Medicating the Eschatological Body

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Medicating the Eschatological Body Medicating the Eschatological Body: Psychiatric Technology for Christian Wayfarers by Warren Anderson Kinghorn Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Prof. Stanley Hauerwas, Supervisor ___________________________ Prof. Paul Griffiths ___________________________ Prof. Reinhard Huetter ___________________________ Prof. Keith Meador ___________________________ Prof. Allen Verhey Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the Divinity School of Duke University 2011 ABSTRACT Medicating the Eschatological Body: Psychiatric Technology for Christian Wayfarers by Warren Anderson Kinghorn Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Prof. Stanley Hauerwas, Supervisor ___________________________ Prof. Paul Griffiths ___________________________ Prof. Reinhard Huetter ___________________________ Prof. Keith Meador ___________________________ Prof. Allen Verhey Dissertation abstract submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the Divinity School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Warren Anderson Kinghorn 2011 Abstract Biological psychiatry, the mode of psychiatric practice dedicated to the effective application of medication and other somatic technology in the treatment of mental disorders, is an increasingly powerful conceptual lens by which disfavored experience and behavior is interpreted and through which the relationship of the body to experience and to moral agency is narrated. Psychiatric medications and other forms of psychiatric technology are commonly used by and increasingly accepted within the American population, and biological psychiatry has become the dominant political and methodological force within American psychiatry. Christians writing about psychiatry have often either uncritically accepted the language of biological psychiatry or have deferred judgment to those with expertise in the biomedical model. In this dissertation I argue that the use of psychiatric technology, while often helpful and necessary, is pervaded with ethical and teleological commitments which demand critical theological analysis if Christians are to use psychiatric technology appropriately. I also present the theological anthropology of St. Thomas Aquinas as a conceptual resource for constructive Christian engagement with biological psychiatry and psychiatric technology. After an introductory chapter (Chapter 1) which surveys the way that five contemporary American Christian communities of discourse engage biological psychiatry, the dissertation is divided into two methodologically distinct parts. Part One, comprising Chapters 2-5, is a philosophical engagement with contemporary psychiatric practice which shows that contemporary psychiatry both displays and requires ethical and iv teleological commitment. In Chapter 2, I argue that appropriate application of psychiatric technology cannot be specified by neurobiology alone; one must, in addition, have a model for disease classification, or nosology, which specifies instances of “mental disorder.” Critical engagement of psychiatric technology therefore requires critical engagement of the nosologies which legitimate the use of such technology. I briefly review the history of American psychiatric nosology as it has evolved within successive editions of the American Psychiatric Association‟s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and survey rival contemporary philosophical accounts of “mental disorder.” In Chapter 3, I engage Alasdair MacIntyre‟s threefold typology of versions of moral enquiry to argue that psychiatric nosologies, including the DSM, should be understood not in “encyclopedic” mode but rather as tradition-constituted forms of discourse. In Chapter 4, I argue that psychiatric diagnosis displays particular commitments regarding human teleology and also that any nosology adequate for clinical practice must be able to demarcate medical from non-medical failures of flourishing. The DSM ultimately fails at both because it necessarily displays teleological commitments and yet, situated within a late-modern culture lacking shared agreement about ends, it cannot name these commitments in sufficient detail to render its nosology coherent and therefore to demarcate the medical from the non-medical. In Chapter 5, I use the example of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to argue that psychiatric diagnosis is important not only because it legitimates the use of particular forms of psychiatric technology but also because it can construct the experience, and therefore the experiencing self, of those who receive and accept particular diagnoses. v Part Two, comprising Chapters 6 through 9, presents the theological anthropology of St. Thomas Aquinas as a helpful conceptual resource for Christians seeking to discern appropriate applications of psychiatric technology in the face of the aforementioned limitations of contemporary psychiatric nosology. In Chapters 6 and 7, I describe several contours of Aquinas‟ theological anthropology, arguing that Aquinas provides not only a nuanced and non-individualistic account of the relation of body and soul but also a means for contextualizing technological modification of the body within the larger structure of a well-lived life. In Chapter 8, I detail Aquinas‟ account in the Summa theologiae of the relationship between the body and personal moral agency and argue that the “health” of the body must be understood recursively, in the context of the virtuous operation of the person. In Chapter 9, I present a formal model of how Christians might discern appropriate uses of psychiatric technology. If close consideration of the moral- teleological context reveals that psychiatric technology might be justified, I argue that psychiatric technology may be used to the extent that it helps, and does not hinder, the embodied person‟s participation in the life of virtue. These decisions, however, require habituation into the virtue of prudence and require consideration of the communal- political context within which particular teleological judgments are intelligible. vi To Susan vii Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv Contents ....................................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... xii 1 „Biological Psychiatry‟ and Its Christian Interlocutors ......................................................... 1 1.1 The Rise of „Biological Psychiatry‟ ............................................................................... 3 1.2 Biological Psychiatry in Five Contemporary American Christian Communities of Discourse ................................................................................................................................ 13 1.2.1 Biological Psychiatry in Pastoral Care and Counseling .............................................. 15 1.2.2 Biological Psychiatry in Psychological-Theological Integrationism .......................... 25 1.2.3 Biological Psychiatry in „Biblical Counseling.‟ .......................................................... 35 1.2.4 Biological Psychiatry in the “Christian Psychology” Movement ............................... 44 1.2.5 Biological Psychiatry in the work of the Institute for the Psychological Sciences ..... 50 1.3 Toward a Teleological Christian Paradigm for the Use of Psychiatric Technology 56 Part One: Toward a Traditioned, Teleological Account of Psychiatric Nosology ................ 64 2 What Counts as Mental Disorder? The Contested Languages of Modern Psychiatric Nosology ....................................................................................................................................................... 65 2.1 The Inability of Neurobiology to Ground Clinical Practice ........................................... 66 2.2 The DSM and Its Critics: A Brief History of Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification ....... 76 2.2.1 Psychiatric Nosology Before DSM-I .......................................................................... 76 2.2.2 DSM-I and DSM-II ..................................................................................................... 81 2.2.3 Forcing the Question: Psychiatry and Its Accusers, 1960-1980 ................................. 83 2.2.4 Psychiatric Diagnosis Clarified and Refined: Toward DSM-III and Beyond ............ 91 viii 2.2.5 Critics of Psychiatry After DSM-III .......................................................................... 104 2.3 What Is a Mental Disorder? Contemporary Philosophical and Clinical Debates .......... 112 2.3.1 “Naturalistic” Accounts of Mental Disorder ............................................................. 113 2.3.2 “Values-Based” Accounts of Mental Disorder .......................................................... 119 2.3.3 Pragmatist/Pluralist Accounts of Mental Disorder .............................................. 123 2.4 The Inescapable Politics of Psychiatric Practice ............................................................ 127 3 Psychiatric Diagnosis as Tradition-Constituted Discourse .................................................... 131 3.1 Encyclopedic Self-Conceptions Within the DSM Project .............................................
Recommended publications
  • X Sunday After Pentecost
    X Sunday after Pentecost - Acedia1 In the name of the Father… Man is characterized by a three-fold love of self, neighbor and God.2 The three-fold wound of Original Sin distorts those loves,3 the resultant capital vices disposing us to commit sin, disordered acts not consistent with our true happiness which lies in cultivating - perfecting - well-ordered loves. The well-ordered love of self is distorted by the concupiscence of the flesh - by the capital vices of gluttony and lust which promise false happiness in pleasure. The perennial remedy against these carnal vices is corporal mortification, e.g., fasting. The well-ordered love of neighbor is distorted by the concupiscence of the eyes - by the capital vice of avarice which promises false happiness in possessions. The perennial remedy against this vice is liberality with worldly goods, particularly almsgiving. Arising from the wound of the pride of life is the capital vice of acedia - or sloth. Commonly understood as mere laziness or inertia, the early desert fathers rather articulated acedia as a disgust and sorrow for the monastic life and its attendant asceticism, prompting a desire to flee and return to a former life. Thus, acedia was seen as a peculiarly religious vice, a threat to a religious vocation - to a commitment of one's life to God. When monasticism reached the west, eremitical life became communal and the necessary asceticism assumed a social dimension. Consequently, acedia now manifested by distancing oneself from communal duties, e.g., common prayer or manual labor. The root, however, was still discontent with the religious identity, and therefore a relationship with God.
    [Show full text]
  • Acedia and the Evagrian Antidotes to Pastoral Burnout
    Southern Methodist University SMU Scholar Doctor of Ministry Projects and Theses Perkins Thesis and Dissertations Spring 5-14-2021 Acedia and the Evagrian Antidotes to Pastoral Burnout Thomas Daniel Irving [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/theology_ministry_etds Part of the Christianity Commons, Practical Theology Commons, and the Religious Education Commons Recommended Citation Irving, Thomas Daniel, "Acedia and the Evagrian Antidotes to Pastoral Burnout" (2021). Doctor of Ministry Projects and Theses. 5. https://scholar.smu.edu/theology_ministry_etds/5 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Perkins Thesis and Dissertations at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctor of Ministry Projects and Theses by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. ACEDIA AND THE EVAGRIAN ANTIDOTES TO PASTORAL BURNOUT Approved by: _______________________________________ Prof. James Kang Hoon Lee Associate Professor of the History of Early Christianity Altshuler Distinguised Teaching Professor Director, Doctor of Ministry Program Advisor ___________________________________ Prof. Alyce McKenzie Le Van Professor of Preaching and Worship Altshuler Distinguished Teaching Professor Director, Center for Preaching Excellence Reader ! ACEDIA AND THE EVAGRIAN ANTIDOTES TO PASTORAL BURNOUT A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of Perkins School of Theology Southern Methodist University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Ministry by Rev. Daniel Irving B.A., Religious Studies, Southern Methodist University M.Div., Duke Divinity School April 1, 2021 ! Copyright (2021) Rev. Daniel Irving All Rights Reserved ! Irving, Daniel B.A., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, 2004; M.Div., Duke Divinity School, Durham, 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad Nacional Abierta Y a Distancia Unad
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES, ARTES Y HUMANIDADES PROGRAMA DE PSICOLOGÍA MODULO DEL CURSO DE PSICODIAGNOSTICO DE LA PERSONALIDAD Elaborado Por: Jorge Enrique Bejarano B. 2007 Bogotá Ajustado por: Edgar O. Anaya Herrera 2009 Bucaramanga CURSO DE PSICODIAGNÓSTICO DE LA PERSONALIDAD TABLA DE CONTENIDO Pág. UNIDAD 1: CONCEPTO DE PERSONALIDAD 2 Capítulo 1 - Origen e historia del concepto “persona” y “personalidad” 2 Lección 1 - Evolución de las teorías de la personalidad 7 Lección 2 - Integradoras del Yo – Biosociales 19 Lección 3 - Simbólica 27 Lección 4 - Humanista 28 Lección 5 - Conductista 30 Capítulo 2 - Construcciones personalizadas 34 Lección 6 - Evolutiva 34 Lección 7 - Interpersonal 34 Lección 8 - Definición de Personalidad 37 Lección 9 - La personalidad como sistema complejo 39 Lección 10 - Características del sistema personalidad 40 Capítulo 3 - Retroalimentación y Autoorganización 41 Lección 11 – Indeterminación 42 Lección 12 - Temperamento 43 Lección 13 - Carácter 45 Lección 14 - Estilo de Vida 46 Lección 15 – Voluntad 47 UNIDAD 2: PSICODIAGNOSTICO 50 Capítulo 4 – Concepto de normalidad y anormalidad 50 Lección 16 - Trastornos de la Personalidad 55 Lección 17 - Proceso de Psicodiagnóstico 75 Lección 18 - Aplicación de diferentes pruebas de personalidad 79 Lección 19 - La evaluación proyectiva de la personalidad 82 Lección 20 - Finalización de la Evaluación Psicodiagnóstica 87 Capítulo 5 - Pruebas y Técnicas para la Evaluación y Psicodiagnóstico de la Personalidad 88 Lección 21 - 16
    [Show full text]
  • 7-Sins-Fall-17-Reviewed.Pdf
    Fall 2017 Syllabus Honors Seminar VI 1178-IDH 3034- RVE #87808, Fully Online General Information | Important Information | Course Detail | Course Calendar General Information Professor Information Photo by Jean-Michele Instructor: Prof. Mary Lou Pfeiffer, LL.M., MA Phone:305-348-4100, The Honors College (MMC- DM 233) Fax: 305-348-2118 Office: OE 165 Office Hours: By appointment Email: Please use course email or if necessary [email protected] Course Description, Course Purpose Upper division Honors “Aesthetics, Values and Authority” fully online The Seven Deadly Sins [“Seven” is referenced hereafter using the Arabic number 7] is a fully online, 2 semester- 3 credits/semester- Honors course that investigates a 3-letter word, "sin," and its evolution into the list of the 7 deadly [capital/mortal] sins: anger, envy, gluttony, greed, lust, pride and sloth, that are central to moral philosophy and human behavior. They have been examined through art, music and literature for more than fifteen hundred years, and recently through multimedia and texts. The course provides the student with a background to recognize, define and analyze the 7 sins, their historical roots and corresponding virtues as they emerged from Eastern and Western societies throughout written history. Oxford University Press/New York Public Library produced books for each sin from the following authors: Dyson, Epstein, Wasserman, Prose, Tickle, Thurman and Blackburn. These and another text, Sin: the Early History of an Idea by Paula Fredriksen, explore the complexity of sin and how it affects humanity. In addition to the texts, students are required to view films/DVD’s throughout the course posted online accompanied by works of art, music, and electronic reading material.
    [Show full text]
  • The Passion Sadness According to St. Thomas
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1956 The Passion Sadness According to St. Thomas Benjamin Joseph Urmston Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Urmston, Benjamin Joseph, "The Passion Sadness According to St. Thomas" (1956). Master's Theses. 1313. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/1313 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1956 Benjamin Joseph Urmston THE PASSION SADNESS ACCORDING TO ST. THOMAS by- Benjamin J. Urmaton, S.J. A Theais Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University- in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arta February' 1956 LIFE Benjamin Joseph Urmston, S.J., was born in Cinoinnati, Ohio, September 20, 192$. He was graduated from Mt. Healthy High School, Mt. Healthy, Ohio, June, 194). In July, 1943, he entered xavter University. Cinoinnati, Ohio. After two and a half years in the armr, he entered the Sooiety ot Jesus in September, 1946, and enrolled again in Xavier 'University. He transterred to West Baden College. of Loro1a Univeraity in Septe.ber, 19$0. He was graduated in June, 19$1, with the degree ot Bachelor ot Arts. The author began his graduate studtes at Loyola Uni­ versity in July, 19$1.
    [Show full text]
  • Diligence Through Identity 1
    DILIGENCE THROUGH IDENTITY 1 Diligence Through Identity: Paul’s leadership approach in Ephesians 4 Daniel P. Rogers, DSL Liberty University School of Business Edited by Lisa Simmons Author Note Daniel P. Rogers is an officer in the United States Coast Guard and an adjunct professor at Liberty University’s School of Business. He can be reached via email at [email protected] or via phone at 202.821.2444. DILIGENCE THROUGH IDENTITY 2 Abstract This article seeks to understand the relationship between the classic Christian virtue of diligence and organizational leadership. It begins with some of the history of Christian thought as it relates to character, diligence, and leadership from a philosophical perspective. Next it analyzes Ephesians 4 using an inner texture analysis. The structure of the passage is considered first, then the verbs are analyzed. Past tense verbs obviously refer to actions already past. Future verbs tell us the end result. Present linking verbs denote a “by definition” relationship, and present action verbs give a clue to where diligence in necessary. The analysis is then used to provide practical application for Christians in general and Christian leadership in particular. Four themes emerge from this close look at verb usage. The first theme gleaned from the passage is that all are free to use their gifts for the benefit of others. The second theme found within the passage is that there is no need to try to build esteem upon a comparison between leaders and followers; instead, all are free to draw their identity from Christ. The third theme given within the passage is that Christian leaders can believe that others truly can change because we remember the character that once defined us.
    [Show full text]
  • Acedia, Tristitia and Sloth: Early Christian Forerunners to Chronic Ennui
    Acedia, Tristitia and Sloth: Early Christian Forerunners to Chronic Ennui Ian Irvine This article focuses on the relevance of early Christian writings on acedia and tristitia to the primary modern and postmodern mala- dies of the subject, i.e., chronic ennui, alienation, estrangement, dis- enchantment, angst, neurosis, etc. The focus will be on the ‘chronic ennui cycle’ which has been extensively discussed by Steiner (1971), Bouchez (1973), Kuhn (1976), Healy (1984), Klapp (1986) and Spacks (1995).1 It can be described as a cycle of boredom and addiction which robs individuals of meaning and a sense of the élan vitale. This cycle has undergone various mutations of form over the centuries. Many of the writers mentioned above have plotted its course of development from classical times to the present. Such dis- cussions begin with the descriptions of taedium vitae, luxuria and the horror loci supplied by Roman philosophers and writers such as Lucretius, Petronius and Seneca. They also encompass analyses of the spiritual illnesses of acedia and tristitia written by the Desert Fa- thers and of the various emotional and medical conditions de- scribed by Medieval and Early Modern poets and medical profes- 1 George Steiner, In Bluebeard’s Castle (1971); Madeleine Bouchez, L’Ennui (1973); Reinhard Kuhn, The Demon of Noontide: Ennui in Western Literature (1976); Sean Desmond Healy, Boredom, Self and Culture (1984); Orrin Klapp, Overload and Boredom (1986); and Patricia Spacks, Boredom (1995). Acedia, Tristitia and Sloth HUMANITAS • 89 sionals, e.g., saturnine melancholy, spleen, fits of the mothers, and ‘The English Malady.’ Due largely to the immense sociocultural changes that struck Chronic ennui Europe in the nineteenth century the problem of chronic ennui an obsession (sometimes termed ‘the spleen,’ hypp, languer, nerves and disen- of romantic chantment) inevitably became a major theme (if not obsession) for and realist writers.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Depression Through the Ages
    ISSN: 2455-5460 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ada MEDICAL GROUP Received: 23 December, 2019 Review Article Accepted: 05 May, 2020 Published: 06 May, 2020 *Corresponding author: Michel Bourin, Neurobiology History of depression through of anxiety and mood disorders, University of Nantes, 98, rue Joseph Blanchart 44100 Nantes, France, E-mail: the ages Keywords: Depression; DSM; Freud; Greco-roman antiquity; Kraepelin Michel Bourin* https://www.peertechz.com Neurobiology of anxiety and mood disorders, University of Nantes, 98, rue Joseph Blanchart 44100 Nantes, France Abstract Depressive thoughts appeared from the origins of Humanity. They are found in philosophical writings and in literature since Antiquity. They have been approached in a religious or medical way since always, with conceptions which sometimes mixed physiological and mystical explanations. With the advent of psychiatry as a medical discipline, depressive disorder was included in the classifi cations of mental disorders. In the fi rst half of the 20th century, depression was only a detectable syndrome in most mental illnesses, psychoses and neuroses, and received no special attention in our societies. Its determinism is designed in a multifactorial way, integrating psychological, social and biological factors. Introduction - yellow bile coming from the liver (bilious character, that is to say anxious) Depression is often presented as a fashionable disease. It is considered to be the disease of the 21st century. Yet it was - the black or atrabile bile coming from the spleen already described by Hippocrates in antiquity and it was at (melancholic character) the beginning of the 1800s that this term of depression, of the These moods correspond to the four elements themselves Latin "depressio" meaning depression, will make sense with characterized by their own qualities: the birth of psychiatry.
    [Show full text]
  • Neglected Emotions: an Introduction
    Penultimate version. For final version go to: https://academic.oup.com/monist/article- abstract/103/2/135/5771241 Neglected Emotions: An Introduction Andreas Elpidorou Department of Philosophy, University of Louisville [email protected] Abstract Given the importance of emotions in our everyday lives, it is no surprise that in recent decades the study of emotions has received tremendous attention by a number of different disciplines. Yet despite the many and great advantages that have been made in understanding the nature of emotions, there still remains a class of emotional states that are understudied and that demand further elucidation. All contributions to the special issue consider either emotions or aspects of emotions that deserve the label ‘neglected.’ In doing so, they break new theoretical ground and further our understanding of the nature of the emotions that they consider. The aim of the present paper is to introduce the special issue on neglected emotions by articulating the different ways in which emotions can be said to be neglected. 1.Introduction For most of us, emotions permeate our waking life—not just by coloring it with this or that affective shade, but by profoundly shaping it. The presence of emotions is what commits us to the various projects that we choose to make our own and what defines our dealings with the world, others, and ourselves. Emotions can influence cognition, memory, decision making, and perception (e.g., Bradley et al. 1995; Forgas 1995; Niedenthal & Kitayama 1994; Phelps & Anderson 1997; Schwarz & Clore 1996; Zadra & Clore 2011). They prepare us for what is to come and connect us to what has passed.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Innovations in Clinical Practice: a Source
    Innovations in clinical practice: a source book, Volume 1, , Pete R. A. Keller, Lawrence G. Ritt, Professional Resource Exchange, Incorporated, 1982, 0943158001, 9780943158006, 454 pages. DOWNLOAD HERE Psychotherapy, theory and research , Orval Hobart Mowrer, 1953, Psychology, 700 pages. Clinical handbook of behavior therapy, Volume 2 , Gerald Tarlow, Anne Maxwell, 1989, Medical, 360 pages. Practical psychotherapy , Myron F. Weiner, 1986, Psychology, 322 pages. The Handbook of clinical psychology: theory, research, and practice, Volume 1 theory, research, and practice, Clarence Eugene Walker, Frederick H. Kanfer, 1983, Psychology, 1439 pages. The healing companion simple and effective ways your presence can help people heal, Jeff Kane, Jun 1, 2000, Family & Relationships, 190 pages. A guide to creating inner peace, balance, and physical health through the skillful and compassionate application of mind-body principles.. Humanistic psychiatry: from oppression to choice , Roy D. Waldman, 1971, Medical, 164 pages. Persuasion and Healing A Comparative Study of Psychotherapy, Jerome D. Frank, Mar 1, 1993, Medical, 343 pages. "Anyone treating patients or engaging in clinical research to develop new drug or psychosocial treatments should take a few hours to absorb, once again, the brilliance of .... An outline of psychotherapy for medical students and practitioners , Harold Maxwell, 1986, Psychology, 107 pages. Theories and strategies in counseling and psychotherapy , Burl E. Gilliland, Richard K. James, Mar 30, 1998, Psychology, 436 pages. Theories and Strategies in Counseling and Psychotherapy emphasizes core theories and current trends in the world of counseling and psychotherapy. This is a book that operates .... Witchdoctors and psychiatrists the common roots of psychotherapy and its future, Edwin Fuller Torrey, Oct 8, 1986, Psychology, 316 pages.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Alzheimer's Disease
    Print ISSN 1738-1495 / On-line ISSN 2384-0757 Dement Neurocogn Disord 2016;15(4):115-121 / https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2016.15.4.115 DND REVIEW History of Alzheimer’s Disease Hyun Duk Yang,1,2 Do Han Kim,1 Sang Bong Lee,3 Linn Derg Young,2,4,5 1Harvard Neurology Clinic, Yongin, Korea 2Brainwise Co. Ltd., Yongin, Korea 3Barun Lab Inc., Yongin, Korea 4Department of Business Administration, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Korea 5Boston Research Institute for Medical Policy, Yongin, Korea As modern society ages rapidly, the number of people with dementia is sharply increasing. Direct medical costs and indirect social costs for dementia patients are also increasing exponentially. However, the lack of social awareness about dementia results in difficulties to dementia patients and their families. So, understanding dementia is the first step to remove or reduce the stigma of dementia patients and promote the health of our community. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. The term, ‘Alzheimer’s disease’ has been used for over 100 years since first used in 1910. With the remarkable growth of science and medical technologies, the techniques for diagnosis and treat- ment of dementia have also improved. Although the effects of the current symptomatic therapy are still limited, dramatic improvement is ex- pected in the future through the continued research on disease modifying strategies at the earlier stage of disease. It is important to look at the past to understand the present and obtain an insight into the future. In this article, we review the etymology and history of dementia and pre- vious modes of recognizing dementia.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Marina Bianchi and Neil De Marchi
    Introduction Marina Bianchi and Neil De Marchi Over much of the past half century, sporadic attention has been given to the possible links between economics and psychology, though recently there has been a steady rise in the numbers of both psychologists and economists interested in behavioral economics. From both disciplines have come behavioral challenges to the strong version of rational choice thinking. And, along with them, have come challenges to the challengers to relate their observations to mathematical models, as favored by econo- mists (Camerer 1999), and to explain how people come to make the choices that they do. This recent trend is not part of what we set out to examine, though the one essay in the volume by a laboratory psychologist, John Staddon, offers a methodological reflection on a particular form of behavioral economics, prospect theory. For the rest, the focus is historical, which is to say that we wish first and foremost to identify and shed light on different contexts and episodes involving contact between the two disciplines, and on the ques- tions that either spurred or were raised by such contact. Correspondence may be addressed to Marina Bianchi, Department of Economics and Law, University of Cassino, Via S. Angelo, 03043 Cassino, Italy 03043 (e-mail: marina.bianchi @unicas.it); or to Neil De Marchi, Duke University (e-mail: [email protected]). The edi- tors wish to thank all the participants at the HOPE conference, “Economizing Mind, 1870–2015: When Economics and Psychology Met . or Didn’t,” held at Duke University in April 2015. Special thanks to Jeff Biddle, for his many interventions and thoughtful suggestions throughout that conference.
    [Show full text]