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REVIEW AND APPROVALS OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE FOLKSTON, GEORGIA 0 ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1985 i .0 9 6 /wJ~ln /"Refuge Manager D Refuge Su rvisor Review Date Regional Office Review INTRODUCTION The Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge is situated in the southeastern Georgia counties of Ware, Charlton and Clinch and the northeastern Florida's Baker County . The refuge was established by Executive, Order in 1937 and consists presently of 395,858 _acres . The primary purpose of the refuge is to protect the ecological system of the 438,000-acre Okefenokee Swamp . Approximately 371,000 acres of the Okefenokee Swamp are incorporated into the refuge, and 353,981 acres within the swamp were designated as wilderness by the Okefenokee Wilder- ness Act of 1974 . The refuge headquarters is located at Camp Cornelia, which is 11 miles southwest of Folkston, Georgia . Okefenokee's natural beauty was first threatened in the 1890's when attempts were made to drain the swamp to facilitate log- ging operations . The Suwannee Canal was dug 11 .5 miles into the swamp from Camp Cornelia . After the failure of this pro- ject, known as "Jackson's Folly," other interests acquired the swamp and began removing timber in 1909, using a network of tramroads extending deep into the major timbered areas . When logging operationswere halted in 1927, over 423 million board feet of timber, most of it cypress, had been removed from the swamp . The establishment of Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge on March 30, 1937 marked the culmination of a movement that had been initiated at least 25 years earlier by a group of scien- tists from Cornell University who recognized the educational, scientific, and recreational values of this unique area . The Okefenokee Preservation Society, formed in 1918, promoted nationwide interest in the swamp . With the support of State and local interests and numerous conservation and scientific organizations, the Federal Government acquired most of the swamp for refuge purposes in late 1936 . Okefenokee Swamp is actually a vast peat bog filling a huge saucer-shaped sandy depression that was perhaps once part of the ocean floor . The upper margin of the swamp, or the "swamp line," ranges in elevation from 128 feet above sea level on the northeast side to 103 feet on the southwest side . The shallow, dark-stained waters of Okefenokee flow slowly but continuously across the swamp toward the two outlets--the famed Suwannee River on the southwest side and the historic St . Mary's River on the southeast . The eight predominant habitat types on the refuge include swamp islands, prairies (freshwater marsh), shrub swamp, mixed cypress forests, blackgum forests, bay forests, pure cypress forests, and managed upland pine forests . Three primary entrances and two secondary entrances exist for the refuge . The Suwannee Canal Recreation Area, an entrance which is located near the refuge headquarters, is managed solely by the Fish and Wildlife Service . The Stephen C . Foster State Park is the refuge's western entrance which is located 18 miles northwest of Fargo, Georgia . This state park is operated on refuge lands under the provisions of a long-term agreement with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources . The refuge's northern entrance is the Okefenokee Swamp Park which is located about 13 miles south of Waycross, Georgia . This park is administered by a non-profit organization on refuge and state forestlands . Kingfisher Landing located between Folkston and Waycross and the Sill area on the west side are considered the secondary entrances into the refuge . 0 INTRODUCTIC Page TABLE CF CCNIENIS i A. HIGHLIGHTS 1 B. CLIMATIC CCNDITICNS 1 C . LAND AQ UISITICN 1 . Fee Title 4 2 . Easements (Nothing to Report) s 3. Other (Nothing to Report) D. PLANNING 1 . Master Plan (Nothing to Report) 2 . Management Plan 4 3 . Public Participation 4 4 . Carpliance with Environmental and Cultural Resource Mandates 4 5 . Research and Investigations 5 6 . Other 8 E . ADMINISTRATION 1 . Personnel 8 2 . Youth Program 11 3 . Other Manpower Program (Nothing to Report) 4 . Volunteer Piuyrazn 12 0 5 . Funding 15 6 . Safety 15 7 . Technical Assistance 16 8 . Other Items 17 F . HABITAT MANAGEMENT 1 . General 18 2 . Wetlands 18 3 . Forests 20 4 . Croplands (Nothing to Report) 5 . Grasslands (Nothing to Report) 6 . Other Habitats (Nothing to Report) 7 . Grazing (Nothing to Report) 8 . Haying (Nothing to Report) Page 9 . Fire Management 26 10. Pest Control 32 11 . Water Rights (Nothing to Report) 12 . Wilderness and Special Areas 32 13 . WPA Easement Monitoring (Nothing to Report) G . WILDLIFE 1 . Wildlife Diversity 33 2 . Endangered and/or Threatened Species 33 3 . Waterfowl 36 4 . Marsh and Water Birds 37 5 . Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns, and Allied Species 39 • 6 . Raptors 39 7 . Other Migratory Birds •, • 40 8 . Game Mammals 40 9 . Marine Marrrnals (No(Nothing to Report) 10 . Other Resident Wildlife 40 11. Fishery Resources 40 12 . Wildlife Propagation and Stocking . (Nothing to Report) 13. Surplus Animal Disposal (Nothing to Report) 14 . Scientific Collections 40 15 . Animal control (Nothing to Report) 16 . Marking and Banding 40 17 . Disease Prevention and Control . (Nothing to Report) H . PUBLIC USE 1 . General 41 2 . Outdoor Classrooms - Students 42 3 . Outdoor Classrooms - Teachers 44 4 . Interpretive Foot Trails 44 5 . Interpretive Tour Routes 45 6 . Interpretive Exhibits/Demonstrations 46 7 . Other Interpretive Programs 48 8 . Hunting 51 9 . Fishing 52 10 . Trapping (Nothing to Report) 11 . Wildlife Observation 52 12 . Other Wildlife Oriented Recreation 53 13 . Camping (Nothing to Report) 14 . Picnicking (Nothing to Report) 15 . Off-Road Vehicling (Nothing to Report) 16 . Other Non-Wildlife Oriented Recreation (Nothing to Report) . 17 . Law Enforcement . 53 18 . Cooperating Associations t 54 • 19 . Concessions 54 iii Page I . EQUIPMENTAND FACILITWS 1 . New Construction 54 2. Rehabilitation 56 3. Major Maintenance 58 4 . Equiprent Utilization and Replacement 60 5 . Carrmmication Systems 60 6 . Computer Systems 60 7 . Energy Conservatior 60 8 . Other 61 J . O`I}IER ITEMS 1 . Cooperative Programs 61 2i . Other Economic Uses (Nothing to Report) S 3 . Items of Interest 61 4 . Credits 62 K. FEEDBACK 63 L. INFOR'4TICN PACKET - - - (inside back cover) HIGHLIGHTS The University of 6eoryia selected the refuge as the site for the construction of a Long Term Ecological Research Station . (Section D .3 and D .5) . Refuge's waters were determined to be navigable . (Section D .4) . Nine wildfires occurred at Okefenokee in 1985 . (Section F .9) . Florida panther was sighted on refuge . (Section G .2) . Several construction projects which greatly improved refuge's operations were completed during the year . (Section I .1) . Volunteer boy scouts completely rebuilt chimney . (Section 0 1 .3) . Georgia's Governor and family visited refuge . (Section J .3) . B . CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Okefenokee's weather made 1985 a year of extremes . Rainfall during 1985 nearly matched the annual average . However, lower than average rainfall amounts during the first five months of the year caused serious wildfire problems . A monthly low rainfall of only 0 .79 inches was recorded in November . Signi- ficantly higher-than-average rainfall occurred in August . The 11 .39 inches registered that month was the high for the year . Differences in water level readings were very distinct in 1985 . water levels in the swamp remained six to seven inches below average from January through July . However, heavy rainfalls from August through October alleviated low water conditions, as the year ended with water levels being seven to eight inches above normal . Extremes in yearly high and low temperatures were also evident in 1985 . Temperatures of over 100 ° F were recorded during a nine-day period in June . The yearly high temperature of 103 ° F was recorded twice during this time . December's reading of 5 °F was the yearly low temperature and set a record as the lowest temperature ever recorded at Okefenokee . Summer daily high temperatures averaged in the low 90's . Summer low averages were in the upper 60's . winter high temperatures averaged in the upper 60's . Winter daily lows averaged 44 F, which is about normal . This weather data is summarized in Tables 1 and 2 . TABLE 1 TEMPERATURES (inches) RAINFALL 24-Year Average# _ 1985 MONTH 20-Year Average Average Average Average Monthly Monthly Average* 1985 1984 Daily High Daily Low Daily High Daily Low High Low January 3 .44 2 .00 2 .53 66 41 63 33 81 5 February 3 .79 2 .04 3 .89 69 43 72 45 84 26 March 3 .76 2 .13 8 .86 74 48 80 50 91 31 April 3 .22 3 .06 3 .62 81 55 83 54 96 37 May 4 .47 3 .46 7 .00 87 62 89 62 94 53 June 5 .76 7 .46 5 .13 91 67 95 69 103 62 July 7 .48 6 .74 8 .26 92 70 92 70 97 64 August 7 .65 11 .38 3 .54 92 70 92 71 99 67 September 5 .40 6 .21 4 .40 88 67 87 67 97 54 October 2 .35 4 .08 1 .70 80 58 86 66 92 51 November 2 .34 0 .79 2 .93 73 48 80 60 93 42 December 3 .37 3 .70 0 .30 67 42 66 40 __ 86 *1963-1982 52 .16 TOTALS 53 .03 53 .05 #1946-1969 0 TABLE 2 SUWANNEECANALRECREATION AREA COMPARATIVEWATERLEVELS (Feet Above Mean Sea Level) Normal 20-Year Average#) 1985 1984 1954* High Low High Low High Low High Low January 121 .49 121 .09 120 .99 120 .82 121 .60 121 .40 121 .80 121,54 February 121 .67 121 .28 121 .52 121 .16 March 121 .70 121 .18 121 .16 120 .76 April 121 .64 121 .05 120 .74 120 .46 May 121 .34 120 .84 120 .62 120 .06 June 121 .24 120 .68 120 .30 119 .54 July 121 .32 120 .76 121 .04 120 .76 121 .83 121 .56 119 .50 11.8 .66 August 121 .63 120 .00 121 .80 120 .87 121 .86 121 .47 118 .62 118 .18 September 121 .63 121 .13 122 .26 121 .92 121 .53 121 .03 118 .16 117 .92 October 121 .38 120 .92 122 .06 121 .68 121 .45 120 .96 118 .04 117 .70 November 121 .15 121 .15 122 .10 121 .80 121 .18 121 .01.
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