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Sand Pits As Habitat for Ground Beetles (Carabidae): Does the Area Affect Species Number and Composition?

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Sand Pits As Habitat for Ground Beetles (Carabidae): Does the Area Affect Species Number and Composition? Examensarbete Institutionen för ekologi Sand pits as habitat for ground beetles (Carabidae): does the area affect species number and composition? Lina Lönnberg MASTERUPPSATS I BIOLOGI, E-NIVÅ, 30 HP HANDLEDARE: MATS JONSELL, INST. F. EKOLOGI EXAMINATOR: RICCARDO BOMMARCO, INST. F. EKOLOGI Examensarbete 2009:11 Uppsala 2009 SLU, Institutionen för ekologi Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala SLU, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet NL-fakulteten, Fakulteten för naturresurser och lantbruk Institutionen för ekologi Författare: Lina Lönnberg Arbetets titel: Sand pits as habitat for ground beetles (Carabidae): does the area affect species number and composition? Titel på svenska: Sandtäkter som habitat för jordlöpare (Carabidae): påverkar arean artantal och artsammansättning? Nyckelord: sand pits, ground beetles (Carabidae), conservation, species-area relationship, area effect, patch size, edge effect, species composition, county of Uppsala, Sweden Handledare: Mats Jonsell, inst. f. ekologi Examinator: Riccardo Brommarco, inst. f. ekologi Utgivningsort: Ultuna, Uppsala Utgivningsår: 2009 Foto: © Lina Lönnberg Abstract Sand pits are a valuable habitat which can hold many sand living species including several endangered ones. As many sand habitats with exposed sand are declining, sand pits have a potential as a substitute habitat. This study was conducted to see what effect the area of a sand pit has on species number and composition of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Also, the effects of other environmental variables were tested, for example the proportion open sand, vegetation cover, sun exposure and tree cover. The study was conducted in the county of Uppsala in 2008 and included 13 sand pits with areas between 200 and 180,000 m2. Pitfall traps were used as sampling method. The study showed that the area of the sand pit affected the number of sand living species, which increased with an increasing area. The medium sized sand pits (~5,000 m2) had the highest number of sand living species, while the largest sites (~100,000 m2) had slightly less species probably because the large sites had a more homogeneous habitat. In smaller sand pits the proportion of sand living species was lower which indicate an edge effect. The species composition was quite similar between most sites irrespective to its area. However, some of the small sand pits had a deviating composition due to the edge effect. Still, this suggest that a wide range of areas of the sand pits seems not important to preserve to include all sand living ground beetle species, even if some variation always is preferable. The species composition is however influenced by proportion open sand. Based on this study, the recommendation is that sand pits preserved should have an area of more than 2,500 m2. A recommendation of an optimum area cannot be given as large sites with a heterogeneous habitat might be as species rich as medium sized ones. However, as smaller areas are more cost efficient to preserve the main focus is recommended to be on medium sized sand pits. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Sandtäkter är ett värdefullt habitat för många sandmarksarter, även för flera sällsynta och rödlistade sådana. Stora ytor exponerad sand har öppnats upp av den mänskliga aktiviteten och skapat varma och torra miljöer som många sandmarksarter behöver. Sandtäkter är ett relativt nytt habitat i landskapet då brytning av sand hade sin början för omkring 100 år sedan. Övriga sandmarker, så kallade ”naturliga”, minskar i utbredning och kvalité. Detta beror främst på utebliven störning vilket leder till igenväxning av den exponerade sanden. Sandtäkter kan därmed fungera som ett substituthabitat för dessa försvinnande sandmarker. Många sandtäkter har nyligen lagts ner eller kommer att läggas ned, så det är nu det finns möjlighet att bevara dessa habitat. Alla sandtäkter är inte lika artrika och antalet arter borde bero på flera faktorer. En sådan är arean på sandtäkten och det är främst den som undersökts i den här studien. Antagandet bygger på den välkända ö-biogeografiteorin som säger att större habitat har fler arter. Att veta vilken area som hyser flest arter är viktig kunskap för att kunna göra prioriteringar i arbetet med bevarande av områden. I studien, som utfördes i Uppsala län 2008, inventerades jordlöpare med hjälp av fallfällor i 13 sandtäkter med olika area (200–180 000 m2). Totalt hittades 892 individer av 58 arter jordlöpare, varav 20 var typiska sandmarksarter. Förutom arean så undersöktes även en rad andra miljövariabler såsom andel sand, trädtäckning, trädhöjd, vegetationstäckning, solexponering och omkringliggande områden. Dessa variabler kunde dock inte visas ha något samband med artantalet i denna studie. Arean på sandtäkten visade sig dock påverka antalet sandmarksarter positivt. Men det var de medelstora täkterna (~5 000 m2) som hade allra flest sandmarksarter. De största täkterna (~100 000 m2) hade något färre arter vilket kan bero på att de täkterna var ganska enformiga som habitat med stora plana ytor och lite vegetation. Det är inte bara viktigt att titta på artantal vid prioritering av områden utan även på artsammansättningen. Om sammansättningen är olika beroende på arean så skulle olika areor behöva vara representerade för att alla arter ska kunna bevaras. Det visade sig dock att artsammansättningen inte var beroende av täktens area. En avvikande sammansättning kunde dock urskiljas i vissa av de minsta täkter, men de avvikande arterna var inga sandmarksarter. Däremot visade det sig att andelen sand i täkten påverkar artsammansättningen. Kanteffekter kan påverka ett habitat och dess arter på flera olika sätt, t. ex. att mikroklimatet påverkas eller att arter från omkringliggande habitat vandrar in. Andelen sandmarksarter var lägre i de mindre täkterna, vilket troligen är orsakat av en kanteffekt. I de mindre täkterna hade fler skogsarter vandrat in vilket påverkade andelen sandmarksarter. De invandrade arterna kan tänkas konkurrera ut sandmarksarterna och detta kan vara en orsak till att små täkter har färre arter. Det är även troligt att större habitat har fler mikrohabitat vilket gör att de kan hysa fler arter. Sammanfattningsvis så är sandtäkter viktigt att bevara eftersom andra sandmarker försvinner och eftersom täkterna kan fungera som ett substitut för arterna som är beroende av sandmarker med exponerad sand. Täkter med en area på mindre än 2 500 m2 borde inte prioriteras vid naturvårdssatsningar eftersom de hyser färre arter och påverkas av kanteffekten. Utifrån studien går det inte att ge en rekommendation om den optimala arean eftersom stora täkter med en annan utformning skulle kunna hysa lika många arter som de medelstora. Däremot kan det ändå rekommenderas att prioritera de medelstora täkterna eftersom de har visat sig vara artrika och eftersom de är mer kostnadseffektiva att bevara. Dock är det alltid viktigt med en viss variation. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Habitats on sandy soil ......................................................................................................................... 2 Sand pits and its biological values ....................................................................................................... 3 Environmental variables affecting species numbers and composition ............................................... 4 To study ground beetles ...................................................................................................................... 4 The aim of this study ........................................................................................................................... 5 Materials and methods........................................................................................................................ 6 The study sites ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Environmental variables registered .................................................................................................... 7 Sampling method ................................................................................................................................ 8 Species determination ......................................................................................................................... 9 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................................................ 9 Results ......................................................................................................................................................10 The ground beetle catch ................................................................................................................... 10 Catch per study site ........................................................................................................................... 10 The species ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Effects of the area of the sand pit ..................................................................................................... 11 Effects of other environmental variables .......................................................................................... 12 Species composition .........................................................................................................................
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