time she left the house on a And since pastors are known for being date, she felt the eyes of the neighbor gone long hours, it becomes all the more hood following her. It wasn©t that she was important for them to plan daily time embarrassed to be seen with a fellow or with their kids so they can talk without that she would be intimidated by what interruption. One evangelist I know ever stories might be circulated about the planned bedtimes for his children at half- hours she kept, but she resented the fact hour intervals so he could spend 30 min that she couldn©t have the privacy other utes with each one individually on nights kids did. The saving factor for her was when he was home. that her father believed in weekly vaca It's no fun to grow up tions. Once every week the family took a in a museum* Homes day off, left the parsonage, and went J « Make your home fit your kids and shopping, picnicking, boating, or what not the kids fit the parsonage. Too many are to be lived in* ever else the kids wanted to do. Shelly pastors feel that their home has to be a felt the trade-off was worth it six days showcase for visitors, and the kids get

14 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 making wouldn©t have been as frighten gregation was worse than sudden death. ing as it is now." Thirty years later she still didn©t think Training for independence should she had fully recovered from the humili One of the major start early. Good decision-making is a ation she suffered that day. developed skill. It takes practice. Too The moral is: Never discipline your reasons teenagers give often Christian parents, particularly par children in front of an audience. Even an ents in church leadership, erroneously audience of one can cause overwhelming for rejecting religion is feel that they must be restrictive to be pain. If your children misbehave and conservative. However, Dr. Roger Dud you know they will wait to discipline that adults are too ley, a professor of Christian education at them when you are alone. Maybe you©ll restrictive* Andrews University, has found in his re have to excuse yourself from a committee search that one of the major reasons meeting, maybe you©ll have to cut your teenagers give for rejecting religion is sermon short, maybe you©ll have to ask that adults are too restrictive. Rather someone to substitute for you while you than being allowed to grow toward inde talk to your child privately. But whatever pendence, teens feel they have to rebel to you do, don©t get impatient and disci be able to make their own decisions, and pline in public. rebelling against adult authority too of ten means rebelling against what their parents stand for the church and a rela 3/» Don©t let them take the credit for tionship with God. rujning your reputation; let them ruin their had played on one at a relative©s house own. Most parents would give anything if and really enjoyed the game. They had they could make sure their children plenty of room in the basement, but their I « Teach them to be polite though not would choose to be saved. But you can©t dad said no. He felt that some of the perfect. Learning how to treat people make that choice. Every child must de church members might criticize. The with respect is one of the most important velop his or her own value system and kids resented his decision. lessons children can learn. It is especially ultimately make his or her own deci The older children become, the more important for preachers© kids because sions. You should not feel guilty about they can understand the importance of they are constantly in the presence of your children©s choices. If you do, you are example and choose on their own to be others. You can expect children to make not being fair to them. Don©t blame your like the apostle Paul, who chose not to do innocent mistakes like laughing at a bald- self for how your children behave. The things that might lead others astray. But head or telling a fat lady she should be on longer you continue to blame yourself, during those growing-up years, having a a diet. They should not be punished for the less responsibility they will feel for different set of standards imposed on such mistakes. Instead they should be en their behavior. It©s too easy for kids to them just because they happen to be liv couraged to treat others as Christ would. cop out and say, "If you©d only spent ing in the parsonage doesn©t seem fair to Teach your children how to greet strang more time with me I wouldn©t be a drug them. If you©re not careful, kids will re ers, how to shake hands with a firm grip, gie. If you wouldn©t have been so strict I sent your negative attitude. One pastor how to respond to a compliment with a wouldn©t have had to cheat and lie. If you said he and his wife carefully considered smile and a genuine thank-you, how to hadn©t spanked me so much I wouldn©t be questionable behavior and activities, give up their chair for an older person, such an angry person." Don©t accept and if they would have said yes to the kids and how to politely ask for something those excuses. Chances are that you were if they had been in a different profession, with a "May I, please?" Your children the best parent you knew how to be. they said, "Yes, but . . ."to their chil may not be perfect, but if they are polite Sure, you made mistakes; all parents do. dren. "Yes, you can go if you choose to, it will hide a multitude of sins! But if you are sorry for those errors and but some people may not agree that this is ask forgiveness, then it©s up to your chil an acceptable activity," Then they dren either to forgive you and choose not would ask their kids whether they O» Never discipline in public. Cory to allow those mistakes to ruin their thought it was worth taking the chance. was seated beside her mother the lives, or to choose to remain bitter and Many times the children themselves pastor©s wife in the front pew of the continue to suffer. The sooner you can chose a more suitable alternative, but if church. Her father was halfway into his place upon your children the responsibil not, the children weren©t made to feel sermon when Cory©s wiggling and whis ity for their own behavior, the sooner guilty- pering got the best of him. He stopped they will learn to make mature decisions. It©s not easy to live with God©s kids in a the sermon, looked at Cory with a stern parsonage. But you can be a successful face, and said, "Cory, I©ve had enough. pastor and a successful parent at the same Either you be quiet and sit still or I©m J_U» Never scry no because they©re time. You may not be perfect, but God going to have to take you out and spank preacher©s kids if you would say yes if they says to love one another, to not provoke you myself." Cory slid down into her seat weren©t. Kids are kids. They want to be your children to wrath, and to do good and wished she, like Peter Pan, could treated fairly. Too many PKs complain when it©s in your power to do so (John disappear. She told me that something that their folks are always saying, "No, 15:12; Eph. 6:4; and Prov. 3:27). May happened to her that day. Her father had we can©t let you do that because your God bless you as you minister to those been her idol her hero and for him to father©s a pastor." Millie and her brother special children living with you in the say that to her in front of the entire con begged their folks for a pool table. They parsonage.

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 15 Disposing of die defrocked

tatistics have be he was ordained, he took his vows and Peggy Boyle come an accepted put on his robe. I sat nearby. As the visi way of looking at ble robe was put on him, I received the things in our society. invisible robe of a clergy wife. The charge Statistics indicate to the congregation included the re that divorce is in minder that they were not getting "two creasing among the for the price of one," and people smiled. clergy. Conduct that used to be consid During our first pastorate, the manse In an effort to show ered unacceptable, and a sufficient rea next door to the church was used for a son for a man to be defrocked, seems to Sunday school class, often with me serv charity and have become acceptable in some ing as the teacher. The extra turkey or understanding, many churches. roast beef was cooked in the manse ovens Soon I will be one of those discarded so I could watch it. churches continue to older ministers© wives. Statistics tell me After our first five children were born, that at my age I am unemployable. My I developed an incurable lung disease. employ ministers after standard of living will go down 43 per The doctor said we should move. We cent, while my husband©s will go up 48 moved three years later to what was sup a divorce* But what percent during the first year after di posed to be a better climate, but it didn©t vorce. help. about their wives? Today we older discarded, or, to be During those years I wore the invisible more truthful, dumped, wives have to gown. Ministers© wives stayed home. We Here is one woman©s leave our churches, our friends, and even took care of our children, as well as baby story and plea. give up our homes. As Roy Oswald said sitting for members. We answered the in a study: "The spouse is treated by the phone, listened to pleas for money, and congregation as though she had leprosy." wore hand-me-down clothes. Vows of commitment that we took My husband was busy meeting the during our wedding ceremony are no needs of the congregation and the com longer important. Even the vows of ordi munity, with camps, conferences, study nation no longer mean a moral commit hours, and many other things. He made ment. Development of self seems to be time for all his responsibilities except be the only important criterion today. ing a father and husband. I didn©t like My husband took his ordination vows staying home all the time but looked for Peggy Boyk is a 33 years ago. We were married for 35 ward to vacation each year when we ex pseudonym. years. When we said our wedding vows, 1 changed manses with other clergy cou did promise and covenant before God ples. Most of all, I looked forward to and witnesses a vow of commitment until spending time with my husband and not death do us part. being made to feel guilty for wanting We were married at the seminary some of his precious time. In those days where we had met. I had graduated with a promises were kept and commitments master©s degree in education. Two years were the most important ways of serving later my husband graduated and received God. hisB.D. degree. Later that summer when We moved and moved again. Then

16 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 after our sixth child was born, we moved help. The church I have served and loved to the best climate. Even though my em no longer recognizes me. I am just an physema had been developing so fast that other statistic. I am in a clearing. I the doctors didn©t hold out much hope One disposed, defrocked wife of 30 that I would live longer than two years, years was given $150 and told to get out hear the noises all prayers were answered, and in the new of the manse. She lived a seven-hour around me in the climate the disease stopped progressing. drive from any large city. For a few years I even went without med Another wife summed up the defrock churches, but no one ication and was able to teach. I thought I ing by saying she felt like she was all was helping out. alone in a clearing. She could hear voices has come out to talk I worked for the church after our chil in the bushes, but no one came out to dren were grown and was paid a small speak to her. tome. stipend, but I was criticized because "the My husband is still in his pulpit. I am pastor©s wife shouldn©t work for money." sure my friends of 18 years in the congre I wore an invisible robe. When the pul gation would say that they didn©t want to monary problems started up again, I take sides. Out of more than 325 mem could still do part-time work for the bers, only about 15 people have sent me a church by using the telephone at home. card, phoned, or even know that I am The "when the children are grown" still around. excuse for why I had to stay home now My husband still has his church, his changed to "but why are you interested in Social Security, his medical care, his going to the annual meeting?" The "I wish you could be here" became "It©s my pension, and his title of "Reverend." vows made before God and witnesses are study leave where is the money sup The disposing and defrocking will sacred? posed to come from to pay for you to go continue, but why are the innocent dis I am in a clearing. I hear the noises all too?" and "You haven©t kept up." After I posed and defrocked? around me in the churches, but no one was dumped, I was in the hospital for five The many 40- and 50-year-old men has come out to talk to me. I have not weeks. No one from my husband©s em leaving their wives have forced upon only been defrocked; I have been dispos ploying organization ever called. Of the them the life of nuns. No more sex, no sessed. I grew up in a loving, caring, in more than 70 active ministers I knew, chance of feeling a hug, or a shoulder to clusive church. I have now found my only two bothered to call me. lean upon; no one to share with. It has church to be unloving, uncaring, and ex At the time of the divorce I will no been suggested that we train clergy to clusive. I have no Social Security, no longer be able to receive medical help work with divorced clergy. I would like to job, no home, no pension, no medical from the pension board. They have sent say, Why don©t we train clergy to be com care, no title, and no church. I am only a letters to my lawyer. I won©t qualify for mitted, to be Christian, to accept that statistic. , HIS 6% IS ON) YOU COTfc irTTU STAf?LlW6S

©

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 17 From the Editors

The prophets of profit

od cures," said Ben the demand of the world field for my ment could be said for some of these tel jamin Franklin, services. evangelists. The August 3, 1987, Time "and the doctor My yearly salary, after 44 years of ser magazine reported the salaries, benefits, takes the fee." vice, has reached its zenith at less than holdings, and lifestyles of seven major Considering the $30,000 per year. The salary of experi television preachers in the United recent religious tele- enced ordained ministers in the church States. Compare them to what I make, casters© financial varies by less than $3,000 per year and the only appropriate analogy is the shenanigans, a more apropos rendering whether the minister pastors one small rich man and Lazarus. of Franklin©s quip would be "God saves church or is president of the General "The love of money," Paul said, "is the and the preacher takes the fee." Conference. Our radio speakers and tel root of all evil" (1 Tim. 6:10). The cen Notice, I used the word religious, not evangelists are paid on the same scale. turies have revealed the accuracy of Christian telecasters. How wonderful it When authorized to travel the per diem Paul©s statement. Greed and selfishness would be if the public knew the allowance is $16 per day. Because I am a started in Eden, and people have been difference! vegetarian and order no steaks or shrimp eating the forbidden fruit ever since. The Apparently, they don©t and the cocktails, this amount is sufficient. For disease of greed makes men sell their scandalous stories claiming front-page authorized entertainment, I am allowed souls for a dish of Jacob©s lentil soup. coverage in magazines and newspapers to live it up on $125 per year! (Ministry, Those who preach the gospel for have adversely affected public support for May 1986, gives a more comprehensive money are the brothers of Judas. The legitimate television and radio minis salary breakdown on page 21.) words of John Ruskin need to be remem tries, including our own. The Seventh- Obviously, I am not preaching the bered: "We do great injustice to Iscariot, day Adventist Radio, Television, and gospel for the money. I wish that state- in thinking him wicked above all com Film Center in Thousand Oaks, Califor mon wickedness. He was only a common nia, has reported a decline in offerings for money-lover and, like all money -lovers, all programs since the media coverage did not understand Christ." exploded on the greed, scandal, and In effect, this "unholy war," built on cover-up of certain televangelists. The the foundation of avarice and lust, turns Voice of Prophecy, It Is Written, Faith sincere, thinking people against Christ for Today, and Breath of Life have all and the true gospel. Henry Fairlie, in his been hurt. incriminating article under the title of Anyone acquainted with the SDA sys "Evangelists in Babylon," is correct in tem of remuneration for its clergy and his analysis that the nasty adulterous sex employees knows that we run a tight scandal involved is of small consequence ship. No Adventist minister or church in compared to the selfish and questionable the world stands independent. Few Ad method of raising money and the per ventist ministers can afford air- sonal use made of these funds. He states, conditioned doghouses, no matter how "The far greater sin is one of which all the big their offerings are. In the North big electronic preachers are guilty: the American Division of Seventh-day Ad- greed or avarice on which their satraps ventists the same wage scale is in effect Those who preach the within the empire of televangelism have for all ministers. Salaries are based on been built. That the gospel and example experience, not on the size of their gospel for money are of Christ are used to exploit the poor and churches or Sabbath offerings. Travel the brothers of Judas, the meek ... to create large fortunes; to budgets are determined by the size of the build mighty pleasure domes greater than district a pastor has or, as in my case, by in Xanadu; to surround preachers with

18 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 security guards so that their ill deeds shall Calcutta, is a sinning almost beyond the not be investigated; to try to intimidate imagination." * all opposition;... to build a prayer tower Judgment belongs to God, but we have when it was enough for Christ to sink to been told that "by their fruits ye shall His knees in Gethsemane; to do nothing know them," and it doesn©t take much in the name of Christ unless they are talent as a fruit inspector to see that a few highly paid for it; to offer a version of rotten apples have fallen into the barrel. Christianity, both in preaching and by Yet we shouldn©t let them spoil the example, in which there is not a jot or whole bunch. J. R. Spangler tittle that recalls the lives, say, of Saint Francis of Assisi, Saint Teresa of Avila, * Henry Fairlie, "Evangelists in Babylon," and in our own time, of Mother Teresa of The New Republic, Apr. 27, 1987, p. 22.

First-century Twentieth- pattern century performance

"The Son of Man has no Six luxurious homes, place to lay his head." air-conditioned doghouse. "Take nothing for the journey Mansion valued at except a staff no bread, no $400,000. bag, no money in your belts. Home valued at $553,000. Wear sandals but not an extra tunic." Free use of two houses worth $2.9 million. Vte©v "Silver or gold I do not have." more 1- "May your money perish with Owns one home plus three you, because you thought condos. you could buy the gift of God Five-thousand-dollar with money!" appearance fee. "Not greedy for money, but One-million-dollar eager to serve." advance for autobiography. ORDER FORM "Having nothing, and yet $1.6 million salary. possessing everything." | ___ HCM-7GI2 PrfMchinK Your Wa\ to Better Preaching Seventeen relatives on "For the love of money is a payroll. root of all kinds of evil." "I consider everything a loss Twin Lincoln Town Cars. compared to the surpassing Eighty-thousand-dollar ___ HGS-7028 Transit ion-. ___ HCS-7086 Ci re- From ma greatness of knowing Christ salary plus $43,500 housing ___ HCM-7099 Adventures, in Church Growth Jesus my Lord, for whose sake allowance. ___ HTH-7106 banaiur\. 1844, onJ the Pionee ___ HTH-7H4 BiblKjl Message ot SaK.ition I have lost all things. I consider . ___ HTH-7135 Problem SoKme/Conlhct Resolut them rubbish, that I may ___ HTH-7145 SmJitt on the Book ot D.,md gain Christ." "Though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor."

(Matt. 8:20; Mark 6:8, 9; Acts 3:6; Acts 8:20; 1 Peter 5:2; 2 Information regarding vari Cor. 6:10; 1 Tim. 6:10; Phil. 3:8; ous televangelists. See Time, 2 Cor. 8:9, NIV). Aug. 3, 1987, pp. 48-55.

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 19 Computer Corner

Computer concordances Bob Maehre and Kenneth R* Wade

ob Maehre has re the letters "patien," followed by any suf tween the time of this writing and its cently had the op fix. Texts containing "patience," "pa publication, at least three new programs portunity to exam tiently," and "patient" all flashed on the will become available. Most notable ine seven of the most screen instantly when a woman, dis among these are the program from Ox popular Bible con traught over her lack of patience, called ford University Press, for about $450, cordance programs. recently. What an aid to counseling! and one from Andrews University, Ber- All of them will do The programs we have examined rien Springs, Michigan, for about $100. what you want a concordance to do come in one of two formats either (See further information about this pro search through the Bible and locate texts floppy disk-based or hard disk-based. gram at the end of this article.) with a given word or words. The advan The hard disk-based programs are faster We have seen a preliminary copy of tage of a computer concordance over a by far, and search the entire Bible for a the Andrews program and it seems as fast printed concordance is that you can have given word or combination of words. as Every Word. The Oxford program is a the computer select texts that contain a The floppy-based programs can retrieve microcomputer version of a program that phrase, or several different words, in texts from only one portion of Scripture has been in use for some time on other stead of searching for texts by just one at a time. Of course, the floppy-based computers. Contact Anne Yates, OUP, word at a time. It can also do wild-card programs can be loaded onto a hard disk Walton St., Oxford 0X2 6DP, England searches that locate all words beginning and allowed to search the entire Bible, for more information. or ending with a given sequence of let but a comparison of search times as re Brigham Young University has devel ters. vealed in the accompanying table indi oped a tool for searching the Bible plus For example, if you wanted to know cates that you had better have something Latter-day Saints materials. The Salt how many times the phrase "kingdom of else to occupy your time while your com Lake LDS Distribution Center markets it heaven" occurs in the Bible, using a puter leisurely reads its Bible! for about $75. Information on this printed concordance you would have to ComWord I has the most options is available by telephone at (801)531- look up either kingdom or heaven and available, and is nearly as fast as Every- 4993. Because it is only available with then read through all the listed texts to Word, which comes complete with Jr. the additional materials (Book of Mor see whether they referred to the kingdom WordPerfect word processing. For speed mon, etc.) it requires 10.3 megabytes of of heaven. With a computer program, and ease of use, one of these would seem hard disk space. you can ask the machine to select only to be the best option if you have a hard Another exciting development will those texts that contain both the word disk that can spare the space. EveryWord apply CD-ROM technology to biblical kingdom and the word heaven, then call is our favorite, but if use of Greek and research. The Center for Computer all of those texts to the screen and look at Hebrew is important to you, ComWord©s Analysis of Texts (CCAT) at the Uni each in its context. With some programs capabilities may prove useful. versity of Pennsylvania plans a fall 1987 you could actually go looking for the If you do not have a hard disk, you will release for its compact disk that will hold phrase "kingdom of heaven"; others al need to choose one of the last five pro about 550 megabytes (equivalent to low you to narrow your search through grams in the chart, based on the type of more than 1,500 IBM floppy disks) of use of Boolean logic ("and," "or," and system you have, and the notes we have texts, including the Bible in Greek, "not" operators). given about each. Hebrew, and English, parallel Hebrew- And imagine the convenience of be Greek scriptures, morphologically ana ing able to call up instantly a list of all the New developments lyzed LXX, and other ancient texts. This texts that contain a word beginning with Efficient text searching is one of the program comes with software to interface fastest developing fields in microcom an IBM or other microcomputer to a Bob Maehre pastors two churches in Ohio; puter applications, and many different Sony CD reader. Kenneth R. Wade is assistant editor of organizations are applying their text- CCAT also supplies a basic ASCII MINISTRY. searching programs to the Bible. Be biblical text in Hebrew, Greek, or En-

20 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 glish for $25 plus $2 per disk. At this is readily available in noncopyrighted not reviewed this program, but you can price the King James Version with Apoc computer readable format so companies call the company for information at rypha costs $57, but you will need to that produce text-searching programs (512) 266-9898 or (800) 888-9898. supply your own text-searching program can produce a Bible concordance with We have also just received a full-scale to make a concordance out of the text. little extra effort or expense. Other Bible review copy of the program produced by These disks are available for almost every versions are also becoming available as Andrews University. Called The Lamp, imaginable microcomputer format. To software companies are able to arrange it seems to be an excellent value at receive a list of available materials, send contracts with publishers. $99.95. It is hard disk-based and very a self-addressed stamped envelope to quick. It requires only 512K of RAM and Robert A. Kraft at CCAT, Box 36, Late-breaking news can be operated on either a hard disk or College Hall, University of Pennsylva As we prepare to go to press with this with two floppy disk drives. In floppy nia, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6303. issue, word of an additional hard disk- mode it can search the whole Bible one Overall the speed and ease of use of based, fully indexed (in other words, disk at a time, or just the material on one computer concordances seems to be go fast) concordance has arrived. WORD- disk. The Lamp seems to do almost ev ing up, while at the same time the price is works Software Architects, 5014 Lake- erything Every Word does, plus phrase going down! And inexpensive options view Drive, Austin, Texas 78732, has searches and wider context (within 16 will probably continue to multiply be announced the release of their WORD- verses) searches. See chart for further cause the text of the King James Version search program for $189.95. We have details.

Product Number Word and Bible of Price System of Search Manual Proc. Comments Company Disk Floppy Testt Quality Ability Disks

ComWord I Word of God Comm. Requires 10 megabytes di.sk space, In 68 Long Court KJV hard $695 IBM 27 0:03 poor poor cludes Strongs Concordance and a Greek Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 and Hebrew transliterated dictionary. (800) 523-7578

EveryWord EveryWord, Inc. KJV Requires 3.3. megabytes disk space. P.O. Box 1088 RSV hard $379 IBM 9 0:01 excellent excellent Comes with Junior WordPerfect word Orem, UT 84057 NIV processor and spelling checker. (801) 226-7800

The Lamp Requires 3.5 megabytes disk space. Clifton Keller hard Split-screen capability. Can develop KJV or $99.95 IBM 10 0:03 fair good a subject index. Phrase search Special Computers Services NIV Andrews University floppy capability. Visible word list helps Berrien Springs, MI 49104 avoid spelling errors when doing (616) 471-3129 a search.

CompuBible Split-screen capability; can search in NASCO KJV IBM either screen. Interface will automatically P.O. Box 5660 ASV floppy $249 Sanyo- 9 3:40} good fair place text at designated point in manu Borger, TX 79008 NIV 550 script. Limited word processing (800) 262-7726 capability.

Scripture Scanner KJV Split-screen capability; interface will Omega Software, Inc. floppy automatically place text at designated P.O. Box 355 NKJV $249 IBM 8 10:00} fair fair NIV point in a manuscript. Limited word Round Rock, TX 78680 processing capability. (512) 255-9569 TLB

The Word Processor IBM Bible Research Systems Apple KJV floppy $199 Mac 7 4:56} fair poor Available for more systems than any 2013 Wells Branch Pky., No. 304, NIV Austin, TX 78728 C64 other. (512) 251-7541 TRS80 Kaypro

Bible Soft IBM P.O. Box 36 C64© Limited search options; includes whole KJV floppy $45 ? 7 7 t Bible in ASCII, rather than compacted Homedale, ID 83628 other* (I only saw a demo. ) code as with others.

©Presently being developed. tThe search test consisted of searching for the word "blue." Times are in minutes and seconds. ^Searching Pentateuch only on hard disk.

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 21 Science and Religion

Can science and religion work together? Leonard R* Brand

o many people the to determine with our experiments. We involved Himself in earth history. But if term scientific crea- do not know for sure which of our theo He did involve Himself in the ways de tionism seems self- ries will continue to be supported and scribed in the Bible (creation and a contradictory. How which ones will turn out to be false. worldwide flood), those events should can creation, which History has shown that a theory that is have left some evidence in the natural by definition in false can have the characteristics of a world. (For example, we should find no volves supernatural good theory and can effectively guide sci evidence of evolutionary intermediates, phenomena, be scientific? The seeming entific advance for a long time (even while, on the other hand, we should find contradiction disappears if we approach hundreds of years) before the accumulat evidence of catastrophic geologic ac the study of origins with an adequate un ing evidence leads some creative individ tion. ) Whether or not such evidence ex derstanding of how science operates uals to decide that a new theory is ists can be investigated scientifically. what science can do and what it cannot needed. 1 Theories are tools to organize do. our thinking and to direct our research in Can flood-geology theories be Let us begin by defining the role of a a profitable direction. They are valuable, tested? theory in science. A good scientific the practical tools, but that does not mean Many creationists and evolutionists ory or hypothesis has the following char that they are absolute truth. They may be would agree that science cannot answer acteristics: only stepping-stones in our search for the question Did God cause a worldwide 1. It explains and organizes previously truth. flood? But they would probably differ as unrelated facts. It is often implied that because the to their reasons for arriving at this con 2. It suggests useful experiments to creation theory originates from religion, clusion. While it is impossible to devise be done, thus stimulating scientific it must be unscientific. Does the source an experiment to test whether or not progress. of a theory affect its validity? Philoso God caused a flood, most scientists make 3. It is testable experiments can be phers of science have struggled with this the a priori assumption that there has performed that will support it if it is true question and have concluded that we ob never been any supernatural interven or falsify (disprove) it if it is wrong. These jectively define the source of a scientific tion in earth history. In fact, that as experiments must be repeatable; other idea. 2 A scientist watching a witch doc sumption has been built into the very scientists should be able to get the same tor at work may theorize that some of his definition of science for nearly a century. results when they do the same experi herbs have medicinal value. Does the Presently, to believe in supernatural ments. fact that the witch doctor is a very unsci events is to be, by definition, unscientific. 4- It predicts the outcome of untried entific source of ideas make the theory However, that assumption is really just experiments. If a theory can predict the unscientific? Not if it can be experimen an untested hypothesis, not a fact that outcome of an experiment, our confi tally tested. has been demonstrated or even one that dence in the theory will be increased. A theory is not scientific or unscien can be demonstrated by scientific data. Does a good scientific theory have to tific because of its origin. It is scientifi Not only can science never prove that be true? We certainly hope it is true a cally useful if it can be tested; and if it God has influenced our geologic history, scientist would not waste time on a the cannot be tested, it is outside the realm of but it is equally impossible for science to ory that he thought to be false. But the science (even though it may be true). prove that He has not influenced our geo truth of the theory is what we are trying Some would conclude that the above logic history. These are philosophical definition has already eliminated cre questions of ultimate causation that we Leonard R. Brand is professor of biology at ation from the realm of science, but it is cannot test by any conceivable experi Loma Linda University, Riverside, Califor not that simple. We can find testable and ment. Just because we cannot test the nia. This article is adapted from one that untestable aspects of both creation and idea, we should not deny that our uni appeared in Origins 12, No. 2 (1985): evolution (see table). verse could be influenced by a Being 71-88. We cannot directly test whether God more powerful and intelligent than our-

22 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 selves. Rather, it would seem more open- test any other hypotheses. minded to simply conclude that science So, for example, two geologists could cannot study supernatural events unless be doing research on one of the Paleozoic Both flood geologists those events have left sufficient detect formations in the Grand Canyon. One able evidence to allow us to test hypoth geologist believes that the formation was and other geologists eses about them. deposited over a long time thousands For example, the flood geologist pro or millions of years. The other geologist believe that if we are poses that at some time in the past there believes that the formation was depos completely fair with was a disturbance in the earth©s crust that ited far more quickly than that. They temporarily disrupted the normal rela both look for the same general type of the data, eventually tionships between land and water bodies. data as they study the rocks. Each one This disturbance initiated worldwide a must analyze the data that he finds, as the data will tell us period of rapid erosion and sedimenta well as other published data, and then tion that produced a significant portion interpret their meaning. which theory is true* of the geologic column. According to When they disagree, each geologist this hypothesis, the geologic and will analyze the other©s work, reanalyze geophysical processes occurring during his own work, and try to determine what that event produced the characteristics additional data are needed to clarify the of the rock formations formed at that issue. If each is doing good work, he will time, including the distribution of fossils then publish his findings in a scientific and the arrangement of the levels of ra journal so that other scientists will bene dioactivity in those minerals used in rad- fit. Hopefully, as more data accumulate iometric dating. the conflicts will be resolved and the to theory. But discrepancies between a the Where this theory came from is beside tal body of data will clearly favor one ory and the available data can arise in at the point. A flood theory expressed in explanation it will point to either rapid least two different ways the theory may this form is a simple descriptive state deposition or very slow deposition of the be wrong, or there may be an important ment and says nothing about the un- formation. discovery waiting for the diligent scien testable question of whether God was in Both flood geologists and other geolo tist who uses the theory to guide his re volved in initiating this geologic event. gists believe that if we are completely fair search. Creationists and flood geologists It does not attempt to explain any process with the data, eventually the data will tell recognize that if their theory is true, or event that may have operated outside us which theory is true (unless we are not there must be some significant phenom the known laws of chemistry or physics. able to collect the types of data that can ena yet to be discovered. This descriptive theory can be used as a provide such information without being Does belief in creation stifle research, basis for defining specific hypotheses able to go back in time and directly ob as some have suggested? Some ap concerning the sedimentary processes serve what happened). Both types of ge proaches to creation may stifle research, and the amount of time involved in de ologists will also use the same observa but if this theory is understood correctly positing individual formations, or the tional and experimental procedures in and if its predictions of new phenomena processes that produced various other their research. waiting to be discovered are taken seri geologic features. These hypotheses can Many would say that the data have ously, it could be a stimulus for vigorous be tested in the same way that geologists already conclusively disproved the flood new approaches to research. The scien-

Navajo Sandstone exposed in a road-cut in southern Utah. The Navajo covers about 80,000 square miles in the southwestern United States and reaches a thickness of up to 2,000 feet. MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 23 C. Beach sand deposit Charles F. Kettering has stated, "an or D. Marine offshore dunes ganized way of going wrong with confi Even if the flood E. Turbidity currents dence." If the sandstone was indeed formed by A geologist who believes in a world geologist uses his one of the processes A-E, the research wide flood has the same limitations as method described above should be an ef one who does not: he did not observe theory effectively, fective way to find the answer. But what that flood, and he has access only to there will be limits on if the sandstone was not deposited by any modern analogues A©E. However, the of the processes listed? What if it was flood geologist will at least be more aware the scientific deposited in an environment not observ of the possibility that our modern ana able on the earth today? What if it was logues may not explain all of the geologic conclusions that he deposited by a rapid, large-scale flow of data. water during a global geologic catastro As Stanley, Jordan, and Dott point can draw from his phe ? Such a deposit would likely be quite out: "Inasmuch as geologists are forced to similar in many respects to sand deposits interpret ancient sediments chiefly by data. in one or more of our modern analogues. analogies with modern phenomena, in We would then have to add another terpretations are severely biased if all choice to the possibilities listed above: F. possible analogues are not known." 3 Rapid underwater sand deposit during a Since no one has witnessed geologic ac worldwide flood. tivity on a scale even approaching what a Since alternative F does not have any worldwide flood would involve, there modern analogue that we can study, will naturally be a heavy bias in favor of most geologists would choose one of the geologic processes and rates that are other analogues. In doing so they would within the range of what man has wit come to the wrong conclusion. Such an nessed. Some data may force a recogni tist who uses the Bible as a source of ideas approach to research is simply, as tion of greater forces and rates, but only a for developing hypotheses should be able to operate as a successful researcher, and, I believe, should even have an advantage in generating successful hypotheses. Table 1

Limitations in studying the past Nontestable hypotheses Testable hypotheses As we attempt to study the history of God created life. All living and fossil organisms fall the earth and of life on earth, we must into discrete groups, without series clearly understand one limitation of the of evolutionary intermediates scientific method. Geologic history is in terpreted primarily by comparing rock between major groups. formations with modern analogues. Suppose a geologist is studying a sand God did not create life. Series of intermediate forms stone layer and wants to know under between major groups of organisms what conditions it was deposited. He have existed in the past. cannot go back in a time machine to observe its origin, so he will find modem Vertebrates originated by evolution The simplest vertebrate animals processes (rivers, wind, ocean waves, from the echinoderms. have more anatomical, physiologi etc.) that produce sand deposits. Then Echinoderms and vertebrates were cal, and embryological similarities he will compare these modern analogues both created by God. to some echinoderms than to any with the sandstone formation. He will other group of invertebrates. try to determine which modern analogue produces a deposit most similar to the ancient sandstone. If the sandstone God caused a worldwide flood. Much of the geologic column was matches most closely the underwater formed quite rapidly and sand dune fields that are sometimes catastrophically. found offshore in shallow ocean water, he will conclude that the ancient sand God did not cause a worldwide The geologic column has formed stone was produced by a similar offshore flood. very slowly over hundreds of dune field. millions of years. This approach is like answering a mul The Navajo Sandstone formation tiple choice question that asks Under was deposited under water. which of the following conditions was The Navajo Sandstone formation this sandstone deposit formed? A. River deposit was deposited in a desert. B. Desert sand dunes

24 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 scientist who takes seriously the Noa- Water 3. Deposited rapidly by water. derstands the universe as a complex chian flood account is likely to be ade Much of the geologic column was depos physical system that functions according quately prepared to recognize evidence ited rapidly and catastrophically; how to natural laws. Many scientists insist for rapid, worldwide geologic activity. ever, .God was not necessarily involved, that God©s causing a worldwide flood and this rapid deposition had nothing to would be a miracle, and miracles are Proof for God's involvement? do with Noah©s flood. some sort of magic, contrary to natural Now let us look at the other side of the Water 4. Deposited rapidly underwa law, and thus unscientific. coin. Even if the flood geologist uses his ter by the persistent water currents dur Such reasoning would be true only if theory effectively and makes discoveries ing the Noachian flood. The sand-sized we are willing to believe that science has that others have overlooked, there will particles were not necessarily produced discovered all natural laws that God during the Flood, but came from exten be limits on the scientific conclusions could not use any as-yet-undiscovered sive beds of sand that were part of the that he can draw from his data. Science laws to perform His "miracles." pre-flood world and were transported We cannot know for sure whether cannot demonstrate whether God was or into their new location during the Flood. was not involved in influencing our geo A flood geologist may predict that the God operates outside the laws that gov logic history. Even if research eventually correct model is either Wind 4 or Water ern the universe, although it appears demonstrates that the best explanation 4, and that Water 4 seems more likely. likely that He does so rarely, if ever. But for the geologic column is rapid sedimen Since no one knows everything that was certainly it is not reasonable to assert that tation of most of the column in one short going on during the Flood, he could not God cannot work outside the natural spurt of geologic activity, that would not rule out Wind 4 without adequate evi laws that are known to us. There probably prove that God caused a flood. But it dence. are many laws beyond those we have dis would demonstrate that it is reasonable But suppose he is able to produce com covered that God can use to accomplish to believe the biblical flood story. God pelling evidence that the Navajo Sand His purposes. never promised us proof; He only prom stone was deposited very rapidly under Another aspect of this same issue can ised us reasonable evidence on which to water. Even that wouldn©t prove the best be explained with an example. If I base our faith. Noachian flood. That evidence would drop a book, the law of gravity dictates We can further understand this princi eliminate models Wind 1 -4 and Water 1. that it will fall to the floor. However, ple by considering a specific formation But models Water 2, 3, and 4 could all since I am a mobile, reasoning being, I the Navajo Sandstone and by trying to explain that evidence equally well. can stick my hand under the falling book. decide what kind of evidence would tell Evidence that can be explained by two Doing so interjects an outside force into us whether or not it was a flood deposit. It or more models cannot establish which the system and changes the course of is often helpful to begin by trying to think model is more likely correct. We need events but does not break any laws. of all possible models, or theories, that evidence that fits one model and contra God could interject an outside force could explain a particular phenomenon. dicts the others. into earth©s balanced geologic system and Here are several models for the Navajo If the geologist finds convincing evi bring on a flood without breaking any Sandstone: dence that much of the rest of the geo natural laws. To acknowledge that, one Wind 1. Deposited by wind over hun logic column was also deposited cata dreds or thousands of years in a normal strophically, he will have eliminated all has only to be willing to admit that a desert environment. except models Water 3 and 4. What sci Being exists who has the power and Wind 2. Deposited rapidly during a entific evidence can specify which of knowledge to do so. period of unusually persistent high these two models is correct? Science can In the concluding article of this series, to winds, but otherwise not in a cata never demonstrate that God was or was appear in our January 1988 issue, Dr. strophic setting. not involved in influencing earth history. Brand discusses different models for relating Wind 3. Deposited rapidly by wind. The choice between models Water 3 and science and Scripture, pointing out which he Much of the geologic column was depos 4 or between models Wind 3 and 4 will believes to be most fruitful. And he looks at ited rapidly and catastrophically; how always involve a large element of faith. how these models resolve conflicts between ever, God was not necessarily involved, The flood geologist cannot expect to science and religion. and this rapid deposition had nothing to prove that God caused a flood. But he do with Noah©s flood. can hope to demonstrate that hypotheses 1 See T. S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution Wind 4. Deposited very rapidly by based on the biblical flood account can (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, persistent high winds during a period of stimulate productive research and pro 1957); T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Rev lowered water level near the end of the duce more adequate explanations for olutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Noachian flood. geologic phenomena. Successfully dem Press, .1970). 2 SeeK. R. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discov Water 1. Deposited over hundreds or onstrating that much of the geologic col ery (New York: Harper and Row, 1959). thousands of years by water, as the water umn was deposited catastrophically will 3 K. O. Stanley, W. M. Jordan, andR. H. Dott, slowly or periodically carried sand into indicate to an open-minded person that "New Hypothesis of Early Jurassic Paleography and Sediment Dispersal for Western United States," the area. it is not at all unreasonable to believe in American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulle Water 2. Deposited rapidly in an area the Bible. tin 55 (1971): 10-19. (These authors did not make with persistent, relatively rapid water There is another important aspect of this statement to support the concept of a world currents and a plentiful sand supply. this topic that cannot be studied experi wide flood, but in support of a new hypothesis for the origin of the Navajo Sandstone. However, my Otherwise not in a geologic setting that mentally but rather must be dealt with on logical extension of their statement to a worldwide was especially catastrophic. a philosophical level. The scientist un scale does not change its meaning.)

MIN1STRY/NOVEMBER/1987 25 Health and Religion

Smoking and unemployment William L. Weis

ost adults who smoke work around colleagues who smoke. ployment statistics issued for December began smoking for Even among employees who smoke, a 31, 1982, the projected unemployment the same reason: the majority indicate that they would prefer rates among American smokers on that false perception that that smoking be either banned at work or date was 17.3 percent for men and 14.2 smoking is a socially confined to separate smoking areas. percent for women, compared with pro M acceptable, even In a survey that I conducted with a jected unemployment rates for American preferred, behavior colleague in 1981 involving 223 manage nonsmokers of 7.7 percent for men and among adults. ment personnel who were directly re 8.7 percent for women. Combined, the But smoking is no longer considered sponsible for hiring their subordinates, unemployment rate for smokers was esti appropriate social behavior for the ma 53.4 percent indicated that they chose mated to be 16.2 percent, twice the esti jority of working adults. In fact, system nonsmokers over smokers when faced mated 8.1 percent for nonsmokers. atic hiring discrimination against smok with similarly qualified job seekers. Although it is not clear why this dis ers is becoming a major factor in the When I asked the managers to assume parity in unemployment rates exists, the working world. And there are good rea that smokers were absent from work al current trend toward giving hiring pref sons to expect this trend to continue. most 50 percent more often and that erence to nonsmokers will not improve First, the productivity of smokers is nonsmokers who are exposed to smoke at an already gloomy employment picture lower because of higher rates of absentee the workplace suffer adverse health ef for smokers. ism, premature disability and mortality, fects, the number of managers choosing The R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Com higher insurance premiums, excess the nonsmoker rose to 88.8 percent, pany, fearful that the public might be maintenance and property damage, and leaving 23 who regarded the choice as a come aware of these difficulties, has on-the-job time lost to the smoking toss-up, one not responding, and one lately promoted its Camel, Winston, and habit. who preferred the smoker. Vantage cigarettes with advertisements Second, and more important, smok In other words, if we assume that the depicting smokers on the job. You can ing is a major irritant and health hazard 24 managers in the toss-up or expect to see more of the same from other to nonsmoking employees, unfavorably no-response categories would choose the tobacco companies ads showing smok affecting morale and increasingly result nonsmoker half of the time, then the ers in three-piece suits conducting board ing in costly lawsuits against employers nonsmoking applicant has an almost 20- meetings; smokers in hard hats on con who permit unrestricted smoking at the fold advantage over the smoker. struction sites; smokers driving trucks; workplace. and smokers modeling the traditional Recent employee surveys taken within The smoker gap uniforms of the gainfully employed: lab major American companies and govern What makes these figures so ominous coats, nursing caps, and mechanics© cov ment agencies show that between 70 and for smokers is that the two factors we eralls. 80 percent of employees do not want to asked our managers to assume in the Over the past few years I have visited study higher absenteeism and non- and interviewed employers who enforce smoker health impairment are both strict smoking bans at work and who, in William L Weis, Ph.D., CPA, has written supported by current research. They are some cases, have stopped hiring smokers. numerous articles on the cost consequences not merely assumptions. And many em They are unanimously enthusiastic about of smoking at the workplace and on current ployers are becoming aware of this. the results of their smoke-free policies. I levels of discrimination against smokers at A sizable gap between smoker and receive frequent inquiries from other em the hiring point. He is professor and chair nonsmoker unemployment rates may be ployers who want to know more about man of accounting at Seattle University. one recent result of this new mentality. the benefits and feasibility of smoke-free This article is provided by the Department of Based on a demographic analysis con workplaces. Health and Temperance of the General tained in the 1979 surgeon general©s re The implication of this growing inter Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. port and on Department of Labor em est in smoke-free work environments is

26 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 obvious. Whatever social acceptability first time should keep in mind that to a smoking is no longer an appropriate so smoking still retains in the workplace is mature, responsible adult, smoker or cial behavior among most adults and that likely to wane rapidly over the next few nonsmoker, the spectacle of young peo systematic hiring preference for non- years. Employers will not tolerate for ple smoking looks stupid and imma smokers is now placing smokers at a de long a behavior that is both adding to the ture not sophisticated and grown-up. cided disadvantage in the job market. cost of doing business and impairing em And logically, persons responsible for The ads do not mention that three ployee morale and health. hiring subordinates are not looking for fourths of the working population no Professional people are becoming es people who appear incapable of exercis longer want to spend each eight-hour pecially sensitive to smoking because of ing good judgment in the face of con workday in a smoky environment. Nor the fear a real one that smoking will vincing evidence that is, people who do they mention that cost-conscious offend prospective and current clients. make a public spectacle of their immatu business enterprises see measurable sav Two of the largest accounting firms in rity, insecurity, and ignorance by smok ings from creating smoke-free work Seattle have recently banned smoking ing in public. among their professional employees both If anyone still has doubts about the places, or that most adult smokers wish in their own offices and in the presence of damage that smoking can wreak on em- they had never begun smoking and can clients, wherever that might be. The rea ployability and career potential, he need not understand why anyone with the son cited for imposing the smoking bans only pick up the Sunday issue of the near proof of smoking©s destructive effects was simply that smoking is no longer an est city newspaper. He can read carefully thoroughly established would experi appropriate behavior in the professional through the employment section and ment with a behavior that can quickly world. count the number of requests for "non- become a difficult-to-break drug addic When I was discussing some of my re smokers only." Three years ago such a tion. search on smoke-free companies with my restriction would have been almost In spite of efforts by tobacco compa attorney recently, he commented off unheard-of. nies to convey a connection between handedly that three years earlier his law And for every employer who is bold their products and the working world, firm had stopped hiring smokers unof enough to publicly restrict hiring to non- the gloomy employment outlook for ficially, but by a vote of the firm©s part smokers, there are nine others who pri smokers relative to nonsmokers is likely ners. The vote to restrict all future hiring vately select against smokers, afraid to to get worse rather than better. The to nonsmokers was unanimous in spite of announce their policy for fear that it bleak truth for smokers is that more and the fact that 3 of the firm©s 11 partners might depart from equal-opportunity hir more of their potential employers and were smokers. ing statutes. (It does not, of course, since fellow employees simply don©t want to be smoking is an achieved characteristic, around smoke anymore, certainly not for Attitudes toward smokers much like education, work experience, eight hours of every workday. And the Adult smokers who became addicted job references, willingness to work shifts simplest remedy for that problem is to to tobacco before smoking was deter or obey work rules, and so on. And all stop hiring smokers, an option that em mined to cause serious health damage are employers discriminate, legally and ethi ployers are finding easier and easier to not sympathetic to young adults who be cally, on the basis of job-related, choose. gin smoking today. Whether they are be achieved characteristics.) ing vain or truthful with themselves, The smiling faces advertising ciga One of my academic colleagues re most older smokers prefer to believe that rettes are summoning people to sacrifice cently suggested, only half jokingly, that they would not have begun smoking had both their health and their professional cigarette packages display a revised ad they been aware of its disastrous side ef careers for the future of the tobacco in monition: "Warning: Smoking Is Surely fects. dustry. Hazardous to Your Health And Proba Those entering the work force for the They are not telling the public that bly Dangerous to Your Career." EMPLOYMENT OFFICE.

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 27 Biblio File

Master Preachers read once and put down but to study, This was the dominant question posed by Harold Calkins, Stanborough Press Lim contemplate, and reread. Razelle Frankl as she developed a re ited, Grantham, Lincolnshire, England, The practice of the principles es search strategy and methodology for and Review and Herald Publishing Associ poused has given rise to the master studying the message system of the tele- ation, Hagerstown, Maryland, 1987, 137 preachers of the past and present, and vangelists. pages, $6.95 (also available for $4- 95 from will undoubtedly be responsible for those Americans know that fundamental Ministry Services, Box 217, Burtonsville, of the future. ism has changed since it was wedded to MD 20866). Reviewed by John Fowler, television. But Frankl is possibly the first ministerial secretary of the Africa-Indian The Ministry of the Church—Image social scientist to use historical analysis Ocean Division of Seventh-day Adventists, of Pastoral Care and investigative research to chart the changes. Cote d©lvoire, West Africa. Joseph J. Alien, St. Vladimir©s Seminary The media revelations concerning Jim As a young pastor struggling to find my Press, Crestwood, New York 10707, Bakker had not yet taken place on De 1986, 232 pages, $8.95, paper. Reviewed identity as a preacher and develop a cember 8, 1986, when this book was pub by Rex. Edwards, seminar director of preaching ministry that was not only ef lished. But in a valuable chapter on fund- fective but rewarding and fulfilling, I dis MINISTRY magazine. raising, Frankl presents information on covered an unusual book about the devo The author representing the Ortho eight prominent TV ministries that were tional habits of great preachers. That dox tradition examines ministry to the identified as pacesetters in the 1981 book was Master Preachers. This treatise community, ministry to persons, and the Neilsen ratings. opened my understanding to the secrets ministry of the Word. He insists that all Frankl suggests that several ministries of a meaningful devotional life. The au care be placed within the context of the (including Bakker, with his Heritage thor expounded a new and exciting ap church, because ministry, whatever its Village, U.S.A.) may no longer be proach to devotional study that I had not context, remains intrinsically a theolog television-dependent. Involved in diver previously been exposed to. ical activity. sification and commercial expansion, The key to this powerful book is ex Drawing on the Church Fathers, as she reports, are Robert Schuller, Jimmy pressed by Calkins: "By examining the well as contemporary sources, Father Al Swaggart, Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts, devotional habits of the giants [preach ien confronts such practical questions as: and Jerry Falwell. ers], we may be encouraged to tap the How does the shepherd respond when Frankl, whose research covered 48 same source of spiritual power our confronted with insults from the "flock" ? shows, found that on the average, TV selves." To some degree, that happened What is the role of forgetting and forgiv evangelists use 8.8 minutes per to me early in my ministry as a result of ing in interpersonal crises? How does the 30-minute segment for fund-raising. reading Master Preachers. The book pro pastor achieve balance in dealing with Oral Roberts devoted 27.5 minutes on a foundly affected my understanding of the the wrongs of the flock? What part does 30-minute program to fund-raising for life and work of the preacher. The chap God play, and what part does man play, the City of Faith Medical Center. ter about George Mueller particularly in in proclaiming the Word? How does the Forty-five percent of the appeals for fluenced me then and continues to do so. pastor preach so that people will act? funds were made by the preacher. In ad What caught my attention was what This is a practical book that shows how dition, one third of the preachers inte Mueller described as the primary purpose the Church Fathers speak relevantly and grate fund-raising or promotional appeals of devotional life and how it is achieved. clearly to the contemporary situation in into the program itself. This insightful book has recently been the church. Further, at a time of heavy As assistant professor of management reprinted. One of its many gems is ex emphasis on church growth, this book, and coordinator of human resources pressed in the concluding chapter: "The with its emphasis on the primacy of pas management at Glassboro State College lives of the 20 eminent preachers here toral ministry and the life of the church, in New Jersey, Frankl divided the appeals reviewed would indicate that the is refreshing. into three categories: appeals to some preacher should spend a minimum of four personal need or service for the viewer hours in daily saturation in the Bible and Televangelism—The Marketing of (63 percent); appeals to support the work prayer and in studying the great thoughts Popular Religion of the television ministry (21 percent); of other men to arouse new vision and Razelle Frankl, Southern Illinois University and appeals to help others in society (16 kindle latent talent," If all preachers Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, Illi percent). She found that 7.6 percent of would spend four hours a day in devo nois, 1987, 204 pages, $19.95. Reviewed the altruistic appeals were in relation to tional study, in a short time we would be by Victor Cooper, associate director, Com the support of political activities, while startled by the positive change in our munication Department of the General 12.2 percent were to establish a moral ministry! This book is one of those rare Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. crusade. volumes that a preacher will want to keep "Is the electric church the result of a She states, "Regardless of the basis of close at all times. It is not a book to be media switch, or is it a new institution?" appeals, funds received by the tele-

28 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 ministries are outside any accountability, viewed by P. E. Hare, research scientist, preciate this contribution that exposes either to viewers or norms of religious Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. one of the weakest links in the much- stewardship." The scientific study of life has revealed heralded evolutionary chain of mole The chapter on fund-raising is one of that even the simplest living cell is in cules to man. 12 chapters that cover the concept, credibly complex. Modern scientific the emergence, and role of the electronic ory holds that life on earth arose billions Breaking Faith: The Sandinista Rev church. The ethos and traditions of ur of years ago by spontaneous generation olution and Its Impact on Freedom ban revivalism, exhibited by Charles from nonliving matter. Many accept this and the Christian Faith in Nicaragua Finney, Dwight Moody, and Billy Sun as scientific fact despite the lack of any Humberto Belli, Crossway Books, West- day have been adapted, says Frankl, to an evidence. This supposed pathway of the chester, Illinois, 1985, 250 pages, $8.95, institution that exists for profit the origin of life is known as chemical evolu paper. Reviewed by Giro Sepulveda, television industry. "Modem technolog tion and is the main focus of this well- Ph. D., pastor, Iglesia Adventista del Sep- ically sophisticated organizations have written, interesting book. timo Dia, Pico Rivera, California. replaced the traditional authority of the The authors, all respected scientists, With Central America frequently on revivalist." review and critique the various proposals The author sees today©s television that have been made to account for the the front pages of newspapers, Humberto ministries as "a new hybrid" and as "mul origin of life on earth. They conclude, Belli©s analysis of the Nicaraguan experi tipurpose business organizations domi quite convincingly, that all the proposals ence sets forth an important contribu nated by television-related activities made so far are completely inadequate. tion for anyone who wants to under rather than inspirational, religious con The most popular theory of chemical stand the role of Christianity in cerns. The reciprocity between minister evolution holds that energy sources such twentieth-century Latin America. He and viewer has less to do with sacred ob as volcanic heat, lightning, and ultravi evaluates the rise of the Sandinista revo ligation and more with personal rewards. olet radiation from the sun produced a lution in Nicaragua and the role Christi The message is: ©Support my ministry and thick organic-rich primordial soup from anity has played in that movement. I will send God©s blessings.© " which the first living organisms arose. Belli, a native of Nicaragua and The authors point out that the mathe trained in law and sociology, began his On Jesus' Team: Children's Object matical probability of this happening by student days as a member of the Sandi Lessons spontaneous generation is so extremely nista Front. In 1975 he became a Chris Wesley T. Runk, CSS Publications, Iowa small that even billions of years are not tian and an editor for La Prensa, a Nica Falls, Iowa, 1986, 106 pages, $5.25, pa enough to produce such an event by pure raguan paper censored on several per. Reviewed by Bruce Brigden, pastor, chance! occasions by the current government. First United Presbyterian Church, Beloit, The authors are sympathetic with the Belli now works in the United States for Kansas. idea that life was created by an intelli the Puebla Institute, a Christian think This book gives wise advice rarely seen gence. They distinguish origin science tank that analyzes theological and in books of children©s sermons that its (discontinuous phenomena, not falsifi- sociopolitical issues affecting Latin lessons should not be read aloud, or even able) and operation science (recurring America. quoted, but each story should be digested events, falsifiable) and argue that special The Sandinista movement provokes and retold in a way that is natural to the creation by a creator is a plausible view of heated debates in the United States not teller and the hearers. origin science. only among politicians but also in Chris Wise insight is evidenced in the Studying living organisms and the re tian circles. Some argue that the Sandi choice of objects used and applications mains (fossils) of once-living organisms nista government has opened the door so made. There is a good flavor to the sen is one of the proper research areas of op that peoples of all ideologies, including timents expressed. For example, "John©s eration science as it seeks to understand Christianity, can cooperate to bring baptism was like writing with a pencil, how organisms interact and how new about a more just society. temporary. But Jesus© baptism was like generations of living creatures inherit Belli©s book contains a wealth of infor writing in permanent ink. It is eternal." the earth from earlier generations. Stud mation about the Sandinistas. However, Points made in other sermonettes are ies by Louis Pasteur in the previous cen his analysis is not totally objective. He also fresh and insightful, without any tury overthrew the popular idea of spon admittedly sides with a particular ideol triteness. They emphasize ideas like taneous generation by proving that only ogy and portrays the Christians who fol "Jesus was one of a kind, an authority, life begets life. Before Pasteur, it was low liberation theology tenets as con and when we want to know what God is commonly accepted that many organ fused and naive. like, we listen to Him!" or "People were isms actually arose from nonliving mat I personally do not agree with all that attracted to Jesus like nails to a magnet." ter. liberation theology teaches; however, I find this book excellent and a worthy Chemical evolution is not a suitable one need not go so far as to make the kind addition to any ministerial or church li subject for operation science since it can of value judgment that Belli does in his brary. only deal with living or once-living or book. This is not to detract from the ganisms. The bridge between nonliving valuable contribution that Belli makes to The Mystery of Life's Origin matter and the first living organism re the literature on the church in Latin C. B. Thaxton, Walter L. Bradky, and quires some kind of discontinuity that is America. The book provides excellent Roger L. Olsen, Philosophical Library, 200 beyond the realm of ordinary science. insights for anyone trying to untangle the W. 57th Street, New York, New York Those interested in the continuing de controversy among Christians in Nicara 10019, 1984, 228 pages, $14.95. Re bate over creation and evolution will ap gua.

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 29 function for a few months without their tian Education: Too Much of a Good regular pastor, and his return as a new Thing?" Angela Hunt surfaces some Letters man would be much appreciated. The very important considerations that From page 2 benefits of a sabbatical far outweigh the Christian schools may well reflect on. costs to the organization, and a degree I think it is always good to take a step Burnout—definition and of growth and spiritual maturation in back and take a hard look at just what workers could be accomplished in this Christian education is called to do in prevention way as in no other. Dan Neisner, Lin this age. Mike Caven, Winner, South I was especially interested in the arti coln, California. Dakota. cle by Jose Fuentes on burnout in the July issue of MINISTRY. Fuentes was Too much of a bad thing? Visitation takes many forms very helpful as one of my advisers when No.doubt about it, this article Pastoral care and visitation are not I worked on my doctoral monograph, ("Christian Education: Too Much of a synonymous. I seldom visit in my mem Burnout and the Ministry, With Emphasis Good Thing?" July 1987) is well written bers© homes, yet I know my flock and on Prevention. (irresistible temptation for an editor?) I disagree with Fuentes© definition of but nevertheless a refutation of the car my flock knows me. In this day and age burnout but realize that with so many dinal reason for the establishment of our when family activity is helter-skelter, definitions around, most professionals Adventist school system: the provision the pastor may be an intruder, an un disagree with definitions other than of a haven, a city of refuge for Christian wanted caller. My visits to members are their own. I prefer the definition given youth. frequent by phone, by note, by card. by G. Lloyd Rediger in Church Manage Hunt©s glaring blind spot in her line When I began my present pastorate ment The Clergy Journal, (56, No. 8 of reasoning is her failure to recognize 19 years ago, I set a goal to introduce [1980]: 10): "The almost complete ex that for every strong Christian student myself and evaluate the spiritual life of haustion of the physical, emotional, who survives public school, there are my parishioners with an initial visit in and spiritual resources necessary for many who are swept into the ranks of the home. An appointment was made normal human functioning." apostasy, so overpowering is the hedo prior to each visit. Members were made Recognizing the disparity in defini nistic youth culture reigning there. You aware that the pastor is willing to pro tions, it is easy to see how there can be don©t need a Ph. D. in statistics to see vide pastoral care upon their request. such a discrepancy in reported preva that the research that has been done The greatest moment of visitation lence of burnout. The definition used clearly establishes the imperative for occurs each week when the people visit by Roy Oswald, who says that one out such Christian youth sanctuaries. with me in worship of God. The word of six clergy experiences the debilitating Despite the editorial disclaimer you from God makes possible a healthy effects of burnout, is far more inclusive appended, the article is a downer on church family that is able to cope with than that used by Rediger, who gave the Adventist Christian education, and I and solve the problems that occur in figure of 2 percent (Coping With Clergy feel real bad about it. Not angry, of everyday life. Burnout [Valley Forge, PA: Judson course, just anguished. George H. Some sheep need more shepherding Press, 1982], p. 22). Akers, Director, Department of Educa than others. A pastor must weigh his The problem that the definitions that tion, General Conference of Seventh- priorities and not be found using visita Fuentes and so many others have postu day Adventists, Washington, D.C. lated all create for me is that they do tion in members© homes as an excuse for not distinguish between the process and Two sentences in Angela Hunt©s pastoral care of all the flock. Peter the end result. It would seem far more article on Christian education are re Mealwitz, Elyria, Ohio. consistent to me to call those prelimi vealing. If children learn only an aca Bible credits: Texts credited to NEB are from The New English Bible. The Delegates of the Oxford nary stages the process leading up to demic love for Christ, then they are not University Ptess and the Syndics of the Cambridge burnout and reserve the diagnosis of getting a Christian education. And Univetsity Press 1961, 1970. Reprinted by permission. burnout for those individuals who are in children who have not yet acknowl Texts credited to Phillips are from ]. B. Phillips: The New Testament in Modern English, Revised Edition. the very end stages of the process. Oth edged Christ as Saviour with their hearts J. B. Phillips 1958, 1960, 1972. Used by permission of erwise, we could all be included under are not Christians and therefore are Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Texts credited to the definition of burnout because we are unable to stand for Christ in a public Tanakh are from TarwWi: A New Transition of the Holy Scriptures According to the Traditional Hebrew Text. all somewhere on the continuum. school. Copyright The Jewish Publication Society of As to interrupting the burnout cycle, I too believe in Christian education, America, Philadelphia, 1985. Leland Kaiser has suggested that a but I also believe that as a parent I three- to five-month sabbatical be made should take the initiative in leading my available to workers following the com child to a saving knowledge of Christ This publication pletion of each five years of service before he is of age to enter school, is available ("Are You Ready for a Sabbatical?" Christian or public. And I believe in in microform Hospital Forum 24, No. 4 [1981]: 31). Christian education with Christian edu from University These could be looked forward to (and cators who teach more than an "aca Microfilms back on) as special highlights in a life of demic love for Christ." Dave Ogle- International. Call toll-free 800-521-3044. ID Michigan, service, and could serve as times of well- tree, Staten Island, New York. Alaska and Hawaii call collect 313-761-4700. Or earned renewal. mail inquiry to: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Most churches could continue to Thanks for printing the article "Chris

30 MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 Shop Talk

Creation's Tiny Mystery thinking about you and computer technology. retrieval at a preconference In the Biblio File section want you to know I©m re Topics to be covered in session November 18. of our July issue we pub membering you in prayer" clude desktop publishing, For information and reg lished a review of Robert or whatever remark may be information retrieval and istration materials contact Gentry©s book, Creation©s appropriate for the exchange, and library sys Kenneth Bedell, United Tiny Mystery. Gentry was situation. tems. MINISTRY Computer Theological Seminary, associated with the Oak So the next time you Corner editor Kenneth 1810 Harvard Blvd., Day Ridge National Laboratory, have more visiting than you Wade will make a presenta ton, Ohio, 45406, tele a well-known nuclear re can possibly do, "reach out tion on information phone (513) 278-5817. search facility, for 13 years. and touch someone" by The book details his re phone. Your parishoners will search, which challenges long remember that you radiologic dating remembered them at a cru techniques; his experience cial time in their lives. in testifying at the famous Submitted by G. Byrns Arkansas creationism trial Coleman, Monroe, North Ministry in December 1981; and the Carolina. reaction of the scientific Professional Growth Seminars community to the data that Save someone's life led him to dispute the valid Paul A. Mathis, senior ity of currently popular chaplain at Simi Valley November-December 1987 theories. Adventist Hospital, says Those who are interested that a recent incident at the in obtaining Gentry©s book hospital prompted him to CANADA Saskatchewan may order it from Earth Sci send the following warning British Columbia Dec. 3 Saskatoon ence Associates, P.O. Box to the clergy in that area: If Nov. 23 Vancouver For more information Nov. 24 Kelowna call Lawton Lowe 12067, Knoxville, Tennes you are called to the hospi Representative: (416) 433-0011 see 37912-0067. Include tal to see a patient who may Charles Brown US$13.95 with your order. be undergoing surgery (604) 853-5451 UTAH (Price includes shipping and within the next eight hours, Nov. 11 Salt Lake City handling.) please do not serve that pa Alberta For more information tient Communion. It could Nov. 25 Edmonton call John Eagen "Reach out and be fatal! During or following Nov. 26 Calgary (801) 484-4331 touch..." surgery, the patient may Representative: A pastor can do a lot of vomit. If he or she inhales Al Reimche NEW YORK (403) 782-2625 For more information visiting from his desk via (aspirates) the vomitus, the call Nikolaus Satelmajer telephone. The very act of result could range from aspi Nova Scotia (315) 469-6921 phoning tells folks that they ration pneumonia to Nov. 30 Halifax are in your thoughts and death. Topics include: prayers and that you care. New Brunswick Which isn©t to say that you Computer power for Dec. 1 Moncton Short-term Marriage need never visit; phone churches Counseling calls cannot completely Empowering the Church Ontario Preaching From the replace visits, but they will in a Digital World, a con Dec. 2 Willowdale Synoptic Gospels do the job when time or ference on the use and im Keeping Church Finance Christian distance simply don©t permit pact of computers in the you to go yourself. church, will meet in Day When you phone, don©t ton, Ohio, on November 19 Each all-day seminar is designed for pastors and church workers. use the apologetic "I©m sorry and 20, 1987. Sponsored by MINISTRY©S commitment to biblical authority, professional compe tence, and spiritual enrichment will prepare you for more effective I couldn©t come, but..." United Theological Semi ministry in today©s world. approach. This will only nary, the conference will Clergy of all faiths testify that MINISTRY seminars offer exciting trigger negative thoughts bring together leaders in opportunities for personal growth. such as Why couldn©t you technology applications come? You are the pastor. from several denominations Participants Receive Continuing Education Credit Isn©t that your job? Be posi to discuss and demonstrate tive. Use a simple "I was ways that churches can use

MINISTRY/NOVEMBER/1987 31 Information That's what Ministerial Continuing Education is all about Making Problem Solving Worship and Meaningful Conflict by C. Raymond Homes Management Practical suggestions on how to by Don Reynolds plan a worship service; how "authentic worship" can become Outlines concepts, experiences, a powerful form of mission and processes, and tools for handling evangelism; how to improve conflicr constructively. You will Communion services, child dedi be able to relate to difficult peo cations, and weddings. Course ple without losing your "cool" components include a study by following these strategies. guide and textbook. Course components include two textbooks, four audiocassettes, $14.95 and a "walk-through" working syllabus. Adventures in $19.95 Church Growth The Biblical by Roger Dudley Message of Describes how to organize your church in such a way that the Salvation members will set the goals and construct the strategies for by Hans K. LaRondelle growth. It gives examples of var ious tools with which you can Answers basic questions like assess the membership resources "Can the believer have the assur for growth, determine the types ance of salvation presently?" of people a church is most suc "Did Christ have to die?" "Can cessful in winning, analyze the the believer live a sinless life?" needs of your local community, Course components include a and reclaim dropouts. Course textbook, study guide, and eight components include study guide audiocassettes. and textbook. $17.95 $13.95 ORDER FORM

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