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Synthèse Bibliographique Sur L'écologie Des Carabidae Projet Synthèse bibliographique sur l’écologie des Carabidae Projet CASDAR « les entomophages en grandes cultures » : diversité, service-rendu et potentialités des habitats. Auteurs : Mickaël Tenailleau, Charlotte Dor, Julie Maillet-Mezeray (ARVALIS-Institut du Végétal), Relecteurs : Jean-David Chapelin-Viscardi (Laboratoire d’éco-entomologie) Nina Rabourdin (ACTA) Août 2011 Synthèse bibliographique sur l’écologie des Carabidae ............................................................ 1 Projet CASDAR « les entomophages en grandes cultures » : diversité, service-rendu et potentialités des habitats. ............................................................................................................ 1 Août 2011 ................................................................................................................................... 1 I - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 2 II - BIOLOGIE GENERALE ET MORPHO – ECOLOGIE DES CARABIDAE .................... 4 1 - Systématique ................................................................................................................... 4 2 - Morphologie .................................................................................................................. 10 2 - 1 Morphologie des adultes .................................................................................... 10 2 - 2 Morphologie des larves ...................................................................................... 15 2 - Cycle biologique : reproduction, développement et rythme circadien ......................... 16 2 - 1 Œufs : ponte et soins .......................................................................................... 22 2 - 2 Larves : stades larvaires et durée de développement ......................................... 22 2 - 3 Le stade nymphal ............................................................................................... 23 2 - 4 Le stade imago ou stade adulte........................................................................... 23 2 - 4 - 1 Emergence ...................................................................................................... 23 2 - 4 - 2 Reproduction .................................................................................................. 23 2 - 4 - 3 Hivernation ou diapause hivernale ................................................................. 24 2 - 4 - 4 Mode de déplacement ..................................................................................... 24 2 - 5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 24 3 – Habitat et facteurs abiotiques ......................................................................................... 25 3 - 1 La température .................................................................................................... 25 3 - 2 Humidité, éclairement/ensoleillement et facteurs édaphiques ........................... 26 3 - 3 Microclimat ........................................................................................................ 27 4 - Régime alimentaire ......................................................................................................... 28 4 - 1 Classification ...................................................................................................... 28 4 - 2 Taille des proies ................................................................................................. 29 4 - 3 Variation des régimes ......................................................................................... 29 4 - 4 Service agro-écologique rendu ........................................................................... 30 4 - 5 Conclusion sur les régimes alimentaires ............................................................ 37 5 - Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 38 III – INFLUENCE DES PRATIQUES CULTURALES ET DES AMENAGEMENTS SUR LA COMPOSITION ET LA STRUCTURE DES PEUPLEMENTS DE CARABIDAE . ........ 39 1 – Bio-indicateurs ou Indicateurs agro-environnementaux ................................................ 39 2 - Influence des pratiques culturales ................................................................................... 40 2 - 1 Travail du sol ...................................................................................................... 41 2 - 2 Applications phytosanitaires .............................................................................. 43 2 - 3 Influence de la culture ........................................................................................ 45 2 - 3 -1 Couvert végétal et densité de végétation ........................................................... 45 2 - 3 - 2 Le couvert permanent ....................................................................................... 46 2 - 3 - 3 La rotation culturale .......................................................................................... 47 2 - 3 - 4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 47 2 - 4 Les systèmes d’exploitation ............................................................................... 47 2 - 4 - 1 Agriculture biologique ...................................................................................... 47 2 – 4 - 2 Agriculture intégrée ......................................................................................... 48 2 – 4 - 3 Agriculture conventionnelle ............................................................................. 49 2 - 5 Conclusion sur les pratiques culturales .............................................................. 50 3 - Les aménagements agro-parcellaires ............................................................................ 51 3 - 1 Les bandes enherbées ......................................................................................... 52 3 - 2 Les haies ............................................................................................................. 54 ARVALIS Institut du végétal - Projet CASDAR « Les entomophages en grandes cultures : diversité, service rendu et potentialités des habitats » 2 3 - 3 Les bosquets ....................................................................................................... 54 3 - 4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 55 4 - Analyse du paysage ....................................................................................................... 56 4 - 1 Contexte et unité paysagère ................................................................................ 57 4 - 2 Concept de métapopulation ................................................................................ 58 4 - 3 Analyse multi-échelles ....................................................................................... 59 4 - 4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 60 IV – CONCLUSION GENERALE .......................................................................................... 60 Références bibliographiques ............................................................................................ 64 ARVALIS Institut du végétal - Projet CASDAR « Les entomophages en grandes cultures : diversité, service rendu et potentialités des habitats » 3 Tableaux Tableau 1: Classification des Coléoptères Carabidae. Toutes les informations sont apportées par la base de données européenne, Fauna Europea ___________________________________________________________ 5 Tableau 2 : Taille, morphologie alaire et locomotion chez certaines espèces de Carabidae retrouvées en milieu agricole. __________________________________________________________________________________ 12 Tableau 3: Morpho-écologie des larves ________________________________________________________ 16 Tableau 4: Cycle biologique, reproduction, période d’activité et rythme circadien de divers Carabidae. ______ 17 Tableau 5: Durée moyenne de développement en fonction de la température pour chaque stade chez Notiophilus biguttatus ______________________________________________________________________ 25 Tableau 6: Recensement des espèces ayant une activité de prédation avérée sur divers ravageurs de cultures. 36 Tableau 7 : Tableau récapitulatif des effets du travail du sol recensés dans la bibliographie. _______________ 43 Tableau 8: Tableau récapitulatif des effets des produits phytosanitaires recensés dans la bibliographie. _____ 45 Illustrations Figure 1: Pseudoophonus en vue ventrale postérieure ______________________________________________ 4 Figure 2: Abax ater en vue ventrale ____________________________________________________________ 10 Figure 3: Les principaux types de morphologies chez les Carabidae et les espèces types ___________________ 15 Figure 4: Larve carnassière de Pterostichinae avec ses mandibules nettes arquées _______________________ 15 Figure 5: Cycle biologique des Carabes __________________________________________________________ 16 ARVALIS Institut du végétal - Projet CASDAR « Les entomophages en grandes cultures : diversité, service rendu et potentialités des habitats » 1 I - INTRODUCTION L’ordre des Coléoptères est le plus riche du monde animal, comptant plus
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