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Gross Anatomy of a Skull

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Gross Anatomy of a Skull GROSS ANATOMY OF A SKULL The head consists of the skull, face, scalp, (eye socket) and the superior margin of the teeth, brain, cranial nerves, meninges, special external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) are sense organs, and other structures such as horizontal. This is called the orbitomeatal plane blood vessels, lymphatics, and fat. It is also the (Frankfurt plane). site where food is ingested and air is inspired THE NEUROCRANIUM in adults is formed by and expired (Fig. 101; Fig. 102). Diseases of eight bones: important structures in the head form the bases 1. A frontal bone (os frontale), of many medical, dental, and surgical specialties 2. Paired parietal bones (os parietale), - dentistry, maxillofacial surgery, neurology, 3. Paired temporal bones (os temporale), neuroradiology, neurosurgery, neuropsychiatry, 4. An occipital bone (os occipitale), oral surgery, maxillofacial surgery, ophthalmology, 5. A sphenoid bone (os sphenoidale), oral surgery, otology, psychiatry, and rhinology. 6. An ethmoid bone (os ethmoidale). The skull is the skeleton of the head; a series of Most of these bones are largely flat, curved, bones form its two parts, the neurocranium and and united by fibrous interlocking sutures. During facial skull. The neuro-cranium ('brain box' or childhood, some bones are united by hyaline cranial vault) provides a case for the brain and cartilage (synchondroses) - between the occipital cranial meninges (membranes covering the and sphenoid bones. A number of irregular brain), proximal parts of the cranial nerves, and bones form the framework of the face and cranial blood vessels. The term cranium (means skull) base. is sometimes restricted to a skull without the 1. THE FRONTAL BONE - specifically its mandible. The cranium has a domelike roof-the squamous (flat) part - forms the skeleton of the calvaria - skullcap (Fig. 103) - and a floor or cranial forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal base (basicranium) consisting of the ethmoid and zygomatic bones (Fig. 105). In the fetal bone and parts of the occipital and temporal skull, the frontal suture separates the two halves bones (Fig. 104). The facial skeleton consists of of the frontal bone, and they remain separate the bones surrounding the mouth and nose and until approximately 6 years of age. The smooth, contributing to the orbits (eye sockets, orbital broad, convex plate of bone called the frontal cavities). In the anatomical position, the skull is squama. The frontal articulates with twelve oriented so that the inferior marain of the orbit bones: the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the two 89 Fig. 105.Frontal bone (lat. view) Fig. 106. Frontal bone (ant. view) Fig. 107. Parietal bone (internal view) parietals, the two nasals, the two maxillæ, the in most people is related to a distinctly depressed two lacrimals, and the two zygomatics. In fetal area («bridge of the nose»). The frontal bone also skulls, a metopic suture divides the halves of articulates with the lacrimal, ethmoid, and the frontal squama. In most people the halves of sphenoid bones, and a horizontal portion of bone the frontal bone begin to fuse during infancy and (the orbital part [plate] of the frontal bone) forms the suture between them is usually not visible both the roof of the orbit and part of the floor of after 6 years of age. The frontal bone forms the the cranial cavity. The frontal bone consists of thin roof of the orbits (eye sockets). Just superior two portions - a vertical portion, the squama, to and parallel with each supraorbital margin is a corresponding with the region of the forehead; bony ridge, the superciliary arch, which overlies and an orbital or horizontal portion, which the frontal sinus(Haimori). This arch is more enters into the formation of the roofs of the pronounced in males. Between these arches orbital and nasal cavities. there is a gently, rounded, median elevation called SQUAMA (SQUAMA FRONTALIS) contents of the glabella. In most people the skin over the the external surface, which is convex and glabella is hairless. The slight prominences of usually exhibits, in the lower part of the middle the forehead on each side, superior to the line, the remains of the frontal or metopic superciliary arches, are called frontal suture. In infancy this suture divides the bone eminences (tubers). The supraorbital into two, a condition which may persist foramen (occasionally a notch), which transmits throughout life. The border of the squama is the supraorbital vessels and nerve, is located in thick, strongly serrated, bevelled at the expense the medial part of the supraorbital margin. The of the inner table above, where it rests upon frontal bone articulates with the two parietal the parietal bones, and at the expense of the bones at the coronal suture. It also articulates outer table on either side, where it receives the with the nasal bones at the frontonasal suture. lateral pressure of those bones; this border is At the point where this suture crosses the continued below into a triangular, rough surface, internasal suture in the median plane, there is which articulates with the great wing of the an anthropological landmark called the nasion. sphenoid. On either side of this suture, about 3 This depression is located at the root of the nose, cm. above the supraorbital margin, is a rounded where it joins the cranium (Fig. 106). The frontal elevation, the frontal eminence (tuber bone also articulates with the zygomatic, lacrimal, frontale). These eminences vary in size in ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. Bruising of the different individuals, are occasionally skin over a superciliary arch causes tissue fluid unsymmetrical, and are especially prominent in and blood to accumulate in the surrounding con­ young skulls. The surface of the bone above them nective tissue, which gravitates into the upper is smooth, and covered by the galea eyelid and around the eye. This results in swelling aponeurotica. Below the frontal eminences, and and a 'black eye.' In some adults the separation separated from them by a shallow groove, are line persists as the metopic suture in the midline two arched elevations, the superciliary arches. of the glabella, the smooth, slightly depressed They are prominent medially, and are joined to area between the superciliary arches. The nasion one another by a smooth elevation named the glabella. They are larger in the male than in the 90 female, and their degree of prominence depends internal surface of the squama is concave and to some extent on the size of the frontal air presents in the upper part of the middle line a sinuses; prominent ridges are, however, vertical groove, the sagittal sulcus, the edges occasionally associated with small air sinuses. of which unite below to form a ridge, the frontal The squama and the zygomatic processes are crest. This sulcus lodges the superior sagittal very thick, consisting of diploic tissue contained sinus, while its margins and the crest afford between two compact laminae. The diploic attachment to the falx cerebri. The crest ends tissue is absent in the regions occupied by the below in a small notch which is converted into a frontal air sinuses. Beneath each superciliary foramen, the foramen cecum. This foramen arch is a curved and prominent margin, the varies in size in different subjects, and is supraorbital margin, which forms the upper frequently impervious. When open, it transmits boundary of the base of the orbit, and separates a vein from the nose to the superior sagittal sinus. the squama from the orbital portion of the bone. On either side of the middle line the bone The lateral part of this margin is sharp and presents depressions for the convolutions of the prominent,affording to the eye, in that situation, brain, and numerous small furrows for the considerable protection from injury; the medial anterior branches of the middle meningeal part is rounded. At the junction of its medial and vessels. Several small, irregular fossæ may also intermediate thirds is a notch, sometimes be seen on either side of the sagittal sulcus, for converted into a foramen, the supraorbital the reception of the arachnoid notch or foramen, which transmits the supra­ granulations.ORBITAL OR HORIZONTAL orbital vessels and CN V-1. A small aperture in PART (PARS ORBITALIS). This portion the upper part of the notch transmits a vein from consists of two thin triangular plates, the orbital the diploë to join the supraorbital vein. The plates, which form the vaults of the orbits, and supraorbital margin ends laterally in the are separated from one another by a median gap, zygomatic process, which is strong and the ethmoidal notch. The posterior borders of prominent, and articulates with the zygomatic the orbital plates are thin and serrated, and bone. Running upward and backward from this articulate with the small wings of the sphenoid. process is a well-marked line, the temporal line, The orbital portion is thin, translucent, and which divides into the upper and lower composed entirely of compact bone; hence the temporal lines,continuous, in the articulated facility with which instruments can penetrate the skull, with the corresponding lines on the parietal cranium through this part of the orbit; when the bone. The area below and behind the temporal frontal sinuses are exceptionally large they may line forms the anterior part of the temporal fossa, extend backward for a considerable distance into and gives origin to the temporalis muscle. the orbital portion, which in such cases also Between the supraorbital margins the squama consists of only two tables. The inferior surface projects inferiorly to a level inferior that of the of each orbital plate is smooth and concave, and zygomatic processes. This portion is known as presents, laterally, under cover of the zygomatic the nasal part and presents a rough, uneven process, a shallow depression, the lacrimal interval, the nasal notch, which articulates on fossa, for the lacrimal gland.
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