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Transatlantica, 2 | 2011, « Sport Et Société / Animals and the American Imagination » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 21 Décembre 2011, Consulté Le 29 Avril 2021 Transatlantica Revue d’études américaines. American Studies Journal 2 | 2011 Sport et société / Animals and the American Imagination Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/transatlantica/5222 DOI : 10.4000/transatlantica.5222 ISSN : 1765-2766 Éditeur AFEA Référence électronique Transatlantica, 2 | 2011, « Sport et société / Animals and the American Imagination » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 21 décembre 2011, consulté le 29 avril 2021. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ transatlantica/5222 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/transatlantica.5222 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 29 avril 2021. Transatlantica – Revue d'études américaines est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. 1 Le comité de rédaction de Transatlantica dédie ce numéro à la mémoire de Naomi Wulf, membre fondateur de notre revue, et responsable de la rubrique Comptes-rendus en civilisation. L'article de Naomi Wulf et Nathalie Caron "Les Lumières américaines: continuités et renouveau", publié dans le numéro 2009:2 de Transatlantica, a reçu le David Thelen Award, décerné par l'Organization of American Historians, le 21 avril 2012. Cet article sera traduit et publié par le Journal of American History. Transatlantica, 2 | 2011 2 SOMMAIRE Sport et société Dossier dirigé par Peter Marquis La balle et la plume Le regard universitaire sur le sport dans la société américaine Peter Marquis The American Jockey, 1865-1910 Steven A. Riess Les nouvelles frontières des Jeux Anthropologiques de Saint-Louis Sport et racialisation de la nation américaine au début du 20e siècle Fabrice Delsahut Baseball and American Foreign Policy Robert Elias « Penser base-ball » Formes et enjeux de l’action caritative des Dodgers de Brooklyn en faveur de la jeunesse locale (1913-1957) Peter Marquis Une balle blanche dans un roman noir Le base-ball au cœur de l’enquête dans Squeeze Play de Paul Benjamin (Paul Auster) Sophie Vallas Un « sport noir » ? Le basket-ball et la communauté africaine-américaine Nicolas Martin-Breteau Racial Fault-lines in “Baseball’s Great Experiment:” Black Perceptions, White Reactions Henry D. Fetter Sport et société aux États-Unis : bibliographie sélective, 1981-2008 Peter Marquis Animals and the American Imagination Dossier dirigé par Thomas Pughe Introduction: Animals and the American Imagination Thomas Pughe Des esclaves et des bêtes : fables de la sauvagerie en Amérique dans Letters from an American Farmer, de St John de Crèvecoeur Agnès Derail-Imbert Le faune et la sirène : la situation de Cuvier dans l’économie de The Marble Faun, de Nathaniel Hawthorne Antoine Traisnel Dog-type : amours de chiens, chiennes d’images et types ordinaires dans le daguerréotype américain François Brunet Transatlantica, 2 | 2011 3 Écrire « au nom de l’Abeille, du Papillon et de la Brise » : figures animalières et paysagères dans les écrits d’Emily Dickinson. Estève Marie “Spiders and Webs in American Literature” Vincent Dussol Jack Kerouac’s Ecopoetics in The Dharma Bums and Desolation Angels : Domesticity, Wilderness and Masculine Fantasies of Animality Pierre-Antoine Pellerin Oscar, Derrida’s Cat, and Other Knowing Animals Wendy Harding et Jacky Martin Hors-thème Hollywood adaptations of comic books in a post-9/11 context: the economic and cultural factors Nathalie Dupont Rimbaud’s influence on Jayne Anne Phillips: from Sweethearts to Shelter Stéphanie Durrans Reconnaissances The Evolution of an Activist With an Introduction by Nathalie Cochoy Rick Bass Race and Redemption in the American Heartland With an Introduction by Françoise Palleau-Papin Rilla Askew Varia Henri Cartier-Bresson / Paul Strand, Mexique 1932-1934 Exposition à la Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson, du 11 janvier au 22 avril 2012. L’exposition sera présentée du 13 mai au 2 septembre au Point du Jour Centre d’art à Cherbourg. Didier Aubert Berenice Abbott (1898-1991), photographies Exposition au Jeu de Paume, 21/02-29/04/2012 Juliette Melia Photo League, Weegee et Cindy Sherman à New York Jewish Museum (4 novembre 2011 - 25 mars 2012) ; ICP (20 janvier - 2 septembre 2012) ; MoMa (26 février - 11 juin 2012) Jean Kempf The Radical Camera, New York’s Photo League, 1936-1951 Jewish Museum, New York (November 4-March 25, 2012). Commissaire : Mason Klein Marie Cordié Lévy Transatlantica, 2 | 2011 4 John, Hoover et J. Edgar : notes sur le(s) portrait(s) d’une légende À propos du film J. Edgar (Clint Eastwood, Warner Bros., 2011) Alexandre Rios-Bordes et Yann Philippe Art contemporain ou kitsch ? Les productions de Gregory Crewdson Bernard Genton “Josef Albers en Amérique, Peintures sur papier” Centre Pompidou, 8 February – 30 April 2012 Jennifer Donelly Coloring Their World: Americans and Decorative Color in the Nineteenth Century Kelly Wright Actualité de la recherche Colloque « Kubrick, les films, les musiques » Université d’Évry, 25-26 mars 2011 Serge Dambrine Symposium “Visual Studies / Études visuelles: un champ en question” Université Paris 7, Institut Charles V, October 20-22, 2011 Camille Rouquet Colloque « Gertrude Stein et les Arts » Grand Palais, Paris, 20-21 octobre 2011 Emöke Simon Journée d’Études « Coïncidences » Université Toulouse 2-Le Mirail, 18 novembre 2011 Étienne Février Democracy Promotion and Nation Building in United States Foreign Policy Part I: Democracy from America? Historical Continuities in U.S. Nation Building Policies Myriam Chasserieau Conférence de Nina Crimm Université Paris-Est Créteil - juin 2011 Elizabeth LEVY Comptes rendus Abraham Plotkin, An American in Hitler’s Berlin: Abraham Plotkin’s Diary, 1932-33, edited with an introduction by Catherine Collomp and Bruno Gruppo, Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 2009 Laura Hobson Faure Clément Oudart, Les Métamorphoses du modernisme, de H.D. à Robert Duncan, Paris, Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2010 Claudia Desblaches Michel Granger, Lieux d’Amérique, Lyon, Presses Universitaires de Lyon, « Champ anglophone », 2010 Denise Ginfray Claudette Fillard and Françoise Orazi (eds.), Exchanges and Correspondence: The Construction of Feminism, Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010 Sara Heft Transatlantica, 2 | 2011 5 Caroline Rolland-Diamond, Chicago: Le Moment 68. Territoire de la contestation étudiante et répression politique, Paris, Syllepse, Collection Germe, 2011 Michèle Gibault Transatlantica, 2 | 2011 6 Sport et société Dossier dirigé par Peter Marquis Transatlantica, 2 | 2011 7 La balle et la plume Le regard universitaire sur le sport dans la société américaine Peter Marquis 1 Fin octobre 2008, la nouvelle fit l’effet d’une bombe : Barack Obama, alors candidat à la présidence américaine, demanda à la chaîne câblée Fox News de retarder le début du sixième match de la World Series de base-ball afin de diffuser un spot de campagne1. Son adversaire, John McCain, soutenu par le camp républicain et une partie de la population, monta aussitôt au créneau pour dénoncer l’hérésie : s’arroger le droit de perturber cette grande finale du championnat au déroulement immuable revenait à commettre un crime d’hubris2. Heureusement pour le démocrate, la victoire expéditive des Phillies de Philadelphie ne rendit pas nécessaire ce sixième match, mais cette anecdote souligne qu’aux États-Unis, beaucoup « prennent leurs sports au sérieux »3. Il est vrai que des millions d’Américaines et d’Américains se passionnent chaque saison pour les quatre sports majeurs que sont (par ordre de popularité) le football « américain », le base-ball, le basket et le hockey sur glace4. Non seulement ces sports professionnels sont réglementés par des ligues et des entreprises qui chaque année génèrent des marchés de plusieurs milliards de dollars, mais encore ils ont le statut de pilier de la culture nationale, quand on ne les considère pas tout simplement essentiel au bien public5. Toute atteinte à la tradition déclenche querelles et levées de boucliers, comme l’illustre l’anecdote citée plus haut. 2 Facteur de continuité dans un pays qu’on dit souvent privé de traditions6, le sport moderne a endossé, depuis sa naissance à la fin du 19e siècle, de nombreux rôles au sein de la société américaine. Promoteurs et praticiens lui prêtèrent d’innombrables vertus, défendant par des discours souvent idéologiques sa nécessité pour la vitalité de l’individu ou la grandeur de la nation7. De nos jours, la thèse de l’utilité sociale du sport est encore vivace. Beaucoup estiment par exemple qu’il garantit le respect et la transmission de valeurs essentielles à l’identité américaine comme la compétitivité, l’égalité des chances, ou la mobilité sociale, autant de croyances largement diffusées dans la société et qui entretiennent un rapport étroit avec la « communauté imaginée » qui fonde la nation8. C’est cette caractéristique en particulier que le présent dossier entreprend d’explorer : comment, de la moitié du 19e siècle à nos jours, le sport a-t-il conquis une partie de l’espace public au point de refléter et parfois de façonner la Transatlantica, 2 | 2011 8 société américaine et ses représentations ? Avant de présenter les sept contributions qui forment ce dossier inédit en France, un rapide parcours historiographique s’impose afin de cerner les différents moments du regard universitaire sur le sport dans la société américaine. Histoire d’un regard « Quiconque veut connaître le cœur et l’âme de l’Amérique se doit d’apprendre le base-ball, les F0 F0 9 règles et les réalités du jeu 5B …5D » (Barzun, 1954) 3 Souvent citée en exergue de livres sur le base-ball, cette remarque de l’historien français Jacques Barzun, alors professeur d’histoire de la culture à Columbia University, souligne que la symbiose entre les sports professionnels et une certaine mythologie nationale n’est pas récente. Déjà en 1954, on supposait une hypothétique consubstantialité entre l’Amérique et le base-ball, un de ses sports les plus emblématiques. Religion civile pour certains, expérience du beau pour d’autres, le sport colporte, selon l’historien Melvin Adelman, « des connotations mythiques qui fournissent une réassurance symbolique sur le sens et la fonction de la nation F0 F0 10 5B américaine 5D ».
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