Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta : Order Hemiptera : Family Gerridae)
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World-Wide Distribution of the Bryozoan Pectinatella Magnifica (Leidy 1851)
96 European Journal of Environmental Sciences WORLD-WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRYOZOAN PECTINATELLA MAGNIFICA (LEIDY 1851) ZUZANA BALOUNOVÁ1, EVA PECHOUŠKOVÁ1, JOSEF RAJCHARD1,*, VÍT JOZA1, and JAN ŠINKO2 1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, CZ 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic 2 Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, CZ 389 01, Vodňany, Czech Republic * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy 1851) is an invasive freshwater colonial animal belonging to the phylum Bryozoa. It is native to the area east of the Mississippi River, from Ontario to Florida. Currently it occurs throughout North America and the first record for it outside that continent was for Bille near Hamburg in 1883. Later, it was found in the Elbe (Havel by Spandau), in Tegeler See, a pond in Wroclaw and in Silesia and Brandenburg. In addition, floatoblasts of P. magnifica were found in the upper Elbe in Germany in the 1950s. Then, P. magnifica spread to the area of Spandau in Berlin and the Oder, and Wroclaw. It is also recorded in Romania and Turkey. In France, it was recorded occurring in the area called Franche-Comté in 1994. Its occurrence in the Netherlands was first reported in 2003 and then each following year. The newest discoveries are for the Rhine basin in the area between Luxembourg and Germany. Recently, it was also recorded in the Czech Republic and Austria. Besides Europe and North America, it is also recorded in Japan and Korea. The statoblasts of P. magnifica are spread by flowing water, zoochory and probably also by anthropochory. -
Unesco-Eolss Sample Chapters
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE - Myxozoan Biology And Ecology - Dr. Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla and Oswaldo Palenzuela MYXOZOAN BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla and Oswaldo Palenzuela Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain Keywords: Myxozoa, Myxosporea, Actinosporea, Malacosporea, Metazoa, Parasites, Fish Pathology, Invertebrates, Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Cell Biology, Life Cycle Contents 1. Introduction 2. Phylogeny 3. Morphology and Taxonomy 3.1. Spore Morphology 3.2. Taxonomy 4. Life Cycle 4.1. Life Cycle of Myxosporea 4.2. Life Cycle of Malacosporea 5. Cell Biology and Development 6. Ecological Aspects 6.1. Hosts 6.2. Habitats 6.3. Environmental Cues 7. Pathology 7.1. General Remarks 7.2. Pathogenic Effects of Myxozoans 7.2.1. Effects on Invertebrates 7.2.2. Effects on Fish 7.2.3. Effects on non-fish Vertebrates Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary UNESCO-EOLSS The phylum Myxozoa is a group of microscopic metazoans with an obligate endoparasitic lifestyle.SAMPLE Traditionally regarded CHAPTERS as protists, research findings during the last decades have dramatically changed our knowledge of these organisms, nowadays understood as examples of early metazoan evolution and extreme adaptation to parasitic lifestyles. Two distinct classes of myxozoans, Myxosporea and Malacosporea, are characterized by profound differences in rDNA evolution and well supported by differential biological and developmental features. This notwithstanding, most of the existing Myxosporea subtaxa require revision in the light of molecular phylogeny data. Most known myxozoans exhibit diheteroxenous cycles, alternating between a vertebrate host (mostly fish but also other poikilothermic vertebrates, and exceptionally birds and mammals) and an invertebrate (mainly annelids and bryozoans but possibly other ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE - Myxozoan Biology And Ecology - Dr. -