Star Wars Analisi Storica, Economica E Culturale Della Saga Cinematografica

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Star Wars Analisi Storica, Economica E Culturale Della Saga Cinematografica Corso di Laurea magistrale in Economia e Gestione delle Arti e delle attività culturali Tesi di Laurea Star Wars analisi storica, economica e culturale della saga cinematografica Relatrice Maria Novielli Correlatore Davide Giurlando Laureando Gianandrea Frighetto Matricola 866470 Anno Accademico 2018/ 2019 A Enrico e Adriano Che la Forza sia con voi No! Try not. Do! Or do not. There is no try Master Yoda Indice Introduzione . .pag. 1 1 Le origini del mito . pag. 2 1.1 George Lucas . .pag. 2 1.2 Una nuova speranza . .pag. 6 1.3 Tecnologie ed effetti speciali . pag. 23 2 Analisi cinematografica e dell’universo espanso . pag. 36 2.1 Episodi IV, V, VI. .pag. 36 2.2 Episodi I, II, III . .pag. 52 2.3 Legends e canone Star Wars . .pag. 70 3. La cultura di Guerre Stellari. pag. 74 3.1 La nuova era Disney: trilogia e spin-off . pag. 74 3.2. Star Wars nella società pag. .pag. 108 3.3 Conclusioni . .pag. 113 Bibliografia . pag. 115 Sitografia . pag. 116 Ringraziamenti . pag. 117 Indice delle immagini Figura 1, Viaggio dell’eroe, Usa, 1992, C. Vogler, fonte The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure For Writers, pag. 15 Figura 2, New Canon timeline, 2015, fonte thecantina.starwarsnet.com, pag. 69 Introduzione Il 26 luglio 1977 uscì nelle sale americane Star wars, primo film di una lunga saga che avrebbe completamente rivoluzionato il concetto di Settima Arte e che, secondo molti, segnò l’inizio dell’era del Postmodernismo nella cinematografia. La pellicola, creata, scritta e diretta dal talentuoso e giovane George Lucas, fu fin da subito un successo mediatico, capace di coinvolgere all’interno della sua storia l’interesse del pubblico di tutte le età. I due sequel realizzati negli anni successivi, confermarono l’attrazione degli spettatori verso le vicende narrate nella galassia lontana lontana, riaccendendo l’interesse verso il genere fantascientifico. Ma gli elementi che hanno portato a questo blockbuster non si limitano solo agli aspetti cinematografici ed innovativi, cui Lucas è stato pioniere, ma sono anche intrecciati alla realtà della società degli anni ’70, divisa tra guerre e razzismi, ideali di libertà ed oppressione, politiche ambientali e consumiste. La saga di Guerre stellari si è posta come un mondo parallelo che come dal suo incipit, si lega ad un passato remoto in un luogo dell’universo distante dalla nostra realtà, ma che al contempo ne rispecchia le divergenze, i conflitti, i credi e le paure, coinvolgendo così un pubblico di tutte le età e di tutte le classi sociali. Lucas è quindi riuscito a conciliare i suoi interessi cinematografici con i principali aspetti della società americana dell’epoca, rivoluzionando il mondo dello spettacolo con nuove tecnologie ed effetti speciali, oltre che con l’efficace utilizzo della sonorizzazione. L’analisi che si è voluto condurre parte dalla figura centrale del creatore della saga, per andare poi ad approfondire gli aspetti narrativi, scenografici ed iconici dei primi film ed infine vedere l’influenza che la storia degli Skywalker ha avuto nella società, tanto da permettere lo sviluppo di un universo espanso, che non si è solo limitato all’arte cinematografica, ma che si è diffuso con libri, telefilm, cartoni animati, videogiochi, ampliando e generalizzando il pubblico affezionato nel corso di un intero ventennio. L’importanza quindi non è solo legata al successo economico, che ad oggi ha attirato l’interesse del colosso dell’animazione Disney intento a proseguire la storia, incrementandone le potenzialità reddituali, ma è strettamente connessa al profondo cambiamento che ha portato nel coinvolgimento del pubblico e nel rispecchiare la nostra realtà in un mondo parallelo, che sarebbe poi stato imitato da diversi altri successi cinematografici, in particolar modo nel mondo del fantasy. Il presente lavoro vuole quindi condurre un’analisi che possa permettere al lettore, per quanto possibile, una completa conoscenza delle principali vicende narrate in Star Wars, viste e considerate da diverse prospettive, che vanno dagli aspetti cinematografici e tecnologici utilizzati, fino all’importanza che la narrazione e la sceneggiatura, con i diversi personaggi creati ed inseriti nella storia, hanno avuto. In particolar modo si vogliono analizzare le prime due trilogie e l’universo espanso formatisi sotto la ventennale era Lucas, per proseguire con lo studio sulle principali caratteristiche che la nuova proprietà Disney ha voluto applicare alla saga, valutandone similitudini e differenze con i racconti precedenti. Infine si vuole concludere il testo con un commento personale, che riprenda i principali aspetti citati e che sottolinei quali siano gli elementi che più di tutti hanno reso Star Wars una saga di successo trentennale e che ancora oggi non si pone limiti. 1 Capitolo I Le origini del mito George Lucas George Walton Lucas junior nacque il 15 maggio del 1944 nella cittadina californiana di Modesto, distante circa un centinaio di miglia dalla metropoli di San Francisco. Terzo di quattro fratelli, George era l’unico erede maschio avuto dai coniugi Lucas, conosciuti in città grazie alla ditta di cancelleria del padre, George Lucas Senior, essendo una delle principali attività nel settore di tutto lo Stato californiano e per questo motivo d’orgoglio per la famiglia1. George junior crebbe così in una famiglia borghese di medio ceto, stringendo un forte legame con la sorella più piccola Wendy e convivendo con le severe regole imposte dal padre, con il quale ebbe sempre un rapporto conflittuale, che avrebbe influenzato enormemente le sue opere cinematografiche future. Fin da piccolo si dimostrò come un bambino fantasioso e creativo, capace di inventarsi costruzioni e nuovi giochi prendendo sempre il comando della situazione. Gli anni della sua infanzia inoltre li condivise assieme all’amico, che poi sarebbe rimasto sempre al suo fianco, John Plummer, a guardare il nuovo mezzo comunicativo entrato nelle case americane negli anni cinquanta, ovvero la televisione. A George piaceva guardare tutti i tipi di film e cartoni animati che producevano nelle ore diurne, ma soprattutto seguiva costantemente le avventure spaziali di Flash Gordon, che divenne presto un idolo da cui trarre ispirazione. Assieme a queste passioni, George sviluppò un profondo interesse per i motoveicoli, iniziando a guidare già intorno ai tredici anni e poi frequentando l’officina meccanica della città di Modesto, sperando un giorno di diventare un pilota professionista2. L’adolescenza fu un continuo scontro con i genitori, soprattutto con il padre, dovuto sia ai scarsi voti a scuola, conseguenti alle sue continue assenze per passare il tempo con i nuovi amici nel mondo dei motori, sia per il rifiuto a voler proseguire l’attività paterna nella ditta famigliare. Infatti era questo uno dei motivi di principale scontro tra padre e figlio, che portò George ad allontanarsi sempre di più dalla famiglia ed a passare numerose notti fuori casa con delinquenti e gang, facendo gare clandestine con la sua Fiat Giallina elaborata. Fu proprio al ritorno a casa da una delle gare che fece un grave incidente in macchina che quasi gli costò la vita, passando un’intera estate in riabilitazione tra casa ed ospedale3. L’incidente cambiò completamente il giovane, che dopo aver passato l’intera estate in riabilitazione, riuscì a conseguire il diploma nello stesso anno e decise di lasciare l’idea di divenire pilota professionista, per invece iscriversi all’università. I suoi interessi maggiori erano storia ed arte, ma il padre si rifiutò di pagargli la retta per quei corsi ritenendoli una perdita di tempo. Su consiglio dell’amico d’infanzia Plummer, Lucas convinse il padre a fargli frequentare l’università di cinematografia della Usc, acronimo di University of Southern California, di Los Angeles, una delle migliori facoltà del Paese assieme alla concittadina Ucla e alla newyorkese University of Manhattan. Nonostante la sufficiente conoscenza del mondo del cinema basata prevalentemente sui film dell’infanzia, fin da subito Lucas iniziò ad interessarsi agli argomenti trattati ed a rivelarsi un grande talento riconosciuto dai suoi compagni e dai professori. Tra le prime brevi opere universitarie di Lucas, Look at Life, fu quella che secondo molti sottolineò le sue capacità da regista, riuscendo ad unire l’influenza psicologica, narrativa e scenografica del cinema di Slavko Vorkapich (1894-1976), a sua volta vicino alla scuola del cinema costruttivista dell’amico e collega 1 B. J. Jones, George Lucas: la biografia, Milano, Il castoro, 2017, pp. 14-20 2 Jones, George Lucas: la biografia, cit. pp.21-29 3 Jones, George Lucas: la biografia, cit. pp.33-36 2 Sergej Ejzenstejn (1898-1948), ad uno stile personale ed eversivo, unendo alla musica wagneriana una serie di immagini forti e significative4. Proseguì i suoi studi sviluppando il suo stile personale nella regia e subendo diverse influenze soprattutto da parte delle correnti europee della Nouvelle Vague francese e del Cinema verité, che avrebbero ispirato il cortometraggio 1:42:08. Il lavoro riprendeva in parte le caratteristiche del cinema verità, basandosi sulle tematiche delle corse automobilistiche, ma con un evidente interesse di Lucas nella spettacolarizzazione delle inquadrature attraverso effetti creati con la videocamera. Nonostante quest’ultimo aspetto lo allontanasse dal tipico metodo documentarista e spontaneo della corrente francese, sottolineava l’importanza che Lucas dava agli effetti e alle immagini per sorprendere lo spettatore ed, in secondo luogo, continuava a studiare l’importanza della musica e il rumore in sottofondo, per cui lo stesso autore definiva il suo lavoro come un «poema tonale»5. Ottenuta la laurea triennale a pieni voti, decise di cercare un lavoro nel settore cinematografico, ma come molti altri, non riuscì a trovare nulla che potesse dargli una prospettiva nel cinema e, se non voleva finire nella ditta del padre, doveva optare per l’arruolamento nell’esercito statunitense, in quel momento impegnato nel conflitto in Vietnam. Fu in quell’occasione che i medici scoprirono che aveva il diabete, motivo per cui non divenne un soldato, ma dovette regolare la sua dieta ed assumere farmaci per il resto della sua vita.
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