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Recording Oral History : a Guide for the Humanities and Social Sciences / Valerie Raleigh Yow

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Recording Oral History : a Guide for the Humanities and Social Sciences / Valerie Raleigh Yow Recording Oral History Recording Oral History A Guide for the Humanities and Social Sciences Second Edition Valerie Raleigh Yow A Division of ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Walnut Creek • Lanham • New York • Toronto • Oxford ALTAMIRA PRESS A division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1630 North Main Street, #367 Walnut Creek, CA 94596 www.altamirapress.com Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, MD 20706 PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2005 by AltaMira Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yow, Valerie Raleigh. Recording oral history : a guide for the humanities and social sciences / Valerie Raleigh Yow. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7591-0654-1 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7591-0655-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Oral history—Methodology. I. Title. D16.14.Y68 2005 907'.2—dc22 2004023848 Printed in the United States of America ∞™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. In memory of my father, Fletcher Raleigh Yow, who showed me the power of words. And in memory of my mother, Mae Moore Wyatt, who revealed to me the power of imagination. f Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1 Introduction to the In-Depth Interview 1 Brief History of the Use of Oral History 2 Definition of Oral History 3 Oral History: Still a New Kid on the Block 4 Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research: Comparisons 5 The In-Depth Interview as a Qualitative Research Method 8 Differences in Ways That Disciplines Approach the In-Depth Interview 8 Uses of the Recorded In-Depth Interview 9 The Use of Narrative as a Research Strategy 14 Limitations of the Recorded Life Review 17 Special Strengths of Oral History 21 Summary 23 Recommended Reading 23 Notes 30 Chapter 2 Oral History and Memory 35 Remembering, an Important Act for the Narrator 35 Memory—Fallible or Trustworthy? 36 vii viii f Contents Psychologists’ General Findings about How Memory Works 37 Aging and Memory 38 Research Methods Concerning Individual Memory 39 Consistency of Factual Content of Long-Held Memories 40 Recall of Daily, Habitual Events versus the Single Episode 41 Consistency in Memories of Feelings 43 Consistency in Memories of Meanings 44 Moods, Emotional Needs, and Recall 45 Memories of Traumatic Experiences: Different from Ordinary Memories 45 Physical Sensation, a Spur to Remembering 47 Vivid Images, Recall, and False Memory 48 Remembering the Time 49 Differences in the Way Men and Women Remember 50 Effects of the Interviewer–Narrator Relationship on Remembering 51 Summary of Findings on Personal Memory 51 Individual Memory and Collective Memory 52 Under the Umbrella of Collective Memory: Official Memory and Popular Memory 54 Official Memory 54 Power of the Media to Create Popular Memory 55 Conclusion 57 Recommended Reading 58 Notes 62 Chapter 3 Preparation for the Interviewing Project 68 Conceptualization of the Research Project 69 Composing the Interview Guide 71 Strategies for Questioning 74 Kinds of Words and Phrasing to Avoid 79 Selecting Narrators 80 Contacting Narrators 83 Scheduling the Interview 84 Preparing the Equipment 84 Contents f ix Summary 87 Recommended Reading 88 Notes 90 Chapter 4 Interviewing Techniques 92 The Preliminary Meeting 92 Beginning the Interview 95 Building Rapport 96 Diminishing Rapport 100 Using Skill in Questioning 102 Coping with Troublesome Situations 108 Ending the Interview 114 Summary 116 Recommended Reading 117 Notes 118 Chapter 5 Legalities and Ethics 121 Legal Issues 121 Ethical Issues 129 Conclusion 148 Recommended Reading 149 Notes 152 Chapter 6 Interpersonal Relations in the Interview 157 Effects of the Interview on the Narrator 158 Effects of the Interview on the Interviewer 162 Effects of Race, Gender, Age, Class, Ethnicity, and Subculture 169 Effects of the Interview on People Close to the Narrator 178 Summary 178 Recommended Reading 179 Notes 183 Chapter 7 Varieties of Oral History Projects: Community Studies 188 Tensions in Community Studies 190 Informational Interviews 194 Composing the Interview Guide 195 Choice of Narrators 198 Involving the Community 199 x f Contents Special Research Situations 200 Commissioned Research 204 Presentation of Findings 206 Looking Deeply and Critically at Your Collection of Oral Histories of a Community 208 The Importance of Place 210 Recommended Reading 210 Notes 216 Chapter 8 Varieties of Oral History Projects: Biography 220 Biography: Literature or History? 221 Why Research and Write Biography? 222 Difference between Life History, Life Story, Autobiography, and Biography 225 Why Tell This Life Story? 226 Setting Up Interviews, Involving the Narrator 227 Effect of the Narrator’s Agendas and Psychology on the Interview 228 Effect of the Interviewer’s Agenda on the Interview 230 The Effect of Gender on Questions and Interpretations 233 Interviewing Friends, Enemies, and Even the Onlookers 236 The Wider World in the Interview Guide for Biography 237 Placing the Subject in the Context of Gender, Race, Class, and Culture 238 Possible Ethical Implications in Biographical Research 239 Legal Issues Specific to Biography 241 Effect of the Research on Relationships within the Subject’s Family 241 Topics and Questions to Be Included in an Interview Guide 243 Recommended Reading 244 Notes 248 Chapter 9 Varieties of Oral History Projects: Family Research 253 Finding Families for Social Science Research 255 Introduction of the Project to the Family 256 Contents f xi Inspiring Narrators’ Interest in Participating in the Research 257 Research Strategies with Husband and Wife 259 Sensitivity to Members’ Feelings versus Need to Present Evidence 259 Interviewing Techniques with Family Members 261 Use of Artifacts and Photographs in Interviewing 264 Family Folklore 266 Confronting Differences in Interpretation with the Narrator 268 Suggested Questions to Ask in Family History Research 269 Evaluation of Family Members’ Oral Histories 272 Advantages of Studying Family History 273 Summary 274 Recommended Reading 274 Notes 279 Chapter 10 Analysis and Interpretation 282 Analytical Approaches across Disciplines 282 A Close Look at an Individual Oral History 286 Reflections on This Interview 299 Recommended Reading 307 Notes 309 Chapter 11 Conclusion of the Project 311 Evaluation of the Interview 311 Face Sheet and Information Sheet 313 Index to Each Tape and Master Index 313 Transcription 315 Return of the Transcript to the Narrator 322 Publication of Oral Histories 325 Citation of Oral History Interviews 328 Sharing Information 330 Recommended Reading 332 Notes 333 Appendix A: Sample Interview Guide 335 Appendix B: The Oral History Association’s Oral History Evaluation Guidelines 342 xii f Contents Appendix C: Principles and Standards of the Oral History Association 353 Appendix D: Oral History Excluded from Institutional Review Board (IRB) Review 358 Appendix E: Model Record-Keeping Sheets 361 Appendix F: Legal Release Forms 364 Appendix G: Sample Face Sheet and Information Sheet 372 Appendix H: Sample Tape Index 375 Appendix I: Sample First Page of a Tape Collection’s Master Index 377 Appendix J: Instructions for Indexing a Transcript Using a Computer 379 Appendix K: Citing the Oral Histories 380 Author Index 382 Subject Index 391 About the Author 397 f Preface This book is intended for use by researchers who want information on carry- ing out the recorded in-depth interview. Ethical issues, questions about in- terpersonal relationships, and techniques for interviewing will be of interest to scholars and also to those who use the in-depth interview to enrich their knowledge of their own history. Because I am a historian, I often take a his- torian’s point of view and discuss specific issues of concern to those re- searching contemporary history by means of oral history methodology. But I also address concerns of scholars in other disciplines when they differ from the historian’s approach. This is not a guide for conducting a diagnostic interview, although some aspects of that type of interview—such as building rapport—are similar to the work done in an oral history interview. And although it is not a book in- tended for researchers doing focused interviews, the chapters on interviewing skills, ethics, and interpersonal relationships may be helpful to them as well. The in-depth interview is a research methodology with standards of ex- cellence and guidelines for achieving these, and I present them here. Hard and fast rules, however, are not always appropriate in approaching the in- depth interview. Often problems arise that require considering the conse- quences of several strategies and then making a judgment. Nevertheless, a thorough knowledge of ethics, legalities, and techniques helps in this process of deciding what to do. And an awareness of what is happening in the inter- personal relationship during the interview situation can make the difference between a productive interview and a superficial, truncated interview. xiii xiv f Preface Because little empirical research has been done on the efficacy of specific interviewing techniques, I must of necessity rely on the consensus (when there is one) of experienced interviewers on a solution for a particular prob- lem. I give examples to illustrate what I mean with the attitude that we are all in this together and that we learn from one another. I hope my readers will forgive the prescriptive tone: it stems from an earnest desire to help the individual beginning to do this kind of research and also from the conviction that this is serious business—this dealing with living persons.
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