International interactions at

The Lepton Photon 2003 conference, hosted by Fermilab, provided an opportunity to take stock and to look ahead to TeV-scale physics in the coming decade. John Womersley and James Gillies report.

The directors of seven particle-physics laboratories who met with the press during the conference. From left: Michael Witherell of Fermilab, Albrecht Wagner of DESY, Yoji Totsuka ofKEK, Sergio Bertolucci oflNFN, Jonathan Dorfan ofSLAC, Luciano Maiani, director-general of CERN, Robert Aymar, director-general elect of CERN and Mikhail Danilov of ITER. (Fermilab.)

The big international summer conferences provide the venue for the and HERA was covered by a series of speakers: Patrizia high-energy physicists to show their newest results in front of a large, Azzi of Padova on top physics, Terry Wyatt of Manchester on influential audience. While delegates always hope for something electroweak, Michael Schmitt of Northwestern and Emmanuelle new and exciting, the pace of research doesn't always oblige. This Perez of Saclay on Higgs/SUSY and other searches, respectively, year, 650 physicists attended the XXI International Symposium on and Bob Hirosky of Virginia on QCD. The overall picture remains one Lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies (Lepton Photon of consistency with the , but the good news is that 2003) at Fermilab. While radical revisions to our view of the uni­ with roughly 200 pb"1 of data now recorded at CDF and D0, the verse are probably not required, interesting new results were pre­ Tevatron's Run II has entered previously unexplored territory. The sented, and a series of excellent review talks covered the broad experiments are opening up new areas of parameter space and sweep of . potential discovery reach for new physics, both with their direct As one might expect for a conference at Fermilab, the first day searches and through precise measurements of the properties was devoted largely to collider physics and electroweak-scale of the top quark and the W and Z bosons. On the theory front, phenomena. The experimental state of play with results from LEP, CERN's Paolo Gambino talked about the status of electroweak > The most talked about results at the conference came from BaBarand Belle, with a measurement ofsin2fi that is apparently at odds with the Standard Model.

Fermilab's director Mike Witherell talks to journalist Charles B-factories towards constraining the other two angles of the unitarity Seife from Science during the conference. (Fermilab.) triangle, and Kevin Pitts of Illinois outlined the complementary capa­

bilities of hadron colliders, which allow access to the Bs and to b- measurements and global fits, including the muon (g-2) measure­ baryons. Dresden's Klaus Schubert reported on significant progress

2 ment and NuTeV's anomalous value of sin 0w, and this led to a spir­ in determining the magnitudes (as opposed to the phases) of the ited discussion in the question and answer session after the talk. CKM matrix elements, using results from a broad array of experi­ Gian Giudice, also from CERN, described theoretical predictions for ments. The CKM matrix appears unitary at the 1.8a level, but some new physics at colliders, and Thomas Gehrmann of Zurich covered important inputs are still awaited. Gerhard Buchalla of Munich developments in QCD. Cornell University's Peter Lepage described explored tools to understand the QCD aspects of heavy hadron recent notable progress in lattice QCD calculations, and the last decays. Liverpool's John Fry covered measurements of rare hadronic two speakers, Augusto Ceccucci of CERN and Yuval Grossman of decays, while Mikihiko Nakao of KEK did the same for electroweak Technion, described rare K and B decays. There are recent results and radiative rare decays. from experiments at Fermilab, CERN and Brookhaven, and new ini­ In the session on charm and quarkonium physics, Bruce Yabsley tiatives that will significantly extend our sensitivity to new TeV-scale of Virginia Tech discussed the limits on new physics from charm physics through such windows are underway or planned. A reception decay, concluding that the results from CLEO-c (CERN Courier and poster session wound up the day, with music by the Chicago January/February 2002 pl3) are eagerly awaited. Tomasz Skwar- Hot Six, led by trombonist Roy Rubinstein - otherwise known as nicki of Syracuse described a revitalized scene in heavy-quarkonium Fermilab's assistant director. physics, thanks in part to large data samples at BES-II in Beijing, The second day was devoted to heavy-flavour physics and the CLEO-III at Cornell and Fermilab's E835 experiment. He pointed to CKM matrix. Probably the most talked about new result of the con­ solid theoretical progress and to new experimental opportunities at ference was presented by Tom Browder of Hawaii, who reported on BaBar and Belle, as well as CLEO-c. Jussara de Miranda of the

Belle's determination of sin 2^ (sin 2(3) from B-^c|)Ks decays. In Brazilian Centre for Research in Physics asked the question: "why is the Standard Model, this should be the same as the value extracted charm so charming?", concluding that it provides a powerful bridge

from the familiar B->J/WS process, namely 0.74 ±0.05. In 2002, to the parton world. both BaBarand Belle had found negative values, but the errors were Rounding off the second day was another innovation, a special large. With more data, Belle reported a new value at the meeting of open session on the Grid, to which the public was invited. Ian Foster -0.96 ±0.50 (+0.09/-0.11). By itself this measurement is 3.5a of Argonne and Chicago introduced the concept of Grid computing, from the Standard Model, but the situation was confused by a new and CERN's Ian Bird described its application to the LHC. Bob Aiken measurement from BaBar of the same quantity, which has moved from Cisco, Stephen Perrenod from Sun and David Martin of IBM much closer to the Standard Model and is +0.45 ±0.43 ±0.07. This explained the industry's perspective, while Dan Reed from the puzzle will take either more data or more study before it is resolved. National Center for Supercomputing Applications provided the view The Fermilab organizers introduced a number of innovations to from an academic computer centre. the 2003 edition of the conference, one of which was designed to Day three began with a session on astroparticle physics, with attract the media. Shortly after the new Belle and BaBar results were Pennsylvania's Licia Verde reporting the exciting results from the reported, the first of a series of informal media briefings brought Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). The detailed physicists and journalists together over a sandwich lunch to discuss cosmic microwave background images provided by WMAP bring the physics of the previous session. new insights into the early universe and into the amount of bary- Hassan Jawahery of Maryland described progress from the onic matter in the universe. Polarization measurements with WMAP also give a handle on the formation trino beam from CERN at the Gran of the first stars. The results point to a Sasso laboratory in Italy. flat universe consisting of just 4% Reactor-neutrino experiments were baryonic matter, with the first stars covered by Kunio Inoue of Tohoku, forming earlier than previously who pointed out that all modern thought at around 200 million years. experiments are extrapolations of the Harvard's Bob Kirshner focused on 1956 Reines and Cowan original, but the universe's invisible 95%. Super- with vast improvements in scale and novae observations indicate an accel­ flux, along with a better understand­ erating universe, consisting of about ing of reactor neutrinos. The fact that a third matter and two-thirds dark Japan's Kamioka mine has 70 GW energy. Concluding that there is a of reactor power at distances of bright future for dark energy, he 130-240 km and an existing cavern, looked forward to a resolution of the led to the KamLAND experiment, questions surrounding the cosmol- whose first results provide evidence ogical constant through forthcoming for neutrino disappearance from a supernovae studies. reactor source. Reactor experiments

Esteban Roulet of Bariloche gave also probe 613, the last remaining mix­ an update on very-high-energy cos­ ing angle in the neutrino sector. The mic rays, whose spectrum is des­ current best measurement of 813 less cribed by a "knee" at around 1015 eV than 10 degrees comes from the and an "ankle" at 1019eV. Recent French CHOOZ experiment. Turning work has shown that the chemical to solar neutrinos, Carleton's Alain composition becomes heavier above Bellerive gave a comprehensive his­ the knee, and that above the ankle torical overview from Homestake to the extragalactic component domin­ Sudbury, but kept the audience wait­ ates. Roulet also raised the question ing for new results from SNO (see p5). of doing astronomy with ultra-high- Youhei Morita from the KEK laboratory making changes In his wide-ranging theoretical energy cosmic rays, saying that to KEK's poster display to reflect the new results review, Alexei Smirnov pointed out although it would be like trying to do announced by the Belle collaboration. (Fermilab.) that the Lepton Photon conference optical astronomy with a telescope at devoted a full day and a half to dis­ the bottom of a swimming pool, the field has promise. cussion of the unitarity triangle for quarks, but no time to the equiv­ Lyon's Maryvonne de Jesus gave a comprehensive overview of alent for leptons. To redress the balance he constructed a leptonic the status of dark-matter experiments. So far, only the DAMA ex­ unitarity triangle, which he used to discuss the possibility of mea­ periment at Italy's Gran Sasso underground laboratory has reported suring CP violation in the leptonic sector. He also pointed out that a positive signal for WIMPS. A new detector, DAMA/LIBRA, is the only chance of reconciling LSND's oscillation result with other expected to report its first result towards the end of 2003. A range of experiments is by invoking extra, sterile, neutrinos. Deborah Harris of experiments planned or in preparation in Europe and the US can Fermilab then took the podium to give a detailed analysis of the exclude much, but not all of the area allowed by the DAMA mea­ beamline strategies and detector options for facilities ranging from surement. Giorgio Gratta of Stanford discussed tritium and double the near-term, such as the Japanese J-PARC to Kamioka beam, to beta decay experiments. The tritium experiments study the endpoint long-term projects such as the neutrino factory. of the decay spectrum from tritium decays to helium, an electron Day four was devoted to hadron structure and detector research and a neutrino, which is sensitive to neutrino mass. Results from and development. It began with a review of structure functions from spectrometer-based experiments at Mainz (<2.2 eV) and Troitsk deep-inelastic scattering at HERA given by Paul Newman of (<2.05eV) are the most sensitive so far. In the future, KATRIN at Birmingham. HERA shut down in 2000 for an upgrade that was Karlsruhe should achieve a sensitivity of around 0.25 eV. designed to boost the luminosity five fold. Now running again as In his review of accelerator neutrino experiments, Koichiro HERA-II, a few tens of inverse picobarns of data are expected this Nishikawa of Kyoto focused on the controversial LSND result, which year, and this is sufficient to begin studies of polarization depen­ suggests an oscillation scenario incompatible with the accepted dence. The theoretical perspective was given by Robert Thorne of picture. Final results from CERN's NOMAD experiment do not entirely Cambridge, who discussed the parton distributions that are essen­ exclude the LSND region, and attention has now passed to tial for analyses at high-energy hadron colliders such as Fermilab's MiniBOONE at Fermilab, which has so far recorded some 125 000 Tevatron and CERN's LHC. Toki-Aki Shibata of the Tokyo Institute of events. The first results are expected this autumn. Further ahead Technology discussed measurements with polarized hadrons, both are the long-baseline projects NUMI/MINOS at Fermilab-Soudan, in deep-inelastic scattering and proton-proton collisions, as a probe and the ICARUS and OPERA detectors, which will observe a neu- of the spin structure of hadrons and a tool to develop QCD. After ^> Interactions for all Experimenters in the setting the pace, and first beam is still foreseen for 2007. audience enjoyed Vera Luth of SLAC reported on hearing such a lUPAP's Commission on Par­ ticles and Fields, the umbrella prominent theoretican under which the Lepton Photon argue that we need and ICHEP conferences are held. She observed that the new results that put current difficulties experienced by scientists trying to obtain experiments ahead of visas to enter the US were of theory again. great concern and had a nega­ tive impact on the attendance at the conference (p50). Looking further ahead, Francois Richard of Orsay described the physics motivation for a TeV-scale linear collider, including the constraints that can now be placed on SUSY models from WMAP's cosmic microwave background measurements, assuming that Lepton Photon 2003 saw the launch oiinteractions.org, cosmic dark matter actually consists of neutralinos. SLAC's a new website designed to serve as a central resource for Jonathan Dorfan reported for ICFA, and Maury Tigner of Cornell for communicators of particle physics, whether they be physicists, the International Linear Collider Steering Committee. An inter­ professional communicators or members of the media. The site national report on the desired parameters of a linear collider is is updated daily with news, information, images and links from expected this autumn, and this will be followed by the setting up of the world of particle physics. It provides links to current a committee of "wise persons" from the Americas, Asia and Europe particle-physics news from the world's press; high-resolution to make a technology recommendation by the end of 2004. In photographs and graphics from the particle-physics laboratories parallel, a task force will recommend how to set up an internation­ of the world; links to education and outreach programmes; ally federated "pre-global design group" intended to evolve into a information about science policy and funding; links to design group for the accelerator as the project gains approval. Inter­ universities; a glossary; and a conference calendar. governmental contacts have started with a pre-meeting that was held in London in June. Ed Witten of Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study described the break, Yuji Yamazaki of KEK continued the QCD theme in his supersymmetry and other scenarios for new physics. Witten discussion of diffractive processes and vector meson production. admitted that an anthropic principle could account for the fine Diffractive processes have historically been described in terms of tuning and hierarchies that plague the Standard Model, but he pseudo-particle exchange within Regge theory. Today they can be hoped that this would not turn out to be the case. The ex­ described at least in part by perturbative QCD, though there remains perimenters in the audience enjoyed hearing such a prominent work to be done. theoretician argue that we need new results that put experiments In his review of heavy-ion collisions, David Hardtke of Berkeley ahead of theory again - "as is customary in science". The closing asked the question: "have we seen the quark-gluon plasma at talk, an outlook for the next 20 years, was given by Hitoshi RHIC?" He concluded that although the density and the temp­ Murayama of Berkeley. He argued that there is a convergence, at erature produced in RHIC gold-gold collisions is at or above the the TeV scale, of questions to do with flavours and generations predicted phase transition, no direct evidence has been seen for (neutrino masses and mixings, CP violation, B physics), questions excess entropy production. to do with unification and hierarchies of forces, and questions to do Ties Behnke of DESY and SLAC had the honour of presenting the with the cosmos (dark matter and dark energy). The TeV scale only detector R&D talk of the conference, and he focused on detec­ offers the answers to many of these questions, but also forms a tors for a future linear electron-positron collider, for which the cloud that blocks our vision. The next decade holds the exciting requirements are rather different from those for hadron machines. promise of dispersing this cloud and giving us the first clear view of The final day's programme looked forward. Véronique Boisvert of what lies ahead. CERN reported on a meeting held during the conference by the Young Particle Physicists' organization, and complimented the Further reading conference organizers on the visible role that young physicists had All the presentations are available from the conference website at played at Lepton Photon 2003. CERN's director-general, Luciano http://conferences.fnal.gov/lp2003. Maiani, reported on the status of the LHC and the steps that have The proceedings are to be published by World Scientific. been taken over the past couple of years to firm up its financial situation. Dipole magnet production remains the main item that is John Womersley, Fermilab, and James Gillies, CERN.