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: 2003. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 1 12( 1):29—35 DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHWATER SPONGES AND BRYOZOANS IN NORTHWEST INDIANA David K. Barnes: Department of Biology, Purdue University North Central; Westville, Indiana 46391-9528 USA Thomas E. Lauer: Aquatic Biology and Fisheries Center, Department of Biology. Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306-0440 USA ABSTRACT. Current biogeographical distributions of freshwater sponges (Porifera) and bryozoans (Ec- toprocta and Entoprocta) are poorly known in Indiana. Although seemingly ubiquitous in many aquatic communities, neither group has received much notoriety in this state, nor the midwestern United States. In an initial effort to begin the systematic taxonomic distribution of these groups in Indiana, this stud) identified 2 sponges and 13 bryozoans in northwest Indiana lakes. The recent appearance of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes has focused new attention on the sessile benthic communities, as significant changes in benthic community structure are expected with the introduction of this exotic species. Without knowing the historical and current distribution of native invertebrates, such as the sponges and bryozoans, it is not possible to identify changes in community composition over time. Keywords: Porifera, Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, freshwater bryozoan, freshwater sponge The distribution and taxonomy of fresh- graphical status. There are 25 species known water sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae) in in North American freshwater (Wood 200 1 North America has not received widespread Smith 1992), and the distribution of many of attention, although some notable works exist these species is thought to be ubiquitous for the entire United States (Penney & Racek (Bushnell 1974). In the Great Lakes region, 1968), and regions surrounding the Great some taxonomic records exist (Brown 1933: Lakes (Potts 1887; Smith 1921; Old 1931; Rogick 1934; Bushnell 1965a. 1965b. 1965c; Jewell 1935; Neidhoefer 1940; Eshleman Maciorowski 1974; Ricciardi & Reiswig 1950; Ricciardi & Reiswig 1993). Ricciardi & 1994). However, no published documentation Reiswig (1993) found 15 different species and could be found for this taxonomic group in suggested that additional taxa could be iden- Indiana except for these recent studies in the tified in eastern Canada with further study. northern part of the state (Wood 1996: Lauer Sponges may be more ubiquitous than the et al. 1999; Last & Whitman 1999/2000). available scientific literature indicates; and the Without knowing the historical and current absence or limited ranges of some species distribution of native sponges and bryozoans, may not reflect their true zoogeographical dis- it is not possible to identity changes in com- tribution, but rather a lack of observation munity composition over time. Rapid modifi- (Frost 1991). We have only been able to find cation in the quantity and diversity of benthic six published records of sponge distributions species has been observed in the Great Lakes in Indiana (Evermann & Clark 1920; Kintner with the appearance of non-indigenous spe- 1938; Early et al. 1996; Lauer & Spacie 1996; cies, such as the zebra mussel (Dreissena po- Early & Glonek 1999; Lauer et al. 2001), and lymorpha). These invasions have threatened these are limited in scope. the biotic integrity of native organisms and Although bryozoans (Ectoprocta and Ento- negatively affected the ecosystem stability of procta) are widely distributed in epibenthic sessile benthic communities (Hebert et al. and littoral communities (Rogick 1934, 1957; 1991; Mills et al. 1004). Bushnell et al. 1987; Ricciardi & Lewis The objectives of this study were to deter- 1991), little is known about their zoogeo- mine the biogeographical distribution of fresh- 29 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE picking or scraping the organisms from the substrate, or removing the organism with the substrate still attached. Sponge identification is based largely on spicule morphology and care was taken to collect specimens bearing gemmules, as well as somatic tissue. Similar- ly, bryozoan identification typically requires the inspection of statoblasts in addition to the vegetative colony, and both were collected when possible. Most species are large enough to observe with the naked eye, but a hand lens was used to validate colonies that were small or non-descript. Samples were preserved im- mediately upon collection with 70% ethyl al- cohol, and returned to the laboratory for tax- 20 km onomic identification. Laboratory preparation of sponge spicules Figure 1. —Lakes studied in Lake, Porter and (megascleres, microscleres, and gemmoscler- LaPorte Counties, Indiana. Numbers indicate lake es) was performed using an acid digestion, location and correspond to the lake names: 1. Ce- followed by washings in water and ethyl al- dar; 2. Francher; 3. Holiday; 4. Lakeland; 5. Lem- cohol. The alcohol was evaporated, and the 6. Wolf; 7. 8. 10. 1 1. Big on; Clear; Pine; Saugany; spicules were mounted in Permount. This Bass; 12. Eliza; 13. Flint; 14. Long; 15. Loomis; technique creates a permanent mount and al- 16. Louise; 17. Minnehaha; 18. Round; 19. Spec- lows the microscopic examination of the spic- tacle; 20. Wahob. ules as described in Pennak (1989). Species were identified using the taxonomic keys of Pennak (1989), Frost (1991), and Ricciardi & water sponges and bryozoans in the lakes of Reiswig (1993). Lake, Porter and LaPorte counties, Indiana Bryozoan colonies and statoblasts were ex- (excluding Lake Michigan), and to identify amined using a binocular microscope at 10X the water quality habitats of both bryozoans magnification and identified using the taxo- and freshwater sponges where they are found. nomic keys of Pennak (1989), Wood (1989, METHODS 2001), Ricciardi & Reiswig (1994) and Wood (1996). Twenty lakes in three northwest Indiana Water quality measurements were taken at counties were sampled for freshwater sponges each location at the time of biological sam- and bryozoans during the summer of 1998 pling to characterize the habitat where bryo- (Fig. 1 ). The lakes sampled were public, fresh- zoans and sponges were found. Physical and water natural lakes remnant from the geolog- chemical parameters measured were: temper- ical activity that occurred during the Pleisto- ature, pH, Secchi, conductivity, hardness, cal- cene glaciation approximately 12,000 years cium, magnesium, total dissolved solids, and ago (reviewed by Hutchinson 1957). The size dissolved oxygen. Chemistry analysis was and maximum depths of the lakes varied (Ta- completed within 6 h of collection using Hach ble 1). In each lake, a single collection effort Company methodology (Hach Chemical occurred in June-July and typically included Company 1988, 1990) for oxygen (DO), hard- 2-4 man-hours of shallow water wading and ness, calcium, magnesium, and total dissolved snorkcling at each site. For small lakes, the solids (TDS). A digital Marine Systems meter collection effort encompassed the entire litto- was used for pH measurements, while con- ral area, while for larger lakes, the collection ductivity and temperature were taken on site sites included all available habitat types. No using a Hach Model 44600 conductivity me- sampling was performed at the lake outlets. ter. Scuba diving was used in deeper waters when warranted. Sticks, plants, rocks, and other RESULTS similar hard substrate were examined for the Thirteen bryozoans (3 classes, 7 families) sponges and bryozoans. 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  • Recolonization of Freshwater Ecosystems Inferred from Phylogenetic Relationships Nikola Koleti�C1, Maja Novosel2, Nives Rajevi�C2 & Damjan Franjevi�C2

    Recolonization of Freshwater Ecosystems Inferred from Phylogenetic Relationships Nikola KoletiC1, Maja Novosel2, Nives RajeviC2 & Damjan FranjeviC2

    Bryozoans are returning home: recolonization of freshwater ecosystems inferred from phylogenetic relationships Nikola Koletic1, Maja Novosel2, Nives Rajevic2 & Damjan Franjevic2 1Institute for Research and Development of Sustainable Ecosystems, Jagodno 100a, 10410 Velika Gorica, Croatia 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Keywords Abstract COI, Gymnolaemata, ITS2, Phylactolaemata, rRNA genes. Bryozoans are aquatic invertebrates that inhabit all types of aquatic ecosystems. They are small animals that form large colonies by asexual budding. Colonies Correspondence can reach the size of several tens of centimeters, while individual units within a Damjan Franjevic, Department of Biology, colony are the size of a few millimeters. Each individual within a colony works Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, as a separate zooid and is genetically identical to each other individual within Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. the same colony. Most freshwater species of bryozoans belong to the Phylacto- Tel: +385 1 48 77 757; Fax: +385 1 48 26 260; laemata class, while several species that tolerate brackish water belong to the E-mail: [email protected] Gymnolaemata class. Tissue samples for this study were collected in the rivers of Adriatic and Danube basin and in the wetland areas in the continental part Funding Information of Croatia (Europe). Freshwater and brackish taxons of bryozoans were geneti- This research was supported by Adris cally analyzed for the purpose of creating phylogenetic relationships between foundation project: “The genetic freshwater and brackish taxons of the Phylactolaemata and Gymnolaemata clas- identification of Croatian autochthonous ses and determining the role of brackish species in colonizing freshwater and species”.