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A Critical Perspective on Barack Obama's Foreign Policy During The UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 8-2010 Cascading simulation: A critical perspective on Barack Obama‘s foreign policy during the 2008 presidential election Ian P. Beier University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Political Science Commons, Social Influence and oliticalP Communication Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons Repository Citation Beier, Ian P., "Cascading simulation: A critical perspective on Barack Obama‘s foreign policy during the 2008 presidential election" (2010). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/2197517 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CASCADING SIMULATION: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON BARACK OBAMA‘S FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE 2008 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION by Ian Patrick Beier Bachelor of Arts University of Northern Iowa 2008 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Communication Studies Department of Communication Studies Greenspun College of Urban Affairs Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas August 2010 Copyright by Ian Beier 2010 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE COLLEGE We recommend the thesis prepared under our supervision by Ian Patrick Beier entitled Cascading Simulation: A Critical Perspective on Barack Obama’s Foreign Policy during the 2008 Presidential Elective be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Communication Studies Joseph Valenzano, Committee Chair Thomas Burkholder, Committee Member Jacob Thompson, Committee Member David Pickens, Graduate Faculty Representative Ronald Smith, Ph. D., Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies and Dean of the Graduate College August 2010 ii ABSTRACT Cascading Simulation: A Critical Perspective on Barack Obama’s Foreign Policy During the 2008 Presidential Election by Ian Patrick Beier Dr. Joseph Valenzano, Examination Committee Chair Assistant Professor-in-Residence / Basic Course Director University of Nevada, Las Vegas Entering the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama had little to no foreign policy experience. On face, this would seem to make Obama an unlikely choice for President. Yet, he was able to defeat Hilary Clinton and John McCain, the two candidates with significant foreign policy experience. My thesis examines Barack Obama‘s speech ―A World That Stands as One‖ as a case study for understanding how simulation operates in the context of presidential campaigns. Using Robert Entman‘s theory of ―cascading activation,‖ I develop a theory of ―cascading simulation,‖ arguing that image construction descends downward from the president through the media. In order to make this argument, I examine the text of the speech itself, the CNN broadcast of the event, and then newspaper recounts of the event in the New York Times and Agence France Presse. As a result, these three levels of interpretation work together to simulate foreign policy experience. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I finished writing the final draft of my thesis, I struggled for a moment to come up with something to write in this section. This is not a result of some academic arrogance on my part. Rather, I feel that my gratitude cannot be captured in a short section titled ―acknowledgements.‖ With that in mind, I searched the Internet for good acceptance speeches from credible speakers. As luck would have it, Barack Obama has given quite a few acceptance speeches in his short time in office. The following is an adaptation of Barack Obama‘s ―acknowledgments‖ section of his December 10, 2009 Nobel Prize acceptance speech: I complete my thesis with deep gratitude and great humility. A Masters in Communication Studies is an award that speaks to our highest aspirations – that for all the cruelty and hardship of our world, we are not mere prisoners of fate. Our language matters and can bend history in the direction of justice. And yet I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the considerable controversy that your generous decision has generated. In part, this is because I am at the beginning, and not the end, of my labors on the world stage. Compared to some of the giants of history who have received this prize – Dr. Joseph Valenzano, Dr. Jacob Thompson, Dr. Thomas Burkholder, Dr. David Dickens – my accomplishments are slight.1 Dr. Joseph Valenzano, for example, read over twenty-eight drafts throughout this process, correcting several grammatical gems that would make an English major cringe. For example, in a June 14th draft of my prospectus, I wrote: ―the Obama camp quickly captured the minds of a significant portion of the youth vote by using the Internet and 1 Full text of Obama‘s speech is located at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president- acceptance-nobel-peace-prize. iv social-networking sites as a means to become incredibly popular among individuals from 18-25.‖ Without his oversight, this thesis could have turned into a 120 page run-on sentence. Dr. Jacob Thompson has also played a significant role in my academic development. Over the past six years, I have known Dr. Thompson as both a mentor and a supervisor who has offered me timely advice in both my professional and personal life. It is this very reason that I was more than willing to follow him from the University of Northern Iowa to the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. There is little chance that I would have pursued higher education if it were not for his encouragement to do so. Lastly, I would like to thank my committee members from the Department of Communication Studies. Dr. Jacob Thompson, Dr. Thomas Burkholder, and Dr. Joseph Valenzano all spent a significant amount of energy trying to maintain my focus on this project. I would still be working on the prospectus if it weren‘t for their ―encouragement.‖ No matter what obstacle I faced as a graduate student, I felt that these three always held my best interest in mind. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 The Moment in History ................................................................................................... 4 The Bush Legacy ......................................................................................................... 4 Obama‘s Initial Credibility .......................................................................................... 9 Significance in Rhetorical Scholarship ......................................................................... 15 Spectacle .................................................................................................................... 17 Method of Investigation ................................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2 THE CONTEXT OF OBAMA'S INTERNATIONAL TOUR ................... 29 The 2008 Democratic Primaries .................................................................................... 30 The First Leg of the International Tour: Peace in the Middle East ............................... 33 First Stop: Camp Arifjan in Kuwait .......................................................................... 33 Second Stop: Afghanistan ......................................................................................... 34 Third Stop: Iraq ......................................................................................................... 35 Fourth Stop: Jordan ................................................................................................... 36 Fifth Stop: Israel ........................................................................................................ 37 Obama‘s Stop in Berlin ................................................................................................. 39 Contextual Analysis of the Victory Column Speech .................................................... 44 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3 CASCADING SIMULATION AS A METHOD ....................................... 56 Method and Literature Review ...................................................................................... 58 Guy Debord and Jean Baudrillard: The Roots of Spectacle ...................................... 59 Spectacle in the Media ............................................................................................... 62 Spectacle in the Presidency ......................................................................................
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