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Coverthe Effect of Violent Conflict on the Primary Education in Khyber

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Coverthe Effect of Violent Conflict on the Primary Education in Khyber MOST VULNERABLE CHILDREN IN Access to education and patterns of non-attendance Arushi Terway Brian Dooley Anne Smiley EDUCATION POLICY AND DATA CENTER Making sense of data to improve education 2011/ED/EFA/MRT/PI/49 Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education The effect of violent conflict on the primary education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Education Policy and Data Center 2010 This paper was commissioned by the Education for All Global Monitoring Report as background information to assist in drafting the 2011 report. It has not been edited by the team. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the EFA Global Monitoring Report or to UNESCO. The papers can be cited with the following reference: “Paper commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011, The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education”. For further information, please contact [email protected]. In 2011, FHI acquired the programs, assets, and expertise of AED. The Effect of Violent Conflict on the Primary Education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Education Policy and Data Center By Ben Sylla Violent conflict can affect the provision of education in two important ways: First, in areas where violent conflict occurs, schools are closed or damaged and the provision of education is suspended for some period of time. Second, to the extent that population groups located in areas experiencing violence flee to more stable areas, one can expect to see a decline in the number of pupils in areas experiencing violent conflict, and a related increase in the number of pupils in adjacent areas not experiencing conflict. This study uses multiple sources to measure these two impacts. The flows of internally displaced persons (IDPs) are analyzed, and these are matched to data from Education Management Information System (EMIS) school provided by the Department of Education of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa1 Province of Pakistan to quantify the impact of violent conflict on the provision of education in that province. Overview of Violent Conflict in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa The violent conflict2 believed Figure 1: Districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were not uniformly effected by violent conflict. to have had an effect on the provision of education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa can be divided into two separate spheres of activity – conflict originating in the area of Swat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and conflict originating in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), a semi‐ autonomous area that borders Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the South and East. Because reliable measures of the extent or duration of violent conflict could not be found, accounts of the evolution of the violent conflict effecting Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are presented in broad terms here. The shortage of data on conflict in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa can be attributed to several factors, including: the ‘fog of war’ difficulty associated with obtaining reliable data in any conflict situation, 2) the lack of access to conflict areas in Khyber , and 3) the difficulty in measuring 1 In May 2010, the name of the province was changed from ‘North West Frontier Province’ (NWFP) to ‘Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’. 2 Accounts of conflict and displacement used in this study are taken from the 2008 and 2009 Pakistan Internal Displacement Profile published by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (www.internal‐ displacement.org). This study limits the definition of violent conflict to include only military‐style confrontations between Pakistan military forces and anti‐government groups. Other forms of conflict are omitted. symptoms of conflict, (such as numbers of IDP’s ) as is discussed further in the section on internal displacement. One measure of conflict impacts that may affect education is flows of IDP’s. Figure 1 shows districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by IDP flows – red districts experienced outflows of people; the green districts had inflows – in districts colored dark green the IDPs were mainly from SWAT; districts colored light green hosted mainly IDPs from FATA. Conflict in Swat During the first half of 2007, Pakistani Taliban and anti‐government militants accumulated control over areas of the Swat valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Violent clashes with the Pakistani military began in late October causing somewhere between 400,000 and 900,000 IDP’s (Internally Displaced Persons) to flee Swat for the districts of Malakand, Mardan, Charsadda, Nowshera, Peshawar, and Buner. In November, fighting spread to Shangla, spurring additional IDP flows. By December, the fighting had largely drawn to a halt and many IDP’s were returning home. A second major round of fighting began in the spring of 2009. Fighting took place primarily in the Swat district but spread to also include portions of Shangla, Buner and Dir, and resulted in the displacement of as many as 3,000,000 IDP’s, primarily to the districts of Mardan, Peshawar, Charsadda, Swabi, Nowshera, Abbottabad, Battagram, and Haripur. Fighting ended in July and IDP’s began to return home again. Conflict in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Conflict between the Pakistan army and anti‐government forces in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) has been ongoing and predates the period considered for this study. In October 2007, a crescendo in the fighting resulted in the displacement of an estimated 80,000 IDP’s, primarily into the southern‐ Khyber Pakhtunkhwa districts of Bannu and D.I. Khan. Many of those displaced by violence returned to their home areas within a week. A second round of fighting, initiated in January 2008, resulted in the displacement of an estimated 60,000 IDP’s from FATA, many of whom sought shelter in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa districts of Tank and Bannu. Though this round of conflict ended in February, many displaced households did not return to their home areas until milder weather set in in April 2008. After several months of relative peace, military operations resumed in November, 2008, spurring further displacements into adjoining districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Internal Displacement in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, an estimated 90% of IDP’s have chosen not to relocate into official IDP camps but directly into communities where they find shelter with host families, or in rented space3. This makes it difficult for government bodies to measure the magnitude of displacement or assess the resources needed to provide for their needs. It also means that IDP’s are more likely to rely on their own funds and local government infrastructure for support. By extension, if IDP children attend school in their host communities, they are most likely to enroll in local schools rather than camp schools. When possible, many IDP’s tend to limit their displacement to the smallest geographic distance and the shortest period of time possible4. Many of the individuals displaced from Swat, for example, moved only as far as necessary to escape the path of harm – this may have meant moving to an adjoining district, but in many cases, it may simply have meant moving to a new location within their 3 Pakistan Internal Displacement Profile. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. December 2, 2009. Page 6. 4 Ibid. Figure 2: % Schools temporarily closed in own district (a movement that would not register in this Swat by Union Council. district‐level analysis). Similarly, a large proportion of IDP’s Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. displaced due to events in Swat remained displaced for a 2006 2007 2008 2009 Amankot/ Faiz Abad 0% 0% 0% 0% matter of days or weeks before returning to their homes Banr Ahingarodherai 0% 0% 0% 0% (though other IDP’s have remained displaced for far longer Bara Bandai 0% 0% 0% 0% Dangram Sangota 0% 0% 0% 0% periods). Deolai 0% 0% 0% 0% Durashkhela 0% 0% 0% 0% Gul Kada 0% 0% 0% 0% About Education Data Gulibagh 0% 0% 0% 0% The education data used in this study are EMIS data Hazara 0% 0% 0% 0% Islampur 0% 0% 0% 0% collected through an Annual School Census enumerated Kanju 0% 0% 0% 0% Khwazakhela 0% 0% 0% 0% every October 30. In order to simplify the reporting of data Kota 0% 0% 0% 0% used in the report, much of which is presented in terms of Kotanai 0% 0% 0% 0% Landay Kass 0% 0% 0% 0% percentage change from one enumeration date to the next, Malook Abad 0% 0% 0% 0% data are presented according to the October in which they Matta Kharirai 0% 0% 0% 0% Miandam 0% 0% 0% 0% were collected, rather than in terms of school years. Nawaykalay 0% 0% 0% 0% Odigram 0% 0% 0% 0% Pirkalay 0% 0% 0% 0% It is essential to note that the data presented in this study Rahim Abad 0% 0% 0% 0% are for government schools only. Though government Rang Mohallah 0% 0% 0% 0% Saidu Sharif 0% 0% 0% 0% schools make up the preponderance of education sector Shahdara 0% 0% (76% according to 2009 estimates), private schools and Shin 0% 0% 0% 0% Taligram 0% 0% 0% 0% Deeni Madaris (20% and 4% respectively) represent Tindodag 0% 0% 0% 0% Qambar 0% 0% 17% 0% important sector segments that are omitted from the Barthana 3% 3% 3% 3% 5 study . Shalpin 0% 0% 3% 3% Charbagh 4% 4% 4% 4% Gwalerai 7% 7% 7% 5% Schools Temporarily Closed Due to Violent Conflict Totano Bandai 5% 5% 5% 5% Baidara 0% 0% 0% 6% In the EMIS system, government schools are classified Barikot 0% 0% 6% 6% according to their operational status. “Functional schools” Asharay 0% 0% 7% 7% Fatehpur 0% 0% 0% 7% are schools that are open and hosting classes, “temporarily Bar Aba Khel 0% 0% 14% 7% closed” schools are schools that remain on the official roster Chuprial 0% 4% 4% 7% Kalam 4% 4% 7% 7% of schools, but have temporarily suspended operations.
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