Key to the Lichen Genera of the Pacific Northwest
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Key to the Lichen Genera of the Pacific Northwest January 2016 Bruce McCune Key to the Lichen Genera of the Pacific Northwest Bruce McCune Dept. Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902 [email protected] 18 January, 2016 This is a draft key that I am willing to share with you as long as you realize that it represents a slice in time in a rapidly evolving document. Almost every week I find new information from publications and from the field and lab work of my students and colleagues that needs to be incorporated. Some of these remain to be incorporated, e.g. changes in the Verrucariaceae and Teloschistaceae. Comments, corrections, or suggestions are appreciated. This key attempts to include all lichenized fungi known from the Pacific Northwest or North America. This is the region from the Pacific Coast inland to the Continental Divide in Montana, extending north to include coastal southeast Alaska, and south to northern California. It includes most of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho north of the Snake River Plain, and western Montana. Coverage for northern California is not comprehensive, but most of its species can be keyed here. Peripheral species not yet known from the Pacific Northwest, but likely to be found there, are given in parentheses (...). Most of these are from California, Alaska, and Colorado. Genera of non-lichenized lichenicolous fungi are not included in the key, with few exceptions, such as genera traditionally treated by lichenologists rather than mycologists. Colors are for dry specimens unless stated otherwise. "Spores" refers to ascospores unless stated otherwise. Crustose species that typically occur in sterile form are keyed separately. At endpoints in the keys, key characters are separated from supplemental characters by a period. For now I have omitted most references, except the collection of general references in the back. A few not-so- obvious sources are mentioned in the text. I plan to incorporate complete references into the keys to species. These keys are slowly accumulating. CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY KEY ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................................. 78 OTHER REFERENCE WORKS USEFUL IN THE PNW ............................................................................................... 78 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................................................................ 80 INDEX ............................................................................................................................................................................... 84 Cover: Hypogymnia enteromorpha by Eric B. Peterson INTRODUCTORY KEY 1a Fungus a basidiomycete; fruiting structures mushroom-like or club-shaped ......................................... Key A, Page 4 1b Fungus an ascomycete; fruiting structures various but not mushroom-like or fruiting structures not apparent 2a Thallus GELATINOUS, black to brown or gray, photobiont blue-green except in two intertidal species; thallus not filamentous ............................................................................................................... Key B, Page 4 2b Thallus STRATIFIED (or too finely filamentous to tell), color various, photobiont blue-green and/or green 3a CRUSTOSE lichens 4a Thallus fertile 5a Fruiting structure a MAZAEDIUM (spores in a loose powdery mass) and/or minute and on a very thin stalk .................................................................................................................... Key C, Page 7 5b Fruiting structure apothecia, perithecia, or lirellae 6a Fruiting structure elongate, narrow LIRELLAE, or ascocarps sometimes stellate, elliptical, or irregular ............................................................................................................... Key D, Page 9 6b Fruiting structures roundish ascocarps 7a Peritheciate: Ascocarps forming PERITHECIA, or perithecia-like; black, flask-shaped ......... ....................................................................................................................... Key E, Page 11 7b Apotheciate: Ascocarps forming APOTHECIA, or apothecia-like; disc shaped 8a Primary photobiont blue-green ................................................................. Key F, Page 16 8b Primary photobiont green (cephalodia with blue-green photobionts may be present) or thallus not apparent 9a Apothecia lacking both thalline and proper margin, the hymenium extending to the edge of the apothecium ...................................................................... Key G, Page 18 9b Apothecia with thalline margin and/or proper margin 10a Apothecia with a thalline margin (generally containing the photobiont and colored similarly to the thallus); sometimes with a pseudothalline margin (colored like the thallus rather than the disk, but not containing the photobiont); proper margin present or not ........................................................ Key H, Page 24 10b Apothecia with a proper margin only 11a Spores nonseptate .................................................................. Key I, Page 32 11b Spores septate ........................................................................ Key J, Page 38 4b Thallus STERILE 12a Thallus ORANGE, YELLOW, or yellow green ...................................................... Key K, Page 38 12b Thallus another color 13a Photobiont blue-green (cyanobacteria); thallus bluish gray or brownish gray; STERILE CYANOLICHEN CRUSTS ................................................................................ Key L, Page 40 13b Photobiont green; thallus gray, white, cream, brownish, olive, etc. 14a Thallus wholly LEPROSE or completely ecorticate .................................... Key M, Page 40 14b Thallus CORTICATE, even when almost entirely sorediate at least some parts corticate (in a few cases forming a discontinuous leprose crust, the nonsorediate part of the thallus being endophloedal) 15a On BARK OR WOOD or bryophytes over bark or wood ...................... Key N, Page 42 15b On ROCK or SOIL or bryophytes over rock or soil ............................... Key O, Page 51 3b MACROLICHENS (thallus squamulose, foliose, or fruticose, including minutely filamentous species) 16a Thallus SQUAMULOSE ............................................................................................... Key P, Page 56 16b Thallus foliose or fruticose 17a Thallus FOLIOSE, with dorsiventral lobes (if ± crustose with marginal lobes, key as crustose or squamulose) 18a Thallus UMBILICATE (with central holdfast), on rock .................................... Key Q, Page 61 18b Thallus not umbilicate, more broadly attached, or if centrally attached then not on rock 19a Primary photobiont blue green (STRATIFIED CYANOLICHENS); upper surface usually 2 some shade of dark gray, brown, or black ..................................................... Key R, Page 61 19b Primary photobiont green (look for grass GREEN ALGAL layer); upper surface variously colored ........................................................................................................... Key S, Page 64 17b Thallus FRUTICOSE, only rarely with dorsiventral lobes 20a Thallus BLACKISH FILAMENTOUS, prostrate or erect, minute or large ....... Key T, Page 70 20b Thallus not of black filaments; color various 21a Thallus of HOLLOW STALKS (podetia) that are ± round and pointed or tipped with apothecia or cups ........................................................................................... Key U, Page 73 21a Thallus not of hollow stalks (thallus either not stalked or not hollow); OTHER FRUTICOSE lichens ..................................................................................... Key V, Page 73 3 Key A: BASIDIOMYCETES 1a Fruiting body with stalk and cap (typical mushroom form), tan or brown, with thin decurrent gills; the lichenized portion is dark green to gray green and granular to small squamulose. — On rotten wood and peaty soil; widespread, common Lichenomphalia Omphalina, Botrydina 1b Fruiting body short, clavate, pinkish brown, yellowish, tan, or whitish; thallus granular or membranous. — On soil and rotten wood; widespread, occasional Multiclavula Key B: GELATINOUS, BLACKISH, NONFILAMENTOUS Thallus gelatinous, non-stratified (homoiomerous); black to brown or gray, photobiont mostly blue-green (Also see Schultz & Büdel’s key to the Lichinaceae (Lichenologist 34:39-62).) 1a Plants aquatic or in rocky intertidal areas 2a Plants in freshwater; photobiont blue green; ascocarps apothecia 3a Lobes 2-15 mm broad, loosely attached. — Lower surface veined; thallus foliose, with medium-sized lobes; locally common in Cascades, rare in RM, typically in small spring-fed streams having little fluctuation in water level Peltigera hydrothyria Hydrothyria venosa 3b Lobes < 2 mm broad, coalescing and tightly attached in dark, thin rosettes that are very difficult to remove from rock. — In mountain streams Scytinium rivale 2b Plants in the rocky intertidal; photobiont green; lower surface not veined; thallus foliose, taking the form of the algal partner; ascocarps perithecia 4a Spores elongate ellipsoid, 11-18 x 3-5 µm; gelatinous matrix enclosing