Palabras clave filología. la de reconceptualización una de parte como lingüística investigación ámbitola de al libro del historia yla paleografía la trasladar intenta trabajo Este organisation». of social levels at different of identities creation the involved in be and belonging, and difference of «markers como (36) Sebba de palabras en funcionar, parecen scriptae como designar que podemos Estos discurso. de propios específicos tipos de «expresivos» usos representa manuscritos, estos en que manifiesta se ycaligrafía ortografía entre correlación La tificables. iden práctica de comunidades de producto el fueron similares, codicológicos contextos y en distintivas caligrafías con transmitidos fueron que también aquellos textos, tales de soporte que manuscritos los defiende artículo Este Love. Nicholas de of Christ Life of the Mirror yel John de Gower Amantis “tipos”,otros Confessio del copias por ejemplo como las en señalado incipiente». han se entonces Desde estándar de «tipos que alos denominó tardío medio inglés el en ortográficos modelos de serie una identificó 1963,En Samuels Michael Resumen reimagined philology Keywords philology. of areimagined part enquiry, as of linguistic realm into the history book and paleography to bring attempts paper (Sebba 36). This organisation” social of levels atdifferent of identities creation the involved in be and belonging, and difference of markers as to “function seem called, be might they as scriptae, Such of discourse. kinds of particular characteristic usages “expressive” represented manifest manuscripts such handwriting and of spelling correlation the that and of practice, communities identifiable of were products contexts, codicological similar in and of handwriting forms distinctive in transmitted were also which texts, such containing manuscripts that argues article This of Christ. Life Love’s of Nicholas the and Mirror of Amantis John Gower’scopies Confessio e.g. in identified, been since have “types” Other of incipient standard”. “types he termed that spelling-patterns English Middle of late asequence identified 1963,In Samuels Michael Abstract de la filología. la de Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses Estudios de Canaria Revista : Writing-systems, spelling, palaeography, communities of practice, scriptae, scriptae, of practice, communities palaeography, spelling, : Writing-systems, ON ON : Sistemas de escritura, ortografía, paleografía, paleografía, ortografía, escritura, de : Sistemas SCRIPTAE SCRIPT IN LATE MIDDLE ENGLISH MIDDLE LATE IN SCRIPT . SCRIPTAE, CORRELACIÓN ENTRE ORTOGRAFÍA Y CALIGRAFÍA EN EL INGLÉS MEDIO TARDÍO MEDIO INGLÉS EL EN Y CALIGRAFÍA DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2020.80.02DOI: : CORRELATING SPELLING AND SPELLING CORRELATING : University of Glasgow University Jeremy Smith Jeremy , 80; April 2020, pp. 13-27; e-2530-8335 2020, ISSN: April , 80; scriptae ,
reconceptualización
-
Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 13 Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 14 realisation, or allograph or realisation, agrapheme as to by referred commonly modern linguists writing-systems. of characteristics theimplications for formal significant has distinction functional more complex. This became societies as transactions business of for it recording the seems –originally space and time across of communication Writing, however, evanescent. purpose for emerged specific the necessarily been invention the century, end has atuntil the of nineteenth of the speech-recording society latter, The from speech. inhuman ever first emerged since function it explicit. is speech and /k/.“says” I potestas the the
round hand round famous the centuries: nineteenth script and of eighteenth the on clerks’ the ultimately modelled is up”) (“joined handwriting cursive educated A of handwriting. history the in discerned be can tions, T tradition. vernacular medieval from the inherited of for texts printing the used was which blackletter “Gothic” antiquarian with century, competing sixteenth the in texts for of editions Latin usual became from antiquity. inscriptions and I handwriting high-status of theattemptin appearance to print recuperate as a humanist century fifteenth great fontsthe developed roman the wereby first in printers Venetian instance, for thus, associations; cultural distinctive had suggest, names their fonts, as these was realised in the handwriting (i.e. the handwriting the in realised was (e.g.) in ted Sullivan’s and Pinafore HMS Gilbert T usages. allographic for terminology distinctive own developed their have themselves disciplines latter typography and offorms handwriting) paleography as such distinct, as seen generally disciplines Calibri, Caslon, Garamond, Gill Sans, T Sans, Gill Caslon,Garamond, Calibri, standardisation of written E of written standardisation emerging the associated: closely been Jose has Soliño Gómez which with issue to an of areimagined philology part as articulation, closer I linguistics. broader in trends with typography and paleography as such have not disciplines scholars correlated enquiry. However, exceptions– few linguistic comparatively it –with notable is that the mirrors clearly scribe, individual an scribe’s mind’s eye) ahand and a script (the between a model in distinguish of modern handwriting analysers and model (for the distinction, see Parkes, passim Parkes, model see (for distinction, the script- particular at a effectiveness, of communicative terms in successfully or less more aim, However, hands varied. very all are of modern handwriting festations as anglicana or secretary was not arequirement. was or secretary anglicana as such scripts possible cursive where speed with the texts reproduction of high-status textura and onwards; century fourteenth from the anglicana commonly deployed in thecenturies, documents; seventeenth through fifteenth the script; secretary ahumanistic as seventeenth centuries deployed. The most notablein E Comparable behaviours, with ( with behaviours, Comparable I B t is interesting to note that the script/hand distinction, whereby paleographers whereby paleographers distinction, to script/hand note the interesting t is that , the cursive book-script used in the production of literary manuscripts manuscripts book-script production cursive the , the in of literary used efore emergence of round-hand the the script, other scripts were commonly ypographical choice was therefore culturally meaningful. therefore culturally choice was ypographical ypographers thus classify typefaces classify thus ypographers nglish at the end of the medieval period. end at the of medieval the nglish , the actual and distinctive realisation of script the by realisation distinctive and actual , the n this paper, into them to attempt bring made is n this an , in B , in nglish texts were: italic texts nglish pica English pica to referred as sometimes ritain mutatis mutandis (the of study printed letter-forms). These emic/etic hands imes New R New imes ). ) of individuals, and thus the mani the thus and ) of individuals, categorisation so characteristic of characteristic so categorisation . Ascript , a non-cursive script used for, anon-cursive script the used . The approach taken here relates . The approachtaken , the common cursive script common from cursive , the (or fonts (or lmost all present-day E all lmost oman and so on. Many of on. so and Many oman , used in the sixteenth and and sixteenth the in , used ) similar cultural connota cultural ) similar , or “ideal” usage, is and and is usage, , or “ideal” n B ) as A ) as (the of older study ritain the roman font roman the ritain rial, B rial, askerville, askerville, celebra nglish nglish - - - ,
Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 15 Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 16 present-day perspective) thurgh (= L through item like T while of fifteenth, the middle the until use in persisted and century fourteenth the of manuscript witnesses. of witnesses. manuscript E of groups of particular appearance by the distinguished of L E for Middle the evidence of manuscript the analysis the in experience extensive his as “ identification what of he to referred fromsubsequent over-interpretation. suffered 1963 the some in formulations made of have that his notperhaps surprising article development, monographlatter Linguistic classic notably his Evolution in aprime mover that as in later work happenedyet in (indeed, taken be Samuels may approach not subject, to had the a distinctive as sociolinguistics of historical rise notably the of study language, of major the many developments historical the in applications of E Middle in “SomeSamuels article theMichael late developed 1963,by his first in that currency. moreof with forms restricted disappearance the and of more rise the commonplace underpins spellings change that and functions, or restricted local over than rather some to national take start O Latin. use space: E written to using prestigious) alternative I different practices. with communities other discourse with communicating in spelling the to use we wish itemthe < community, aform as such that discourse our within comprehensible; is you of if and usages variety the terms medieval in ȝ as forms reflecting what he interpreted as patterns of immigration into the capital. intothe immigration of patterns as interpretedwhat he reflecting found in Middle E Middle found in commonly on that based was suggests its name as which ausage was Standard”– ‘given’, E Middle in counties Midland Central of commonthe forms in amixture use tically the present participle inflexion in - present inflexion the participle of T Characteristic London the in area. or localisable localised was guage of E representedfied, varieties through I through II ypes nglish D nglish nglish times, e.g. sich times, nglish A A LM LM si Notoriously, E Middle Perhaps the most influential of these formulations was Samuels’s was formulations of these Perhaps most influential the was of spelling-standardisation account accepted the For years, many I ȝ n Samuels’s T typology, through urx E some twenty years later, T identified four years Samuels E some twenty ialect Project, which later resulted in the appearance of the first version of first the appearance the in Project, later resulted which ialect ‘saw’. T ), in 500 different spellings, ranging from broadly recognisable from(from a recognisable broadly ranging ), spellings, different 500 in , dor ypes II ypes etc. From a modern perspective such variety seems chaotic, but chaotic, seems Fromȝ etc. variety such amodern perspective 2. TY 2. nglish dialects of the central midlands. T midlands. of central the dialects nglish nly towards the end of the medieval period did written E written did period end the of medieval the towards nly V represented a chronological sequence over the same period, period, V represented sequence over same achronological the then there is no difficulty, becomesonlyand problematic no if is there difficulty, then English Mediaeval of Late Atlas Linguistic the recorded, in is ‘such’, mych ‘such’, and I and , III T P n Middle E n Middle ype ype E nglish dialectology”. The date is significant: in1963, is datesignificant: dialectology”. The nglish S O and thorow and I nglish found in discrete clusters of texts whose lan of clusters texts discrete found in nglish , according to Samuels, appeared in the latter half of half latter the in appeared to Samuels, , according nglish was the ‘age of written dialects’, where an dialects’, ‘age where of the written an was nglish F ‘ –which he referred to as “Central Midlands Midlands “Central he to referred as I–which ype V, he identi ‘incipient standards’ remaining the I NC ‘much’, ony ‘much’, ande nglish conditions there was a widespread (and awidespread conditions was there nglish T I P , and the lexeme the þerk , and ypes” of “incipientypes” D standard”. through þoro IE nglish to communicate over time and over and to time communicate nglish N T S ‘any’, silf ‘any’, TA N , þru DARD nglish spellings in clusters clusters in spellings nglish ‘self ’, stide ’, ‘self ȝ urx> is our spelling for spelling our is urx> ȝ to such exotic-seeming exotic-seeming such to texts characteris Itexts ype ‘dark’, both found both ‘dark’, ’ ypes that could be be could that ypes ‘stead’, ȝ ‘stead’, have agreed, I have agreed, rawing on rawing ). So, it is is is II ype nglish nglish ouun - - - reading of “Some of “Some reading T of the sequencing 68-73; the English of Study Historical his associates, to link the usage with a supposed Lancastrian “language policy”. “language asupposed Lancastrian with usage the to link associates, his notably of made, attempts by John Fisher because controversial and especially been Kanzlerdeutsch (a on German formulation based Standard” T this 1963 labelled in Samuels unfortunately rather perhaps about 1430; government after reason, documents for that certain foundcommonly in Library, E MS well-known E well-known 1400, from around e.g. dating the Langland and of Chaucer manuscripts literary century. T end to the of fourteenth middle the from the A of Scotland, Library National Pepys MS College, 2498 E and Magdalene Cambridge, as manuscripts T therise of correlate to Samuels forms such led Suffolk; Norfolk and in otherwise am taking a different approach to the T to approach adifferent taking Iam apparent, become will Ihope as here; issue that I the at paper keynote important an in presented Wright, work byLaura forthcoming in notably challenged, forms include forms II werld the social disruption associated with the B the with associated disruption social the same as in Present- in as same þei( neither during the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. fifteenth early and fourteenth the during capital the into immigration waves of as reflecting areseen now flagged– been already has London, in –as of or originating characteristic varieties as saw Samuels ‘these’. T Characteristic learning into the vernacular. The remaining usages, viz. viz. usages, The remaining into vernacular. the learning adopted to widely promulgate university franca abroad lingua as seen now better is Wycliffitetexts, inter alia with associated Samuels which Standard”), Midlands T typology. basic the occluding without, Iwould argue, forward matters taken has discipline– relevant and adistinctive as sociolinguistics Haugen). classically see (forwhich andacceptance selection, elaboration, codification viz. identified, usually of standardisation stages the undergone all has that a usage in any way “standards” comparable with Present- comparable with way “standards” any in E of [Middle range total the T the that realise in described were first 1963, they since some I of misconceived. it etc. ‘their’,etc. thes(e) with a perceived pattern of immigration from E of immigration aperceived pattern with II ype ȝ þai, hij þai, ) ‘though’, nternational Conference on Middle E on Middle Conference nternational , though 2 1 Since Samuels’s discussion, further research –not least the rise of historical of historical rise the –not least research Samuels’sSince further discussion, Samuels’s “ four
For an extended outline of the standard account of the four T four of the account standard of the outline extended For an This correlation between the “ between correlation This Canterbury Tales of Canterbury llesmere manuscript the L 26 C.9),L 26 some in London T documents. also and , A they pplications of Middle of Middle pplications ypes represent focused –not fixed– usage within the cline “that is thecline “that within usage –not represent fixed– focused ypes ‘these’, thorough/þorowe ‘these’, D , ay written E ay written yaf ‘they’. Frequently T attested þat ilch(e), ilch(e) ilch(e), þat ‘world’, ype I ype ‘gave’, ‘gave’, T ypes” have received a lot of commentary and criticism criticism and alot have received ofypes” commentary nglish] dialectal variation” (Sandved, 39); not are they dialectal nglish] V forms includeV forms gaf nat dvocates’ MS 19.2.1 MS dvocates’ (the A nglish– include world nglish– E ‘not’, swich(e) ‘not’, nglish dialectology” by Samuels might suggest. suggest. might by Samuels dialectology” nglish T nglish in Florence, 2019. Florence, in address to not Ido propose nglish ypes” and demographic change has been recently recently been has change demographic and ypes” ‘through’, shulde ‘through’, lack D lack D ypes is perhaps not as clear-cut as a casual acasual as clear-cut not as perhaps is ypes ‘gave’, not ‘gave’, ‘that very’, noþer noiþer, ‘such’, bot ‘such’, ay “educated” written E ay written “educated” forms –many of them the of the them –many forms III ype 1 eath. O eath. T forms are found in such such found in are forms II ype , forms appear in key key in appear forms III ype T thilke (San Marino, Huntington Huntington (San Marino, ast A ast ypes ypes (so-called “Central “Central I(so-called ype ‘not’, but ‘not’, ther characteristic T characteristic ther ‘should’. uchinleck Manuscript),uchinleck ‘but’, hir(e) ‘but’, ). This terminology has has ). terminology This , nglia, encouraged by encouraged nglia, through through II that ilk(e) that ype as “Chancery “Chancery as ype An An Smith’s see ypes, ype I ype t is important to important t is , such(e), ‘their’, thise ‘their’, V forms are are V forms ‘that very’, dinburgh, dinburgh, nglish, i.e. nglish, I ‘neither’, V, which I ypes. t is worth worth t is
theyre ype ype 2
Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 17 Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 18 only real standard written language in E in language written standard real only A functions. present-day their from different rather roles had vernaculars where societies T these see shortly– argue Iwill –as instead should and period, medieval late the during language” on “standard anachronistically, arguably and overly, focused have publications– earlier in myself confess, Ishould –including, scholars that possible I University. Glasgow at assistant language anative while career, his in early part, in he pursued which thesis doctoral important his in especially Soliño, Gómez byJose undertaken research major on the drew explicitly which of dialect”, 1981, and article alater “Spelling in bySamuels further pursued were period medieval late the in of spelling of standardisation complexities on the comments B see status, on its views Fisher’s of especially acritique including Standard”, of “Chancery discussion authoritative For an E London E London and Gower “John Smith’s also See pot. melting a linguistic A Middle late the in of London growth dynamic the given that, noting the the of contributed of amulti-scribe manuscript copying to the also had scribes these Tales of Canterbury the manuscripts early most of four important the two responsible were each for scribes copying conclusion two the not that least insights, John T and Langland William authors such by other major fourteenth-century writings including butworks also –not these just texts production literary of key large-scale the in active of scribes Amantis Tales “The Production in Copies Parkes theof Canterbury of discipline of bookdiscipline history. E larger the in subsumed codicology, and now of paleography generally area the in Mooney and Stubbs, and Horobin).Mooney and Stubbs, and onemanuscript especially in than more (see active on identification scribes the of Simon Horobin Mooney hersubsequently E associates by and Linne and I as such by scholars work the been undertaken and Wenger-and a“community of practice”. as become known TheLave in notion, first identified has disciplines many formed in what production manuscripts, of major literary the venture, viz. on acollaborative men, of whom many these engaged were clearly that not it is clear is accepted of association London’s but this if even Guildhall, Mooney’s(see “Chaucer’s famously article Scribe”). A most famously copyists, to these names to assign subsequently been challenged– has ascription the gone on –although have even they and scribes, to particular assigned be can that host of manuscripts Confessio Amantis Confessio in the E the in A Seminal in this context was an important article published by article important an was context this in Seminal Mooney and Stubbs associated many of these scribes with the activities activities the with scribes of these many Mooney Stubbs associated and nglish”, and references there cited. For some further thoughts on T thoughts For further some cited. there references and nglish”, nother area of research that has developed hugely since 1963 developed hugely since has been that has of research nother area T rayner, began in anthropological and educational studies, but rapidly studies, educational and anthropological in rayner, began arly Fifteenth Century”. I Fifteenth arly enskin’s “‘Chancery Standard’” and references there cited. Many insightful insightful Many cited. there references and Standard’” “‘Chancery enskin’s . Subsequently, have a identified Mooney her and team Linne specially noteworthy for the purposes of this paper has has paper of this for noteworthy purposes the specially revisa– in the London area. The article abounded with with abounded article The London the area. in revisa– 3. O 3. ngland, in the late medieval period, was Latin. was period, medieval late the in ngland, N SC N ypes as distinct kinds of linguistic practice rooted in in rooted practice of linguistic kinds distinct as ypes n this article the authors cluster the identified a article n this dam Pinkhurst, “Chaucer’s Pinkhurst, scribe” own dam RI P an D an T S oyle and Malcolm Parkes, and and Parkes, oyle Malcolm and ges, the city would have been been have would city the ges, nglish” and “Chaucer and and “Chaucer and nglish” ype II ype Confessio Confessio the and , see also Hanna. Hanna. also , see stelle Stubbs, Stubbs, stelle D , and that that , and rguably the the rguably oyle and t is t is while the latter share a common language they do not share a mutual endeavour. amutual do not they share acommon language share latter the while that in communities discourse from However,ways. differ of practice communities comprehensible in mutually ideologies –however conflicting– their express and acommon world-view with engage that networks i.e. communicative communities, paper, for current relevant the however,Perhaps especially notion the is of discourse ties. social of or close terms weak in mapped be may individuals groups and between (e.g.disciplines economics), anthropology, history, and and politics sociology links Ginet have defined the as follows:notion Ginet have defined Penelope E linguistics. including spread into other fields, that the paper is shortly to be published. be to shortly is paper the that A and Kopaczyk byJoanna edited of papers collection the see communities, discourse presentation arecent conference in Simon Horobin as argued –and has accepted is her team communities discourse social networks studies: pragmatic in use other notions widespread in two with, which Chaucer moved, as did scribes such as A as such scribes did moved, Chaucer as which in circles deployed commonly administrative the in already was usage the shows that from 1387 D and of (see Folk Mercerye of the Petition document, the Chambers London earlier an in formata House, Kent, 7. MS anglicana of The appearance 198; MS College, Christi London, B manuscript); London,Hengwrt B manuscript; aforementioned the E formata: were copied anglicana for text in the witnesses Tales given for be Canterbury the can picture Asimilar formata. 19 anglicana in wholly either or than fewer written largely are century. O fifteenth the of quarter first to the dated been anglicana formata. T formata. anglicana form handwriting: of deployeddistinctive a characteristically century fifteenth the of decades London first in the in manuscripts production the in of literary engaged scribes the that clear it fairly is research– historical in case the plausibility, often is as 4 3 andby Mooney or not identification individuals precise of the Whether overlap from, though to distinguished be are of practice Communities (464). engages membership that which in practice by the and by membership its simultaneously it defined is because primarily community, A endeavor. mutual of this course the in emerge practices– short –in relations power beliefs, of talking, ways endeavor. Ways an in things, of doing engagement mutual in of together people come who aggregate an is of practice A community a o s a social construct, a community of practice is different from the traditional traditional the from different is of practice acommunity construct, s asocial t a symposium held in Y in held t asymposium n discourse communities, see Swales. For communities of practice as distinct from from distinct as of practice For communities Swales. see communities, n discourse A 4 , such identifications are essentially a matter of greater-or-less amatter essentially are identifications , such berystwyth, National Library of 392 Wales, MS Peniarth Library National berystwyth, Confessio Amantis of Confessio the some manuscripts 26 o illustrate: . I n social network research, which is widely practised in several several in practised widely is which research, network n social understand Iunderstand Mooney’s retirement. 2019ork in Linne mark to ritish Library, MS Harley 7334; Library, Harley MS ritish O ritish Library, MS Lansdowne 851; Library, Lansdowne MS ritish Petworth and , where all six of the principal early early of principal the six , where all dam Pinkhurst and those like him. like those and Pinkhurst dam ckert and Sally McConnell- Sally and ckert f these manuscripts, no manuscripts, f these xford, Corpus Corpus xford, ndreas Jucker. ndreas llesmere llesmere D aunt), have have (the and and 3
Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 19 Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 20 Complaint of Our Lady of Our a prose Complaint A joys of the heaven; annotated of and hell an of pains the account by an R from A translated are items, several medieval nine century. O of fourteenth the London second in half the together in put was Pepys MS book that College, 2498 impressively large an is Magdalene Cambridge, London thearea. in communities comparableof practice earlier identified such written-language features. to encounter have come to might expect– –and accustomed become increasingly who would have communities of set discourse for aparticular writing of practice, this lively controversy has already been referred to; see footnote 4above. footnote to; see referred been already has controversy lively this Stubbs) group” (Mooney and “Guildhall of adistinctive part worked as together scribes Whether or these notin question. theaboutscribes identification precise of the some if evenhave– one–as have identified, quibbles Mooney her associates and kind of the Such practice copies were of produced scribal by culture. communities court anglophone an with associated texts of set literary a“canonical” becoming was what copies of for attractive community discourse of target the expectations to the response a presumably is scripts– elaborate development less earlier replacing period, at the 874, O and other, two London, moreat least manuscripts: modest B Recluse book good form: Þis amodified in Riwle Ancrene the Psalter and glossed the between of Miroir the translation E E Middle interlinear an Psalter with Latin book: the well-known well-known the book: deployment of unshowy to simple the Harley’s initials. red restricted decoration is 874 annotated the is contents of the latter. Laud’s main text is the romance of Kyng romance the is contents Alisaunder text of latter. the Laud’s main A and verse-lines. in letters initial for shading deployment comparable very especially with of rubrication, used West Midlands. the in originating from materials instances many in Pepysthe draws manuscript prose. in However,Pepys A writings 2498 only devotional like contains E nglish in origin: a Gospel Harmony, aGospel origin: in the introducing manuscript, unique to the nglish dinburgh, National Library of Scotland, of Scotland, Library National dinburgh, obert de Greetham’s de obert uchinleck, bringing together the former’s religious concerns with the romance former’s the romance together the with bringing concerns religious uchinleck, 5 B 5 –a new handwriting form cursive of Thecalligraphic deployment this of Hanna has compared Pepys compared London 2498 contemporary has another with Hanna T , it seems likely that such scribes nevertheless formed a distinct community community formed adistinct nevertheless scribes such that likely , it seems
ypologically in terms of contents terms Pepys in 622 positioned is Laud between ypologically ook historians –most notably –most R ook historians See Warner, and references there cited, for a different view. Simon Horobin’s response in view. Horobin’s Simon response adifferent for cited, there Warner, references See and xford, B xford, A ll four manuscripts are copied in an earlier version of anglicana, version earlier of copied anglicana, an in are manuscripts four ll odleian Library, Laud Misc. MS 622. The main text in Harley Harley in text main The 622. MS Misc. Library, Laud odleian Apocalypse Miroir A ; aclutch of short prayers volume’s at the placed end; and, uchinleck manuscript of manuscript Middle uchinleck ; an exposition on the ten commandments preceded preceded exposition on ten commandments the ; an found in Pepys found in out set 2498, more although simply; Gospel of Nicodemus of Gospel the atranslation ; and Complaint A nglish gloss also appears. O appears. also gloss nglish alph Hanna– have also in recent years recent years in have also Hanna– alph dvocates’ MS 19.2.1. MS dvocates’ Unlike , a copy of the early Middle Middle , a copy of early the nglo-Norman: a translation from atranslation nglo-Norman: . The Pepys scribe also copied also . The scribe Pepys ritish Library, MS Harley Library, Harley MS ritish E nglish romances, now romances, nglish f the manuscript’sf the ther texts are are texts ther A (folios 27v- (folios pocalypse; pocalypse; uchinleck, uchinleck, uchinleck, uchinleck, E nglish nglish . A anonymous, it is, as D itanonymous, as is, production of “Wycliffite B the the involved as enterprises those such condemned– in swiftly it was –because The The Alexius St Vision of E Middle most widely-circulated (foliosHoly 64r-64v). Land O to the by to pilgrims seen be places 64r), and followed by anote things of remarkable of Wycliffite the encountered it. that community for discourse the aforegrounded vector of other words, meaning in was textura, question: choosing the workof in dignity the special requirement but to flag wished where scribe the deployed not aprimary where was ages, speed middle script the in ahigh-status as T script: non-cursive textura. for to presented be them aparticular in isathere tendency texts, for of associated formats Wycliffite and bibles variety wide Mary O by the Lollardy, hugely-influential the with R “premature associated that is pattern such Perhaps known onwards. best the century late fourteenth the outside from metropolis the distinguished be can comparable behaviours that realise However, period. to later medieval the it important is during importance and size city’s the in growth astonishing given the London focus, book-trade: explicable an Hanna argues, both Pepys both 2498 A and argues, Hanna of E community, possibly “in-and-out-of-court” for court discourse the of adistinct use book-trade, quite “community of and possibly practice”, same the for the designed London products of same the are manuscripts four plausible all therefore very that Temporale indeed in appearance and layout Laud 622 is very similar to A similar layout 622 and very is Laud appearance in indeed I t may be noted that Kyng noted be t may that Alisaunder or for the family reading of a socially-aspirant merchant ( merchant of a socially-aspirant reading or for family III the dward D rendering of a carefully edited original ( original edited of acarefully rendering The “meaningfulness” of textura may be illustrated easily from some copies easily illustrated maybe of textura The “meaningfulness” A E first of the production the on demonstrate, the examples these as focused, has Much recent research A aristocratic from derived texts E present which products imitative are for both appropriation occur, literary I London audiences. for similar were produced to give their E their to give B Latin of the text acorrupt from of translating danger A scholarship. biblical linguistic and hermeneutic editorial, involved project ambitious The translators did far more than turn the Latin B Latin the turn than more far did translators The ove and others have demonstrated, Lollardy was a team-effort, and although although and ateam-effort, was Lollardy ove have others demonstrated, and xford theologian John Wycliffe at the end of the fourteenth century. the A Johnendthe at fourteenth Wycliffe of theologian xford ware that one of the most telling arguments against biblical translation was the the was translation biblical against arguments telling one most of the that ware lthough there are –perhaps surprisingly, given what has just been cited– a been just surprisingly, has given what –perhaps are there lthough ; Fifteen Tokens ofFifteen Judgement Day the before B ible. nglish readers aB readers nglish ove conclusively argues, clear that clear ove conclusively argues, ; A O dam dam xford, xford, (possibly the the (possibly Siege includeof Jerusalem The texts ther D ible” translation tended to keep their involvement tended their toible” keep translation B Piers Plowman from Piers apart poem alliterative nglish avy’s odleian Library, B MS odleian nglish B nglish also appears in the A the in appears also nglo-Norman environments (Hanna 154). (Hanna environments nglo-Norman ible they could rely upon as an apt and accurate accurate apt and an upon rely as could ible they Five Dreams about Edward II Edward about Five Dreams uchinleck uchinleck ible was conceived as a group endeavour. agroup as conceived ible was D ove 79). Lines on the Birth of Christ Lines Birth on the ; and n both [...] the same activities of [...]n both activities same the ible into E uchinleck Manuscript, and and Manuscript, uchinleck odley 277 is an enormous an is 277 odley ible, the translators wanted wanted translators ible, the eformation” initiated uchinleck. I uchinleck. nglish. Their hugely hugely Their nglish. ; an incomplete; an extura emerged emerged extura D oyle). A t seems t seems nglish nglish ); ); s s .
Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 21 Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 22 (Wakelin 90). “sometimes number of the followed folios with to read” be refectory’) the (‘in in refectorio as such cues of scripture– books of to leaves mark edges to the attached of parchment tabs little including aids, a comprehensive of navigational collection monastery. I aCarthusian –by surprisingly rather think might c.1415-30 between copied textura in text, of this pandect display – owned and as the basis for the modern edition for the work (Lindberg), were similarly presented. for modern edition the for work basis the were the (Lindberg), similarly as “earlier version”e.g. important the O in ouerleijnge Glasgow, University Library, Hunter MS 176 ( For humbler in text. instance, copies appear of same the also could textura that However, noting textura. it script worth as is such it presented is that a high-status in we moun conforte hem þ hem conforte e.g. red, moun in we underlined a binomial of by of means words obscure deemed apparently glossing internal including by of acomplex rubrication, script system accompanied textura acalligraphic in MS 6127, of Scotland, Library –12 presented smaller but even is × 8 similarly cm– is E theepistles, of translation Pauline of Wycliffite the manuscript held. A was text the which in script, of esteem asign the of textura the B with comparison copy of Wycliffite the B T T three first his for thesources flagged I spellings. but scripts by particular particular not only deployment by the linked are of clusters these that have observed will readers knowledgeable and period; late medieval the during script-types particular ype II Type ype I(interype alia): : 6 B There would seem therefore to distinctive clusters of texts associated with with associated clusters of texts thereforeTheredistinctive seem would to (ii) a (i) comprises: list full “The version.” earlier B copies of later version the ofall Lollard the “ (iii)
majority of the manuscripts of Wyclif’s sermons and tracts [...] tracts sermons and of Wyclif’s of manuscripts A majority the Practically odley 277 is therefore a “display” pandect, and it is perhaps unsurprising it unsurprising perhaps and is pandect, therefore is a“display” 277 odley Wakelin supplies a fine illustration of the manuscript (88-9). manuscript the of illustration afine supplies Wakelin or monestinge or þe exortacon by The E MS B MS 6 uchinleck MS hands 1 and 3. 1and hands MS uchinleck odley 277 – modest decoration. Y –modest 277 odley L Harley 5085.L Harley arly E arly ible measuring 15.9ible measuring –by object, ×10.8 with asmall cm: nglish Prose B Psalter in nglish N SC ON 4. xford, B xford, ypes as follows: as ypes . Many other copies of Wycliffite. Many the B RI P n his seminal article of 1963, article seminal Samuels n his odleian Library, B MS odleian TAE T .8.8) is an early fifteenth-century fifteenth-century early .8.8) an is L A et itet copied too aversion is in dd 17376. ible, most copies of and the t contains –along with with –along t contains t ben in al pressure or or in pressure al ben dinburgh, National National dinburgh, odley 959,odley used nd another ible,
we
strong form in formstrong in Mi in adjective form of vocative goode the fader in – in towards the iambic measure of the line. of the measure iambic the towards Marino, Huntington Library, Huntington E MS Marino, of “the Gower tradition”, e.g. O common E to both features of E the grammar and spellings the through transmitted as poet’s that encountered first writings certainly have almost who will of Confessio the manuscripts earliest the found in features of linguistic the Many distinct. rather is formata– anglicana in presented characteristically century fifteenth the of decades first the in was seen we have not as Here are clear-cut. so –which correlations Gowerthe the tradition where period, the during usages of vernacular characteristic correlations and patterns of research. programme such any in central be will communities– discourse I investigation. further worth is tendency here script– that a clear is there of secretary Library, MS Cosin V.iii.9. Cosin MS Library, T –Hoccleve’s survive autograph own manuscripts undoubtedly exceptions conclusive, are there and arguments the to make required (i)-(iii) above). A for formata anglicana for scripts: textura deployment of particular T three the between t is certain that questions of communities of practice –and of the expectations of of expectations the –and of of questions practice communities that certain t is “is represented chiefly representedby”: chiefly “is III ype en , e.g. helpen number of the documents printed in Chambers and D and anumber printed Chambers of documents in the “(i) However, tendencies such noted other be cut across it that should also (iv) 10 9 8 7 (iii) (ii) (vi) I (iv)
(v) t would seem that, with regard to witnesses, there is a rough correlation arough is there to witnesses, regard with that, t would seem i San Marino, Huntington Library, MSS HM 744 and HM 111, HM 744 and HM MSS Library, D and Huntington Marino, San 1882. Furnivall i.e. D and Chambers i.e. n the form hise form n the Cambridge Pepys 2498,Cambridge B College Magdalene scribe: theof a hand single in manuscripts Three The text Plowman of Piers The text of (i). corroboratedMSS, evidence by the Chaucer, of as thevouchedbest forof consensus by a language The Glasgow Hunterian MS 250.’ MS Hunterian Glasgow St John’s 256. MS Cambridge College The language of Hoccleve, as established by a consensus of the MSS.” of consensus by a established as of Hoccleve, language The English 1384-1425English som good ansuere lthough more archival research across all these witnesses is certainly certainly is witnesses these all across research morelthough archival ; and the pronoun hem pronoun the and ; ypes of (toypes Samuels’s the and use term) “incipient standard” , the inflexion - inflexion , the T ype ype aunt 1931.aunt llesmere and the most authoritative early manuscripts manuscripts most authoritative the early and llesmere III , ; the inflected plural plural inflected ; the (which appears in the sources distinguished as as distinguished sources the in (which appears 7 xford, B xford, Early English Early Wills Furnivall, in and e , being an analogical linguistic innovation, is not counted not counted is innovation, linguistic analogical an , being L 26 A L 26 in T in odley Laud Misc. 622, and B and 622, Misc. Laud odley will be familiar to any student to of any Chaucer familiar be will odleian Library, MS Fairfax 3, and San San and Library, Fairfax 3, MS odleian ‘them’ (alongside þei (alongside ‘them’ .17, inflected the include, for instance, rinity College Cambridge B Cambridge College rinity T llesmere manuscript. Grammatical Grammatical llesmere manuscript. ype ype 9 , and are both written in a variety avariety in written both are , and , compared with the uninflected uninflected the with , compared I , anglicana for T , anglicana hise 10 ; the present plural verb present; the plural ‘they’ elsewhere). elsewhere). ‘they’ urham, University University urham, L Harley 874.L Harley London aunt, London . ype ype 8 .15.17. II , and , and
Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 23 Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 24 ‘when’, wol ‘when’, with align that Fairfax 3 in Spellings þerwhiles þat þerwhiles seluer 3, as such supplemented Fairfax in by from elsewhere forms whenbut Kent.non-London These in amuch cluster is there moreusages, focused of records sporadic oghne E Middle in recessive were certainly –they scribe by the would undoubtedly considered have been London archaic texts, verb makþ in person singular third syncopated in – present inflexion the participle For instance usage. London of late fourteenth-century atypical continuum, certainly and dialect to London time. at the localised be can that texts commonmany in fairly ferst The spelling distinctive. such(e) (cf. E prototypical and by Chambers collected documents the by (for witnessed but instance) as of not period, the London uncommon in texts in in and beyond the fifteenth century. O beyond fifteenth the and through Gower the tradition in persisted features linguistic anumber of these that fact intriguing an it nevertheless is accepted, Gower’s still is with tradition usage own conclusion.proof of– this –albeit seem to would offer absolute not somecourse of Suffolk supportand to Kent in land-ownership with associated of Gower John was to that Gower; be that language archetypal to consider assumption this areasonable myself and Samuels manuscript, seemed it to Stafford the as such of text, the ancestor archetypal to the otherfound copies in of Confessio the and Smith). Samuels usage (see A Suffolk and of Kentish amixture as stints– scribal all 3–in of Fairfax language the to identify oughne of forms – ‘own’ retain medial 30 with no than fewer instance, modern London, and such prestige must be part of story. the part B be must modern London, prestige such and late medieval/early found in that viz. model usage, “top-down” of aparticular prestige theincreasing of as a result emerged standardisation that was view traditional The acomplex mode is written business. the in standardisation noted, linguistic being form of to E which as models no clear are (1483) printed bythe editions Caxton B and saugh although the dignity of E dignity the although when, at atime however is to expected be matching not Suchis fuzzy to had. be hyhe ) are even better attested in the Confessio the in attested better even ) are ‘own’ (adjective) L online the odd; would decidedly have seemed (cf. E or in a slightly modified form, e.g. ogne modified or aslightly in ‘high’, sihe ‘high’, However, E Middle the more are other forms uncommon within O Whether or not our localisation of the archetypal language of Gower the language of archetypal the or not localisation our Whether I t is clear, therefore, that a precise correlation a precise of clear,t is script Samuels’s therefore, that and ther forms in Fairfax 3 are somewhat distinct from those in E in from those distinct somewhat 3are Fairfax in forms ther ‘will’ etc. ‘will’ ‘while’, boþen ‘while’, llesmere swiche llesmere llesmere nat llesmere ‘saw’ etc, enabled Michael Samuels and myself many years ago ago years many myself and Samuels ‘saw’ enabled Michael etc, oghne and similar forms (e.g. forms similar and nglish as a written language is beginning to emerge there beginning is language awritten as nglish ‘both’, ȝ ‘both’, ), ), ‘first’, though traditionally a south-eastern usage, is usage, south-eastern a ‘first’,traditionally though , though noght though , þese (cf. E oue f the 49 extant manuscripts of Confessio the manuscripts 49f the extant with a distinct genetic ancestry reaching back back reaching ancestry genetic adistinct with ‘given’, or ... or T llesmere þise llesmere nglish is to be the model. A to the be is nglish ype ype D is a minor variant in that manuscript), that in aminor variant is nd since this distinctive usage was also also was usage distinctive nd this since erthelette (1532,erthelette 1554). , appearing in 43 witnesses, including including witnesses, 43 in , appearing include III aunt. Some forms such as aunt. Some as such forms . Variants of sihe oghene , though not unknown in earlier earlier in not unknown , though nglish dialects– while the spelling spelling the while dialects– nglish ) are not especially regionally regionally not) are especially ‘either <- ... or’ medial and ) from the North Midlands, Midlands, North ) from the ende bot ‘but’, ‘but’, , in , in ‘saw’ (cf. E ut more important, gh ‘silver’, soster wakende -, oghne either as s is increasingly increasingly s is schold(e) A noght E LM , and the the , and llesmere, llesmere, llesmere llesmere llesmere llesmere , ‘sister’, ‘sister’, nglish nglish T has E has whan ‘not’ ‘not’ ypes ypes , for h -> -> ,
particular communities of practice. A of practice. communities particular of activities the through transmitted and discourses of particular characteristic scriptae (36).organisation’ comecalled have formwhat recently be They to involved be creation of and the identities in social of atbelonging, different levels and Sebba’s of Mark difference in markers as formulation, helpful to ‘function said, be can features Such “written-language” space. and time across transmitted are texts those as functions and imperatives processes, socio-cultural shifting to brought be into articulation. closer distinct, paleography, and as seen hitherto linguistics as such disciplines requires of or arecuperated reimagined part philology of as scriptae, such discussion the features of what has been called “expressive form” called ( been of has what features are spellings and Scripts spellings. of and scripts terms in both ofclusters texts, particular with associated model usages however some fuzzy: are patterns, there produced. were being for whom texts the communities for intended the of text discourse the legibility at improving the aimed represent grounds, forms on decisions made pragmatic distinctive dialectally less E in reproduced (seebeing language Smith’s was text when “Standard the time the at inconvenient, currency wider communicatively were by with forms and replaced – 1963 in back Samuels what so termed of texts, new to encounter range awider E in literacy as function: communicative “bottom-up” to doit with now were pressures is also understood, Transforming Early English forthcoming Smith’s see matters, of such discussion For adeveloped area. this in research for forward step important an be to seems pragmatics historical as frames overarching powerful such within perhaps disciplines, of philological Cerquiglini. more recently and von Wartburg, e.g. see term, For the scripta term of the repurposing R Matti late the by paper conference in a suggested first
to modern eyes rather inappropriately– “grosser provincialisms” became more became inappropriately– rather “grosser provincialisms” to modern eyes arly Middle Middle arly Nevertheless, it seems clear from the arguments presented in this paper that paper that presented this in arguments from the it clear seems Nevertheless, 11
The identification of the T of identification The E nglish?”, of choices 136 cited). there references and Such linguistic –derived from the practice of French philologists– to Wendy Scase. Wendy to Scase. philologists– of French practice the from –derived nglish became more widespread, with readers likely likely readers more with widespread, became nglish ypes with particular genres/text-types was to my knowledge my to knowledge was genres/text-types particular with ypes R evised paper accepted for publication: 28 January 2020 January 28 publication: for accepted paper evised 11 nd the argument of this paper has been that that been has paper of this argument nd the owe the recuperation and and recuperation but the Iowe issanen, R eviews sent to author: 11 January 2020 11 author: to sent January eviews . B ell 632) relating to dynamic, 632)ell to dynamic, relating B ringing together the broad set set broad the together ringing , usages , usages , ,
Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 25 Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 26 L L K Haugen E D D C H H G F D C B B B B B urnivall indberg ave ckert, enskin enskin enskin enskin ell opaczyk hambers erquiglini ó oyle oyle ove orobin anna mez , Maureen. 2002. “ 2002. , Maureen. , Jean, and E and , Jean, The First English Bible English First The , Mary. , A , A S , R Penelope, & Sally McC &Sally Penelope, , E , Michael & Michael L. Samuels L. &Michael , Michael , Michael, Margaret Laing Margaret , Michael, , Michael. “The Letter <þ> and
Revista canaria de estudios ingleses, 80; 2020, pp. 13-27 27