DOCSLIB.ORG

2016 Papadopoulos Leonidas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2016 Papadopoulos Leonidas This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ SEA JOURNEYS IN ANCIENT GREEK TRAGEDY Papadopoulos, Leonidas Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact librarypure@kcl.ac.uk providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 SEA JOURNEYS IN ANCIENT GREEK TRAGEDY Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. by Leonidas Papadopoulos King’s College London 2015 1 To my parents 2 This thesis was financially supported by the Greek State Foundation Scholarship and the Onassis Foundation Scholarship. Η ολοκλήρωση της εργασίας αυτής έγινε στο πλαίσιο της υλοποίησης του µεταπτυχιακού προγράµµατος το οποίo συγχρηµατοδοτήθηκε µέσω της Πράξης «Πρόγραµµα χορήγησης υποτροφιών ΙΚΥ µε διαδικασία εξατοµικευµένης αξιολόγησης ακαδ. έτους 2012-2013» από πόρους του Ε.Π. «Εκπαίδευση και Δια Βίου Μάθηση» του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινωνικού Ταµείου (ΕΚΤ) και του ΕΣΠΑ (2007-2013)». Η εργασία αυτή συγχρηµατοδοτήθηκε από το Ίδρυµα Ωνάση. 3 CONTENTS Contents 4 Acknowledgements 8 Note on Translations 9 Abstract 10 Introduction 11 Chapter 1: The Sea as a space of Death in Aeschylus’ Persians 16 1.1 Introduction 16 1.2 Historical Content 17 1.3 Previous Interpretations of the Theme of the Sea in Persians 20 1.4 The aquatic reflections in Aeschylus’ Persians 21 1.4.1 The imagery of the Sea as a space of death in Aeschylus’ Persians 22 1.4.2 The haunted Hellespont – A passage of hubris 29 1.4.3 The ‘departed’ Persians – An invisible chorus in the dark blue waters of Salamis 41 1.4.4 Strymon- The icy bridge of revenge 46 1.4.5 The sea-metaphors in Aeschylus’ Persians 50 1.4.6 The Necromancy of the king Darius and the symbolic anaklisis of the ‘departed’ souls from the depth of Hades 54 Chapter 2: The Seashore as a liminal space in Euripides’ Hecuba and Trojan Women 61 4 2. Introduction 61 2.1 The metaphysical dimension of the Prologue in Hecuba and Trojan Women 63 2.1.1 The sea as a place of departure 64 2.1.2 The semiotics of the dead body 67 2.1.3 Polydorus’s Entrance 73 2.1.4 Memory spaces 77 2.2 The seashore as a boundary between home and exile 79 2.3 Spaces of Exile 85 2.4 The nautical imagery in Euripides’ Hecuba and Trojan Women 92 2.5 Cynossema: A warning landmark for sailors 101 Chapter 3: Sea, Sanctuary and Salvation 109 3.1 Aeschylus’ Suppliants 109 3.1.1 Introduction 109 3.1.2 Crossing the boundaries – The sea as an avenue to exile 111 3.1.3 The silent gods on the coast of Argos 122 3.1.4 Danaids: The Water Nymphs of Argos 133 5 3.2 Euripides’ Andromache 144 3.2.1 Introduction 144 3.2.1.1 Waiting for Thetis 147 3.2.1.2 Transportations and Harbours 162 3.2.1.3 The Islander Achilles 167 3.3 Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris 179 3.3.1 Reflections on the sea. ‘Tὸ κλεινὸν ὄνοµα τῆς σωτηρίας’ through the nautical imagery in Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris 179 3.3.2 The poetry of Sound in Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris 199 3.3.3 A flight to Salvation 206 3.3.4 Coloured images and holy droplets 217 3.4 Euripides’ Helen 224 3.4.1 Introduction - Pursuing Victories in Exotic Lands 224 3.4.1.1 The Imaginary Islands in Euripides’ Helen 229 3.4.1.2 The Wanderer Sailors 240 3.4.1.3 The Tomb of Proteus the islander 247 3.4.1.4 The Traveller Gods 250 6 3.4.1.5 Sea Rituals in Barbaric Lands - Euripides’ Helen and Iphigenia in Tauris 253 Chapter 4: Sophocles’ Philoctetes - The ‘island tragedy’ 261 4.1 The theatrical scene as an island in the centre of Athenian polis 261 4.2 The Cave of Philoctetes as a primitive oikos. A passage from suffering to freedom 271 4.3 Sea journeys in Sophocles’ Philoctetes 276 4.4 Isolated heroes, Fire, and Salvation 280 Conclusion 286 Bibliography 293 7 Acknowledgements I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Edith Hall, whose constant encouragement and support has been invaluable during the research years. Her inestimable insight and recommendations, her useful comments, and our fruitful discussions, have helped me to improve skills, knowledge, and ideas. She is the most precise, perceptive and critical reader of this work. I would also like to thank my second supervisor Doctor Ismene Lada-Richards for her constant support and warm presence during the course of this work. I am full of sincere gratitude to my tutors during my school years, my teachers in the Contemporary Theatre of Athens’ Drama school, my professors in the University of Athens, and all the actors and directors, whose patience, learning, and love for the theatre, inspire and help me to improve my understanding of ancient Greek tragedy. I gratefully acknowledge the generous financial support of the State Scholarship Foundation and the Onassis Foundation Scholarship. Special appreciation and thanks goes to Vangelis Scotiniotis, Kiki Selioni, Thanos Zartadoulis, and Olga Bisbikis for their assistance and support. Finally, this project would have neither begun, nor been completed without the constant support of the co-voyagers of my life: all my friends and collaborators, my best friend Georgios, and my beloved family. L.P. 8 Note on Translation References to the extant plays of the tragedians and translations of ancient Greek passages are to the following editions: Aeschylus’ Persians: Hall, E. (ed.). (1996). Aeschylus’ Suppliant Women: Bowen, A.J. (2013). Euripides’ Andromache: Lloyd, M. (1994). Euripides’ Hecuba: Collard C. (1991). Euripides’ Helen: Dale A.M. (1967). Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris: Cropp (2000). Euripides’ Trojan Women: Barlow S.A. (1986). Sophocles’ Philoctetes: Ussher R.G. (1990). 9 Abstract My field of interest concerns the representation of the sea and its prominent presence as a space with multiple dynamics, symbolism and interpretations in ancient Greek tragedy. Using the wanderings of mortals as a main axis, I will attempt to explore how the sea, as an open dramatic milieu, acquires a significant function, which is directly connected with mortals’ destiny. The sea’s unpredictable nature is projected as a metaphysical environment, which could be identified as a boundary between the Greeks and the barbarians, life and death, nostos and nostalgia. Increasingly, recent scholarship has produced a variety of detailed analyses and considerations concerning the spatial dynamics of tragedy. Although the seascape is recognized as an influential landscape at the centre of the Greek world, only a limited amount of scholarly attention has been devoted to this nautical realm as illustrated in ancient Greek tragedy. The aim of this thesis is to discuss the use and the perception of this powerful and effective space in a selection of tragedies, and to focus on the treatments of the sea as an intersection of multiple connotations and references. The thesis concludes that within the context of a world in constant turmoil, journeys at sea can be interpreted as illustrating and revealing, through the adventures and aspirations of mortals, the socio-political and historical framework of the Greek society contemporary with the tragedies. The poetic image of the sea, as expressed in the tragic texts and connected with the capability of the human imagination to re-create a personal vision of history and myth, forms a remarkable topographic environment full of instability which, in many cases, depicts humanity’s ambivalent emotions and uncertain future. 10 Introduction Journeys in the sea…Journeys in life… Every man is a sailor travelling in time. His life is an adventure of departures and arrivals, victories and disasters, calm waters and storms. In ancient Greek tragedy, human’s trajectories are at the mercy of divine powers and natural forces; but most and above all, they are at the mercy of their own destiny (µοίρα). Man, struggling with divinities (δαίµονες), Furies (Ἐρινύες), and the all-tamer time (πανδαµάτωρ χρόνος), fights to escape his predicted fate. His wanderings in a sea of despair, metaphorically, illustrate the pursuit of a desired eternity within the limits of his mortal life. Ancient Greek tragedy enquires into the endless agony and the fatal decisions of humans in the face of life’s dilemmas, exploring how the characters who suffer are the dramatic representation of ‘ourselves’ through the image of the mythic, ethnic, gendered and faraway ‘others’.1 A doctoral dissertation is an intellectual journey on uncharted paths based on the experience and the expertise of previous explorers, but, like a play written for the theatrical stage, it should be confined within the limits of space and time.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Study the Status Column Element in the Achaemenid Architecture and Its
    Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND January 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Study the status column element in the Achaemenid architecture and its effect on India architecture (comparrative research of persepolis columns on pataly putra columns in India) Dr. Amir Akbari* Faculty of History, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran * Corresponding Author Fariba Amini Department of Architecture, Bukan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bukan, Iran Elham Jafari Department of Architecture, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran Abstract In the southern region of Iran and the north of persian Gulf, the state was located in the ancient times was called "pars", since the beginning of the Islamic era its center was shiraz. In this region of Iran a dynasty called Achaemenid came to power and could govern on the very important part of the worlds for years. Achaemenid exploited the skills of artists and craftsman countries under its command. In this sense, in Architecture works and the industry this period is been seen the influence of other nations. Achaemenid kings started to build large and beautiful palaces in the unter of their government and after 25 centuries, the remnants of which still remain firm and after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire by Grecian Alexander in India. The greatest king of India dynasty Muryya, was called Ashoka the grands of Chandra Gupta. The Ashoka palace that id located at the putra pataly around panta town in the state of Bihar in North east India. Is an evidence of the influence of Achaemenid culture in ancient India. The similarity of this city and Ashoka Hall with Apadana Hall in Persepolis in such way that has called it a india persepolis set.
    [Show full text]
  • Iranian Coins & Mints: Achaemenid Dynasty
    IRANIAN COINS & MINTS: ACHAEMENID DYNASTY DARIC The Achaemenid Currency By: Michael Alram DARIC (Gk. dareiko‚s statê´r), Achaemenid gold coin of ca. 8.4 gr, which was introduced by Darius I the Great (q.v.; 522-486 B.C.E.) toward the end of the 6th century B.C.E. The daric and the similar silver coin, the siglos (Gk. síglos mediko‚s), represented the bimetallic monetary standard that the Achaemenids developed from that of the Lydians (Herodotus, 1.94). Although it was the only gold coin of its period that was struck continuously, the daric was eventually displaced from its central economic position first by the biga stater of Philip II of Macedonia (359-36 B.C.E.) and then, conclusively, by the Nike stater of Alexander II of Macedonia (336-23 B.C.E.). The ancient Greeks believed that the term dareiko‚s was derived from the name of Darius the Great (Pollux, Onomastikon 3.87, 7.98; cf. Caccamo Caltabiano and Radici Colace), who was believed to have introduced these coins. For example, Herodotus reported that Darius had struck coins of pure gold (4.166, 7.28: chrysíou statê´rôn Dareikôn). On the other hand, modern scholars have generally supposed that the Greek term dareiko‚s can be traced back to Old Persian *dari- "golden" and that it was first associated with the name of Darius only in later folk etymology (Herzfeld, p. 146; for the contrary view, see Bivar, p. 621; DARIUS iii). During the 5th century B.C.E. the term dareiko‚s was generally and exclusively used to designate Persian coins, which were circulating so widely among the Greeks that in popular speech they were dubbed toxo‚tai "archers" after the image of the figure with a bow that appeared on them (Plutarch, Artoxerxes 20.4; idem, Agesilaus 15.6).
    [Show full text]
  • Artaxerxes II
    Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cave of Pan, Marathon, Greece—Ams Dating of The
    Radiocarbon, Vol 59, Nr 5, 2017, p 1475 –1485 DOI:10.1017/RDC.2017.65 Selected Papers from the 8th Radiocarbon & Archaeology Symposium, Edinburgh, UK, 27 June –1 July 2016 © 2017 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona THE CAVE OF PAN, MARATHON, GREECE —AMS DATING OF THE NEOLITHIC PHASE AND CALCULATION OF THE REGIONAL MARINE RESERVOIR EFFECT Yorgos Facorellis1* • Alexandra Mari 2 • Christine Oberlin 3 1Department of Antiquities and Works of Art Conservation, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Aghiou Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Athens, Greece. 2Ephorate of Paleoanthropology-Speleology, Ardittou 34B, 11636 Athens, Greece. 3Laboratoire ArAr. Archéologie et Archéométrie, MSH Maison de l ’Orient et de la Méditerranée, 7 rue Raulin - 69365 LYON cedex 7, France. ABSTRACT . The Cave of Pan is located on the N/NE slope of the hill of Oinoe (38°09 ′31.60 ′′ N, 23°55 ′48.60 ′′ E), west of modern Marathon. In rescue excavation campaigns during the last three years, among other finds, charcoal and seashell samples were also collected. The purpose of this study is the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of the cave ’s anthropogenic deposits and the calculation of the regional marine reservoir effect during the Neolithic period. For that purpose, 7 charcoal pieces and 1 seashell were dated. Our results show that the cave was used from the second quarter of the 6th millennium (Middle Neolithic period) until the beginning of the 5th millennium BC. Additionally, one sample collected from a depth of 2 cm from the present surface of the cave yielded an age falling within the 6th century AD, giving thus the absolute time span of the cave use.
    [Show full text]
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, eyalm@sas.upenn.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact repository@pobox.upenn.edu. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny
    THE INFLUENCE OF ACHAEMENID PERSIA ON FOURTH-CENTURY AND EARLY HELLENISTIC GREEK TYRANNY Miles Lester-Pearson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11826 This item is protected by original copyright The influence of Achaemenid Persia on fourth-century and early Hellenistic Greek tyranny Miles Lester-Pearson This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St Andrews Submitted February 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Miles Lester-Pearson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2015. Date: Signature of Candidate: 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • 12 Iczegar Abstracts
    12th ICZEGAR ABSTRACTS 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY OF GREECE AND ADJACENT REGIONS International Congress on the Zoogeography, Ecology and Evolution of Southeastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean Athens, 18 – 22 June 2012 Published by the HELLENIC ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 2012 2nd Edition, September 2012 Editors: A. Legakis, C. Georgiadis & P. Pafilis Proposed reference: A. Legakis, C. Georgiadis & P. Pafilis (eds.) (2012). Abstracts of the International Congress on the Zoogeography, Ecology and Evolution of Southeastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean, 18-22 June 2012, Athens, Greece. Hellenic Zoological Society, 230 pp. © 2012, Hellenic Zoological Society ISBN: 978-618-80081-0-6 Abstracts may be reproduced provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given and the reference cited. International Congress on the Zoogeography, Ecology and Evolution of Southeastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean 12th ICZEGAR, 18-22 June 2012, Athens, Greece Organized by the Hellenic Zoological Society Organizing Committee Ioannis Anastasiou Christos Georgiadis Anastasios Legakis Panagiotis Pafilis Aris Parmakelis Costas Sagonas Maria Thessalou-Legakis Dimitris Tsaparis Rosa-Maria Tzannetatou-Polymeni Under the auspices of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and the Department of Biology of the NKUA PREFACE The 12th International Congress on the Zoogeography and Ecology of Greece and Adjacent Regions (ICZEGAR) is taking place in Athens, 34 years after the inaugural meeting. The congress has become an institution bringing together scientists, students and naturalists working on a wide range of subjects and focusing their research on southeastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. The congress provides the opportunity to discuss, explore new ideas, arrange collaborations or just meet old friends and make new ones.
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Separating Fact from Fiction in the Aiolian Migration
    hesperia yy (2008) SEPARATING FACT Pages399-430 FROM FICTION IN THE AIOLIAN MIGRATION ABSTRACT Iron Age settlementsin the northeastAegean are usuallyattributed to Aioliancolonists who journeyed across the Aegean from mainland Greece. This articlereviews the literary accounts of the migration and presentsthe relevantarchaeological evidence, with a focuson newmaterial from Troy. No onearea played a dominantrole in colonizing Aiolis, nor is sucha widespread colonizationsupported by the archaeologicalrecord. But the aggressive promotionof migrationaccounts after the PersianWars provedmutually beneficialto bothsides of theAegean and justified the composition of the Delian League. Scholarlyassessments of habitation in thenortheast Aegean during the EarlyIron Age are remarkably consistent: most settlements are attributed toAiolian colonists who had journeyed across the Aegean from Thessaly, Boiotia,Akhaia, or a combinationof all three.1There is no uniformityin theancient sources that deal with the migration, although Orestes and his descendantsare named as theleaders in mostaccounts, and are credited withfounding colonies over a broadgeographic area, including Lesbos, Tenedos,the western and southerncoasts of theTroad, and theregion betweenthe bays of Adramyttion and Smyrna(Fig. 1). In otherwords, mainlandGreece has repeatedly been viewed as theagent responsible for 1. TroyIV, pp. 147-148,248-249; appendixgradually developed into a Mountjoy,Holt Parker,Gabe Pizzorno, Berard1959; Cook 1962,pp. 25-29; magisterialstudy that is includedhere Allison Sterrett,John Wallrodt, Mal- 1973,pp. 360-363;Vanschoonwinkel as a companionarticle (Parker 2008). colm Wiener, and the anonymous 1991,pp. 405-421; Tenger 1999, It is our hope that readersinterested in reviewersfor Hesperia. Most of trie pp. 121-126;Boardman 1999, pp. 23- the Aiolian migrationwill read both articlewas writtenin the Burnham 33; Fisher2000, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Achaemenid Empire/ (Persia) BY: HOZAN LATIF RAUF General Architectural Features
    Achaemenid Empire/ (Persia) BY: HOZAN LATIF RAUF General Architectural features ▪ The architecture of Persians was more columnar and that led to vastly different massive architectural features from that of the Mesopotamian era. ▪ The use of flat timber roofs rather than vaults led to more slender columns and were rather more beautiful. This also led to rooms being squarer in shape than simple long rectangle. ▪ The roofing system was also very different, wherein the wooden brackets were covered in clay and provided more stability. The use of a double mud wall might have provided room for windows just below ceiling in structures like Palace of Persepolis. VOCABULARY WORDS ▪ The COLUMN is divided into three parts: ▪ The BASE ▪ The SHAFT- FLUTED ▪ The CAPITAL- Double Animal most with bulls Ancient Susa/Shush The city of SUSA was the Persian capital in succession to Babylon, where there is a building with a citadel complex. There was a good skill set of artisans and laborers available which made the palace complex more of a piece of art than just a building structure. Cedar wood was got from Lebanon and teak from the mountain of Zagros. The baked bricks were still made in the Babylonian method. Ancient Susa/Shush Ancient Persepolis PERSEPOLIS ▪ 518 BCE ▪ King Darius utilized influences and materials from all over his empire, which included Babylon, Egypt, Mesopotamian and Greece Architectural Plan of Ancient Persepolis The Great/Apadana Staircase ▪ King Xerxes (486-465 BC) built the Grand Staircase and the Gate of All Nations. ▪ The Grand Staircase is located on the northeast side of the city and these stairs were carved from massive blocks of stone.
    [Show full text]
  • Amunowruz-Magazine-No1-Sep2018
    AMU NOWRUZ E-MAGAZINE | NO. 1 | SEPTEMBER 2018 27SEP. HAPPY WORLD TOURISM DAY Taste Persia! One of the world's most ancient and important culinary schools belongs to Iran People of the world; Iran! Includes 22 historical sites and a natural one. They 're just one small portion from Iran's historical and natural resources Autumn, one name and a thousand significations About Persia • History [1] Contents AMU NOWRUZ E-MAGAZINE | NO. 1 | SEPTEMBER 2018 27SEP. HAPPY WORLD TOURISM DAY Taste Persia! One of the world's most ancient and important culinary schools belongs to Iran Editorial 06 People of the world; Iran! Includes 22 historical sites and a natural one. They 're just one small portion from Iran's historical and natural resources Autumn, one name and a thousand significations Tourism and the Digital Transformation 08 AMU NOWRUZ E-MAGAZINE NO.1 SEPTEMBER 2018 10 About Persia History 10 A History that Builds Civilization Editorial Department Farshid Karimi, Ramin Nouri, Samira Mohebali UNESCO Heritages Editor In Chief Samira Mohebali 14 People of the world; Iran! Authors Kimia Ajayebi, Katherin Azami, Elnaz Darvishi, Fereshteh Derakhshesh, Elham Fazeli, Parto Hasanizadeh, Maryam Hesaraki, Saba Karkheiran, Art & Culture Arvin Moazenzadeh, Homeira Mohebali, Bashir Momeni, Shirin Najvan 22 Tourism with Ethnic Groups in Iran Editor Shekufe Ranjbar 26 Religions in Iran 28 Farsi; a Language Rooted in History Translation Group Shekufe Ranjbar, Somayeh Shirizadeh 30 Taste Persia! Photographers Hessam Mirrahimi, Saeid Zohari, Reza Nouri, Payam Moein,
    [Show full text]
  • The Persian Wars: Ionian Revolt the Ionian Revolt, Which Began in 499
    The Persian Wars: Ionian Revolt The Ionian Revolt, which began in 499 B.C. marked the beginning of the Greek-Persian wars. In 546 B.C. the Persians had conquered the wealthy Greek settlements in Ionia (Asia Minor). The Persians took the Ionians’ farmland and harbors. They forced the Ionians to pay tributes (the regular payments of goods). The Ionians also had to serve in the Persian army. The Ionians knew they could not defeat the Persians by themselves, so they asked mainland Greece for help. Athens sent soldiers and a small fleet of ships. Unfortunately for the Ionians, the Athenians went home after their initial success, leaving the small Ionian army to fight alone. In 493 B.C. the Persian army defeated the Ionians. To punish the Ionians for rebelling, the Persians destroyed the city of Miletus. They may have sold some of tis people into slavery. The Persian Wars: Battle of Marathon After the Ionian Revolt, the Persian King Darius decided to conquer the city-states of mainland Greece. He sent messengers to ask for presents of Greek earth and water as a sign that the Greeks agreed to accept Persian rule. But the Greeks refused. Darius was furious. In 490 B.C., he sent a large army of foot soldiers and cavalry (mounted soldiers) across the Aegean Sea by boat to Greece. The army assembled on the pain of Marathon. A general named Miltiades (Mill-te-ah-deez) convinced the other Greek commanders to fight the Persians at Marathon. In need of help, the Athenians sent a runner named Pheidippides (Fa-dip-e-deez) to Sparta who ran for two days and two nights.
    [Show full text]