Redes Sociales Y Complejidad: Modelos Interdisciplinarios En La Gestión Sostenible De La Sociedad Y La Cultura

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Redes Sociales Y Complejidad: Modelos Interdisciplinarios En La Gestión Sostenible De La Sociedad Y La Cultura Carlos Reynoso – Redes sociales y complejidad Redes sociales y complejidad: Modelos interdisciplinarios en la gestión sostenible de la sociedad y la cultura Carlos Reynoso UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES http://carlosreynoso.com.ar Versión 6.02.04 – Febrero de 2011 1 – Presentación: La antropología en la era de las redes................................................... 2 2 – Especificación epistemológica .................................................................................11 3 – Redes, una vez más.................................................................................................. 17 4 – El momento fundacional: La teoría de grafos........................................................... 26 5 – De grafos a sociogramas: La Sociometría y la primera Escuela de Harvard.............. 61 6 – Redes aleatorias: Posibilidades y límites del azar..................................................... 80 7 – Redes en antropología: De la Escuela de Manchester a Bruno Latour..................... 100 8 – Análisis micro, macroestructuras y la fuerza de los lazos débiles ........................... 120 9 – Travesías por mundos pequeños............................................................................. 130 10 – Redes IE: Complejidad, fractalidad y principio de San Mateo.............................. 139 11 – Más allá del ruido blanco: Ley de potencia y análisis espectral ............................ 151 12 – Las redes complejas del lenguaje y el texto .......................................................... 175 13 – Clases de universalidad: Claves de la transdisciplina............................................ 193 14 – Criticalidad auto-organizada, epidemiología y percolación .................................. 206 15 – Algoritmos evolucionarios: Gestión sostenible de problemas intratables .............. 222 16 – Redes espaciales: Grafos para una antropología del paisaje y la ciudad compleja . 237 17 – Parentesco: De la pérdida del modelo a las nuevas técnicas reticulares................. 280 18 – Metacrítica: Alcances y límites de la teoría de redes (y de la complejidad)........... 308 19 – Conclusiones ....................................................................................................... 321 Referencias bibliográficas............................................................................................ 336 Referencias tecnológicas ............................................................................................. 402 1 Carlos Reynoso – Redes sociales y complejidad Redes sociales y complejidad: Modelos interdisciplinarios en la gestión sostenible de la sociedad y la cultura Carlos Reynoso UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES http://carlosreynoso.com.ar Febrero de 2011 1 – Presentación: La antropología en la era de las redes A partir del momento que los diversos aspectos de la vida social (económicos, lingüísticos, etc) se ex- presen como relaciones, queda abierto el camino para una antropología concebida como una teoría general de las relaciones, y para un análisis de las sociedades en términos de rasgos diferenciales ca- racterísticos de los sistemas de relaciones que las definen. Claude Lévi-Strauss (1973: 88) En las puertas del siglo XXI las teorías de redes, ya de antigua data en sociología y antro- pología, devinieron al fin complejas, caóticas, dinámicas y no lineales en el sentido técni- co de las palabras. Un encadenamiento de nuevas ideas trajo aparejada una visión distinta y hasta capacidades impensadas de gestión. Métodos y objetivos imposibles de imple- mentar pocos años antes se volvieron no sólo viables sino moneda común en la virtual to- talidad de las disciplinas: dar cuenta del cambio complejo y la morfogénesis, disponer de teorías sobre transiciones de fase y procesos adaptativos, comprender un poco mejor la emergencia, indagar fenómenos sociales de sincronización, diseñar algoritmos para en- contrar comunidades en redes de gran porte, modelar nexos entre el micro y el macronivel o entre la cognición, el espacio y la organización social, tratar analítica y gráficamente es- tructuras de miles o millones de elementos, pasar de la angustia existencial de la prueba de Gödel a las heurísticas positivas de la teoría de la NP-completitud, disponer de un mo- delo matemático tratable a la altura de muchas de las complicaciones de la vida real, desa- rrollar heurísticas de trabajo en condiciones de conocimiento incompleto y estrategias de intervención y compromiso en fenómenos cuyas leyes, si las hay, se sabe que nunca serán por completo desentrañadas (Garey y Johnson 1979; Bocaletti y otros 2006; Strogatz 2003; Bunke y otros 2007). 2 Carlos Reynoso – Redes sociales y complejidad En los tiempos que corren están surgiendo teorías reticulares de la evolución y modelos en red de la genómica, de los orígenes de la vida, los espacios urbanos, el lenguaje, la cul- tura, la música, los textos, las funciones biológicas, las enfermedades humanas y hasta la actividad cerebral desvelada por la neurociencia y por una ciencia cognitiva renovada desde la raíz (Bornholdt y Schuster 2003; Wuchty, Oltvai y Barabási 2003; Catani, Jones y ffitche 2004; Green 2008; Agosta y otros 2009; Blanchard y Volchenkov 2009; Dehmer y Emmert-Streib 2009: 48; Vannest y otros 2009; Ghosh y otros 2010). Aunque subsiste el prejuicio de siempre hacia las ciencias humanas, ante la epifanía mediática de la Red de Redes y la floración de un mundo proliferante de tribus digitales, y tras un puñado de dra- máticas demostraciones del impacto de los mecanismos reticulares sobre diversos aconte- cimientos políticos en el plano global, las redes sociales están definitivamente integradas a las nociones que a diversos niveles de abstracción estudian matemáticos e investiga- dores en las disciplinas más diversas. En los cuarteles más duros de las ciencias duras los requerimientos formales, las nomenclaturas y los hallazgos empíricos de los analistas de redes sociales han ganado una modesta pero perceptible respetabilidad. En este contexto es palpable que éste no es el mejor momento para que una disciplina co- mo la antropología se desentienda de estas circunstancias y se refugie en su especificidad, menos aun cuando su objeto ha dejado de ser lo que alguna vez se creyó que era y el pa- pel de la disciplina en el conjunto de las ciencias (y el monto de la financiación y del res- paldo social que merece) está necesitado de una justificación concluyente. Es aquí donde los desarrollos teóricos e instrumentales vinculados a redes pueden ofrecer una oportuni- dad inédita para restablecer relaciones muy concretas con otras disciplinas, para recuperar incumbencias que habíamos abandonado y para incorporar un campo de desarrollos com- plejos que serían tal vez más tortuosos de integrar si se intentaran otros caminos. En consonancia con ese escenario, el objetivo de esta presentación es demostrar la viabi- lidad, el alcance y la relevancia radical de ese enfoque, haciendo palanca en esta demos- tración para armar una visión de los aspectos esenciales de las teorías de la complejidad de cara a la antropología. Más allá de las redes y de la complejidad en general, la argu- mentación se articulará en torno del análisis de redes sociales (en adelante ARS), el cual constituye, se halle o no de por medio alguna variedad de herramienta compleja, un tema de alta importancia en nuestras ciencias que debería ser no tanto redimido como reformu- lado. Por más que las redes sociales y el ARS han de estar permanentemente cerca del foco, otras formas y procesos reticulares de la sociedad y la cultura lo estarán también, junto con los fundamentos lógicos, matemáticos o computacionales de los formalismos que se han elaborado en torno suyo. No ha de ser lo que sigue entonces una introducción a la teoría de redes ni a la de la com- plejidad, ni una guía de usuario de los programas de computadora que materializan a una y a otra, ni una artimaña para mecanizar o matematizar la disciplina, ni una tabla de correspondencias entre las nuevas categorías reticulares que han surgido y los conceptos de antropología social que conviene resucitar, sino más bien un análisis sistemático de las consecuencias epistemológicas que emanan del encuentro de esas dos corrientes y de la significación de sus consecuencias sinergéticas para la disciplina y áreas colindantes. 3 Carlos Reynoso – Redes sociales y complejidad Al lado de eso, el texto interroga con más espíritu de operatividad que de pedagogía las consecuencias disciplinares específicas de varias técnicas contemporáneas que bien po- drían ser otras (algoritmo genético, modelado basado en agentes, gráficos de recurrencia, geometría fractal, autómatas celulares, gramáticas recursivas) pero que aquí serán central- mente las redes y los grafos. Se aprovechará el trazado de una visión estratégica para identificar lo que percibo como un conjunto sistemático de implicaciones, desafíos o lec- ciones prácticas y epistemológicas acarreadas tanto por la teoría de redes como por la perspectiva compleja, y sobre todo por la complementación de ambas. De hecho, esa teo- ría y esta perspectiva se han tornado cada vez más convergentes y puede decirse que jun- tas han llegado a ser mucho más que la suma de sus partes. En cuanto a las lecciones a las que hice mención, ellas ponen en tela de juicio algunos de los estereotipos y metarrelatos antropológicos y epistemológicos más arraigados, lo cual ofrece alguna utilidad al investigador que se aventure a leer este texto más allá que adopte o no en el futuro un marco conceptual ligado
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