TERRORISM AND JIHAD IN THE LIGHT OF THE QURAN AND THE SUNNAH IN GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVE THESIS Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. of the University of Dhaka BY A K M MAKSUDUL HAQUE DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES FACULTY OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA, BANGLADESH February, 2020 TERRORISM AND JIHAD IN THE LIGHT OF THE QURAN AND THE SUNNAH IN GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVE THESIS Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. of the University of Dhaka BY A K M MAKSUDUL HAQUE DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES FACULTY OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA, BANGLADESH February, 2020 DECLARATION SHEET “This essay is original in nature and prepared by own effort and endeavor without any direct help from any other personality. It is also announced that the essay has neither been published nor submitted to any institution for any degree or diploma nor has it been copied partially or fully from any source what-so-ever.” -------------------------------------------- A K M Maksudul Haque Ph.D. Student Department of Islamic Studies University of Dhaka APPROVAL SHEET This is to certify that Mr. A K M Maksudul Haque, a Ph.D. student of the Department of Islamic Studies, University of Dhaka has been doing a Ph.D. research work on “TERRORISM AND JIHAD IN THE LIGHT OF THE QURAN AND THE SUNNAH IN GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVE” under my supervision. He has completed the work and the thesis is now ready to submit for the Degree of Ph.D. I, therefore, recommend that Mr. A K M Maksudul Haque may be permitted to submit his thesis entitled “TERRORISM AND JIHAD IN THE LIGHT OF THE QURAN AND THE SUNNAH IN GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVE” for the Degree of Ph.D. (Dr Muhammad Shafiq Ahmad) Professor Department of Islamic Studies University of Dhaka TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement ix Abstract xi Table of Contents xiii List of Tables and Figures xiii Abbreviations xiv CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1. Context: 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem 7 1.3. Objectives of the Study 8 1.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study 9 1.4.1. Scope of the Study 9 1.4.2. Limitations of the Study 9 1.5. Organization/Structure of the Study 10 1.6. Review of Literature 12 1.7. Rationale of the Study 24 1.8. Research Methodology 25 CHAPTER 2 - A CONTEXTUAL STUDY OF TERRORISM 2.1. Defining Terrorism 29 2.2. Contemporary Perception 33 CHAPTER 3 - A BRIEF HISTORY OF TERRORISM 3.1. Genesis 49 3.2. Ancient Day’s Terrorism 49 3.3. Terrorism at the Dawn of the Christian Era 52 The Sicarii Terrorism 53 i Terrorism on the Prophet Hazrat Isa (AS) 53 3.4. The Medieval Age Terrorism 54 Terrorism at the dawn of Islam 54 After the Prophet (SAAS) 54 Beginning of Dynastic Rule in Islam 56 Terrorism in Medieval Spain 57 The Assassins 58 The Mongolite’s Terrorism 59 The ‘Witch-hunt’ Terrorism 60 The Thuggee Terrorism 60 The Aryan Terrorism 61 3.5. Modern Terrorism (1793-2000) 62 From French Revolution to World War I (1793-1917) 62 Beginning of Modern Terrorism 62 Modern Terrorism until World War I 62 Terrorism in Europe 63 The American Terrorism 66 Terrorism in Indian Subcontinent 67 Terrorism from Post-World War I to World War II: The Creation of Israel 69 Bolshevik Terrorism 72 The Irish Terrorism 73 ii The Nazi Terrorism 74 Liberation of Indian Subcontinent 75 Period between World War II and Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1945-1979) 76 Terrorism as War Strategy 76 Maoism in China 77 Maoism in Cambodia 78 Anti-Colonial/Liberation/Nationalist Movement 78 Cyprus 79 Independence of Algeria 79 Northern Ireland 80 Namibia 81 Uganda 81 Palestinian Struggle for Returning to Homeland 82 The Basque Liberation Movement 83 Independence of Bangladesh 84 Revolutionary Movement Around the World 85 Cold War Yielded Terrorism 85 Venezuela 86 Cuba 86 Brazil 86 Uruguay 87 Bolivia 87 iii Argentina 88 Guatemala 87 Chile 88 Colombia 88 El Salvador 89 Nicaragua 89 Peru 90 Angola 90 Mozambique 90 Vietnam 91 Revolutionary Terrorist Groups 91 3.6. Last two Decades of Twentieth Century 92 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and Birth of al Qaeda: 92 Al Qaeda and Global Terrorism 93 Civil War in Algeria 94 Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia 96 Ethno-nationalist Movement in Kashmir 98 Ethno-nationalist Movement of Tamils in Sri Lanka 101 Ethno-nationalist Movement of Sikhs in India 103 Aceh Ethno-nationalist Movement in Indonesia 104 Mindanao Ethno-nationalist Movement in Philippines 105 iv Kurdish Ethno-nationalist Movement in Turkey 107 Ethno-nationalist Movement of Chechens 108 The Hama Massacre in Syria 109 Maoist Movement in India 111 Maoist Movement in Nepal 111 Suppression of Communist Movement in Indonesia 112 Kurdish Massacre in Iraq 113 The Rwandan Genocide 114 3.7. Historical Analysis of Terrorism 115 CHAPTER 4 - CONTEMPORARY TERRORISM (2001 TO 2016): GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVE 4.1. Introduction 121 4.2. Globalization of Terrorism 122 4.3. An Insight into Global Terrorism 122 4.3.1. Searching the Roots 122 4.3.2. Factors Contributing to Terrorism 123 a. Political Power Play 123 b. Religious Exploitations 124 C. Ethno-nationalism 124 d. Alienation/Discrimination 124 e. Deprivation of Justice 125 f. Foreign Intervention 125 g. Historical Grievances 125 v h. Ideological Salvation 126 i. Sympathetic Resistance 126 j. Cultural Conflict 127 k. Political Exclusion 127 4.4. Manifestation of Terrorism 128 4.4.1. Characteristics 128 4.4.2. Tactics 128 4.4.3. Strategy 128 4.4.4. Motive 129 a. Change of Government 129 b. New State 129 c. Policy Change 129 d. Social Hegemony 129 e. Maintaining the Status quo 130 4.5. Types and Forms of Terrorism 130 4.5.1. Left Wing Terrorism 130 4.5.2. Right Wing Terrorism 130 4.5.3. State/State Sponsored Terrorism 131 4.5.4. Separatist/Nationalist Terrorism 131 4.5.5. Religious Terrorism 131 4.5.6. Pathological Terrorism 131 vi 4.5.7. Criminal Terrorism 132 4.5.8. Issue Oriented Terrorism 132 4.5.9. Narco-terrorism 132 4.6. Where are the Roots of Contemporary Global Terrorism? 132 4.6.1. Arab-Israel War 132 4.6.2. Cold War 133 4.6.3. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 134 4.6.4. Second Gulf War 135 4.7. An Account of Modern Terrorist Perpetrations 136 4.7.1. The major terror attacks 136 4.7.2. The Major Terrorist Groups 137 CHAPTER 5 – UNDERSTANDING JIHAD The Real Picture of Jihad 140 5.1. Meaning of Jihad 140 5.2. The Horrendous Backdrop through which Jihad was Evolved 141 5.2.1. Perpetration on the Prophet (SAAS) 141 5.2.2. Psychological Torture 142 5.2.3. Forcing His (SAAS) Life to be Miserable 142 5.2.4. Physical Harassment 142 5.2.5. Extreme Persecution 143 5.2.6. Persecution on the Followers of Prophet (SAAS) 144 vii 5.3. The Prophet’s (SAAS) Three-phased Model of Jihad for Preaching Islam 145 5.4. Military-jihad is a Conventional Defensive War Against the Terror Acts 147 5.5. Jihad-not the Synonymous to Violence 148 5.6. Prophetic Jihad is the only Accepted Model of Jihad for the Muslim Ummah 152 CHAPTER 6: THE PROPHETIC (SAAS) MODEL FOR PREACHING ISLAM 6.1. Introduction 156 6.2. Purpose of Muslim Ummah 156 6.3. Preaching the Religion of Islam in a Hostile Society 157 6.3.1. Preaching through Persecution 157 6.3.2. The Socio-economic Embargo 158 6.3.3. Persecution at Taif 158 6.3.4. Migration to Madinah 159 6.4. The Prophet’s (SAAS) Noble Approach for Preaching the Religion 159 6.4.1. Non-violent Approach 159 6.4.2. Evading Terrorists’ Reach 161 6.4.3. Surrounded by Terrorists 161 6.4.4. Military Operations 162 CHAPTER 7: THE PROPHETIC (SAAS) WARFARE: A HUMANITARIAN WAY OF THWARTING THE TERRORISTS 7.1. The Protracted War Imposed on the Messenger (SAAS) of Allah 167 7.1.1. Strategy of Prophetic (SAAS) War 167 viii 7.1.2. The Battle of Badr 167 7.1.3. The Battle of Uhud 169 7.1.4. The Battle of Khandak 169 7.1.5. The Conquest of Makkah 170 7.2. Just Causes of Prophet’s (SAAS) War 173 7.3. The Followed Principles of War 175 a. Decision Making 176 b. The Supremacy of the Aim 176 c. Selection of Objectives 176 d. Constant Striving and Struggling 177 e. Comparative Evaluation of Situations 177 f. Domination and Aggressiveness 178 g. Will and Determination 178 h. Patience and Perseverance 179 j. Firmness and Steadfastness 179 k. Sacrifice 180 l. Unity of Thought and Action 180 m. Security and Precautions 181 n. Discipline and Obedience 182 p. Prayers 182 7.4. Noble Ways of Warfare 182 7.4.1. Ensuring Security of Non-combatant Civilians 183 ix 7.4.2. Retaliatory Attack only 183 7.4.3. Ensuring Human Rights of Enemy Combatants 183 7.4.4. Violence was Strictly Prohibited 184 CHAPTER 8: TERRORISM AND JIHAD IN THE LIGHT OF THE QUR’AN AND THE SUNNAH 8.1. Introduction 186 8.2. True Perspective of Qur’anic (SAAS) Jihad 186 8.3. How Islam Determines Terrorism 188 8.4. Qur’an Ordains a Set of Ethics and Values to Prosecute Military-Jihad 190 Analyzing the Qur’anic Verses Regarding Jihad 194 8.5.1. Analyzing the Verses on Striving 194 8.5.2. Analyzing the Verses on War 196 8.5.3. Analyzing the Verses on Da’wah (invite/call towards Islam) 199 8.5.4.