sign in sign up
<<
Home , Anglia (peninsula), Bind rune, Freyr, Halfdan the Old, Hrothgar, Ingaevones

Om Anglerna från Wikipedia

Detta ger en stark koppling mellan anglerna och både och Sverige (Danmark). (Som en pendang till kopplingen mellan Tuna och Town, Sveariket och England) (Var i England förekommer ortsnamnen med ”-ton”? Är det i Anglernas områden?) (Spred sig Anglerna inte bara till England, utan även till Sverige och blev sedan de härskande Svearna i Mälardalen, på och längs den småländska kusten ned till Kalmar? (vs -tuna-namnen))

The ( Anglii) were one of the who settled in Britain in the post-Roman period. They founded several of the kingdoms of -Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name England. The name comes from the district of Angeln, an area located on the Baltic shore of what is now Schleswig- in .

He gives no precise indication of their geographical situation but states that, together with six other tribes, they worshiped , or Mother Earth, whose sanctuary was located on "an island in the Ocean". As the Eudoses are the , these names probably refer to localities in or on the Baltic coast, in which case their inhabitants would be or Teutones for Pliny. The coast contains sufficient estuaries, inlets, rivers, islands, swamps and marshes to have been then inaccessible to those not familiar with the terrain, such as the Romans, who considered it unknown, inaccessible, with a small population and of little economic interest. The majority of scholars believe that the Anglii lived on the coasts of the , probably in the southern part of the Jutish peninsula. This view is based partly on and Danish traditions regarding persons and events of the 4th century, and partly on the fact that striking affinities to the cult of Nerthus as described by are to be found in pre-Christian Scandinavian, especially Swedish and Danish, religion. The province of Schleswig has proved rich in prehistoric antiquities that date apparently from the 4th and 5th centuries. A broad cremation cemetery has been found at Borgstedterfeld, between and Eckernförde, and it has yielded many urns and brooches closely resembling those found in pagan graves in England. Of still greater importance are the great deposits at Thorsberg moor (in Angeln) and Nydam, which contained large quantities of arms, ornaments, articles of clothing, agricultural implements, etc., and in Nydam even ships. By the help of these discoveries, Angle culture in the age preceding the invasion of Britannia can be fitted together.

The Thorsberg moor (German: Thorsberger Moor, Danish: Thorsberg Mose or Thorsbjerg Mose, Tosbarch, Tåsbjerre "'s hill") near Süderbrarup in , Schleswig- Holstein, Germany, is a peat bog in which the Angles deposited votive offerings for approximately four centuries. It is the location of important Roman Iron Age finds, including early inscriptions such as the Thorsberg chape, a Roman helmet, a shield buckle, and an early example of socks (attached to trousers). The finds are of similar importance as the contemporaneous finds from Illerup and Vimose in .

The Thorsberg chape [1] (a bronze piece belonging to a scabbard), is an archeological find from the Thorsberg moor, Germany, that appears to have been deposited as a votive offering.[2] It bears an Elder Futhark runic inscription, one of the earliest known, dating to roughly 200 CE.

The first element owlþu, for wolþu-, means "glory," "glorious one," cf. , Old English wuldor. The second element, -þewaz, means "slave, servant." The whole compound is a personal name or title, "servant of the glorious one" or "servant/priest of Ullr." On the reverse, ni- is the negative particle, waje- corresponds to "woe, ill" (Old Norse vei), and the final element is -mariz "famous" (Old English mǣre). (The "e" and "m" are written together, as a bind-rune, an unusual early example but probably not linguistically significant.[5]) The second word thus translates to "not ill-famous," i.e., "famous, renowned" or "not of ill fame, not dishonored." Similar double negatives are found on other .[2] The translation of the inscription can thus be either "Wolthuthewaz is well- renowned," or "the servant of Ullr, the renowned." If the first part refers to the god Ullr, it is the only reference to that god from south of Denmark, and also, if a personal name, the only German example of a person named for a specific Germanic god.[4] According to sources such as the History of , after the invasion of Britannia, the Angles split up and founded the kingdoms of the Nord Angelnen (), Ost Angelnen (), and the Mittlere Angelnen (). H.R. Loyn has observed in this context that "a sea voyage is perilous to tribal institutions,"[6] and the apparently tribally- based kingdoms were produced in England. In early times there were two northern kingdoms (Bernicia and Deira) and two midland ones (Middle Anglia and Mercia). As a result of influence from the West , the tribes were collectively called Anglo-Saxons by the Normans, the West Saxon kingdom having conquered, united and founded the by the 10th century. The regions of East Anglia and Northumbria are still known by their original titles. Northumbria once stretched as far north as what is now southeast , including Edinburgh, and as far south as the Humber Estuary. The rest of that people stayed at the centre of the Angle homeland in the northeastern portion of the modern German Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein, on the Jutland Peninsula. There, a small peninsular area is still called "Angeln" today and is formed as a triangle drawn roughly from modern on the Flensburger to the City of Schleswig and then to Maasholm, on the inlet.

Angeln, also known as Anglia (German: Angeln, Danish: Angel, Latin: Anglia), is a small peninsula (within the larger Jutland peninsula) in in the northern Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, protruding into the . It is separated from the neighbouring peninsula of (Danish: Svans or Svansø) by the Schlei inlet, and from the Danish island of by the Flensburger Förde ("Firth of Flensburg"). Whether ancient Angeln conformed to these borders is uncertain. It may have been somewhat larger; however, the ancient sources mainly concur that it included the territory of modern Angeln. Angeln has a significance far beyond its current small area and country terrain, in that it is believed to have been the original home of the Angles, Germanic immigrants to central and , and East Anglia. This migration led to their new homeland being named after them, from which the name "England" derives. Both England and the , thus, ultimately derive their names from the Angles and Angeln. Angeln is situated on the large bight linking the Baltic coast to Jutland, which is mainly the Bay of Kiel (Kieler Bucht), but might be seen as Holsteiner Bucht. The Angles were part of the grouping of the Ingvaeones, claiming descent from the legendary ancestor and fertility god . Pokorny points out the possible use of this etymological root in other ancient names, such as Hardanger and Angrivarii. Early history[edit]

Main article: Angles The region was home to the Germanic people, the Angles, who, together with Saxons and Jutes, left their home to migrate to Britain in the 5th-6th centuries. For the years 449- 455, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, written c. 890, describes how King (a British tribal king) invited the Angles to come and receive land in return for helping him defend against marauding . Those successful Angles sent word back that good land was available and that the British were 'worthless'. (In fact, the racial contempt of the Angles towards the Britons was an invention[citation needed] of the monk Gildas, who is part founder of this origin [citation needed]. His object was to vilify the decadence of the British leadership)[citation needed]. A wholesale emigration of Angles and kindred German peoples followed. The Chronicle, commissioned by King , drew on earlier oral traditions and on the few written fragments available. The best of these, written around 730, was by the monk Bede whose history of English Christianity had the following brief account of the origin and distribution of the Angles: "...from the Angles, that is, the country which is called Anglia, and which is said, from that time, to remain desert to this day, between the provinces of the Jutes and the Saxons, are descended the East Angles, the Midland Angles, Mercians, all the race of the Northumbrians, that is, of those nations that dwell on the north side of the river Humber, and the other nations of the English." (Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book I, Chapter XV, 731 A.D.) The phrase "north of the Humber" refers to the northern kingdom of Northumbria, which includes what is now north and north-eastern England and part of southern Scotland. Mercia was located in central England and broadly corresponds to what is now known as the English . This account can be related to the evidence of archaeology, notably the distribution of types of fibulae, or brooches, worn by the women. In essence, there are two kinds at issue, the saucer brooch and the cruciform brooch. East coastal and northern Britain were settled by women wearing cruciform brooches, which were in use in coastal , all of Denmark, and Schleswig-Holstein all the way south to the lower and all the way east to the , as well as a pocket in coastal . Southern England, excepting Kent was settled by women wearing the saucer brooch, which came from Lower , the south side of the lower Elbe, and pockets in the lands of the up the and along the coast to the mouth of the Seine. These are the areas of England that are labeled explicitly as Saxon: Sussex, Wessex, and Essex. The settlement of Kent is attributed to Jutes, who originated in the land to the north of Angeln.

The or, as Pliny has it, apparently more accurately, Ingvaeones ("people of Yngvi"), as described in Tacitus's , written c. 98 CE, were a West Germanic cultural group living along the coast in the areas of Jutland, Holstein, and the Danish islands, where they had by the 1st century BCE become further differentiated to a foreigner's eye into the , Saxons, Jutes and Angles. The postulated common group of closely related dialects of the Ingvaeones is called Ingvaeonic or .[1] Tacitus' source categorized the Ingaevones near the ocean as one of the three tribal groups descended from the three sons of , son of , progenitor of all the Germanic peoples, the other two being the Irminones and the Istaevones. According to the speculations of Rafael von Uslar, this threefold subdivision of the West Germanic tribes corresponds to archeological evidence from . Pliny ca 80 CE in his Natural History (IV.28) lists the Ingvaeones as one of the five Germanic races, the others being the Vandili, the Istvaeones, the Hermiones and the . According to him, the Ingvaeones were made up of Cimbri, Teutons, and . Stripped of its Latin ending, the Ingvaeon are the Ingwine, "friends of Ing" familiar from , where is " of the Ingwine"—whether one of them or lord over them being ambiguous. Ing, the legendary father of the Ingaevones/Ingvaeones derives his name from a posited proto-Germanic *Ingwaz, signifying "" and "son of",[2] as Ing, Ingo, or Inguio, son of Mannus. This is also the name applied to the era , known in as Yngvi- Freyr [3] and mentioned as Yngvi-Freyr in 's[4] Ynglinga . Jacob Grimm, in his Teutonic Mythology considers this Ing to have been originally identical to the obscure Scandinavian Yngvi, eponymous ancestor of the Swedish royal house of the Ynglinga, the "Inglings" or sons of Ing. Ing appears in the set of verses composed about the 9th century and printed under the title The Old English by George Hickes in 1705:[5] Ing wæs ærest mid Est-Denum Gesewen secgum, oþ he siððan est Ofer wæg gewat; wæn æfter ran; Þus heardingas þone hæle nemdun.[6] An Ingui is also listed in the Anglo-Saxon royal house of Bernicia.[7] and was probably once seen as the progenitor of all Anglian kings.[8] Since the Ingaevones form the bulk of the Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain, they were speculated by Noah Webster to have given England its name,[9] and Grigsby remarks that on the continent "they formed part of the confederacy known as the 'friends of Ing' and in the new lands they migrated to in the 5th and 6th centuries. In time they would name these lands Angle-land, and it is tempting to speculate that the word Angle was derived from, or thought of as a pun on, the name of Ing."[8] According to the Trojan genealogy of Nennius in the Historia Brittonum, Mannus becomes "Alanus" and Ing, his son, becomes Neugio. The three sons of Neugio are named Boganus, Vandalus, and Saxo—from whom came the peoples of the Bogari, the , and the Saxons and .[citation needed]

Yngvi, Yngvin, Ingwine, Inguin are names that relate to an older theonym Ing and which appears to have been the older name for the god Freyr (originally an epithet, meaning "lord"). Proto-Germanic *Ingwaz was one of the three sons of Mannus and the legendary ancestor of the Ingaevones and is also the reconstructed name of the Elder Futhark ŋ rune. A torc, the "Ring of Pietroassa", part of a late 3rd- to 4th- century Gothic hoard discovered in , is inscribed in much-damaged , one reading of which is gutanī [i(ng)]wi[n] hailag ", "to Ingwi of the . Holy".[1]

Yngvi (ON:) or Yngvin (OHG: Inguin, OE: Ingwine) is derived from the Proto-Germanic *Ingwaz. Sound changes in late-Proto-Germanic transformed *Ingwaz into *Ingwi(z) in the nominative and *Ingwin in the accusative. That his epithet *Fraujaz appears in Old Norse compounds Ingvifreyr and Ingunarfreyr, as well as in OE fréa inguina, both of which mean "Lord of the Inguins", i.e. the god Freyr, strongly indicates that the two are either the same or were syncretized at some very early period in the Germanic migration (or possibly before). The Ingvaeones, who occupied a territory roughly equivalent to modern Denmark and the Low Countries at the turn of the millennium, were mentioned by in his Natural Histories as one of the Five Germanic Tribes and asserts their descent from *Ingwaz, perhaps himself the son of *Mannus, the Proto- Germanic 'first man'. Other names that retain the theonym are Inguiomerus/Ingemar and , the name of an old Scandinavian dynasty.[2]

The Old English Runic Poem contains these obscure lines: ᛝ Ing wæs ærest mid Eástdenum gesewen secgum, oð he síððan eást ofer wæg gewát. wæn æfter ran. þus Heardingas þone hæle nemdon. "ᛝ Ing was first amidst the East so seen, until he went eastward over the sea. His wagon ran after. Thus the Heardings named that hero." n Scandinavian mythology, Yngvi, alternatively Yngve, was the progenitor of the Yngling lineage, a legendary dynasty of Swedish kings from whom the earliest historical Norwegian kings in turn claimed to be descended, see also Freyr. Information on Yngvi varies in different traditions as follows: Yngvi is a name of the god Freyr, perhaps intended as Freyr's true name while Frey 'Lord' is his common title. In the and in , Frey is euhemerized as a king of Sweden. In the Ynglinga saga, Yngvi-Frey reigned in succession to his father Njörd who in turn succeeded . Yngvi-Frey's descendants were the . In the Íslendingabók Yngvi Tyrkja konungr 'Yngvi king of ' appears as father of Njörd who in turn is the father of Yngvi-Freyr, the ancestor of the Ynglings. In the Skjöldunga saga Odin came from Asia and conquered . He gave Sweden to his son Yngvi and Denmark to his son Skjöldr. Since then the kings of Sweden were called Ynglings and those of Denmark Skjöldungs (). In Historia Norwegiæ, Ingui is the first king of Sweden, and the father of Njord, the father of Freyr: Rex itaque Ingui, quem primum Swethiæ monarchiam rexisse plurimi astruunt, genuit Neorth, qui vero genuit Froy; hos ambos tota illorum posteritas per longa sæcula ut deos venerati sunt. Froyr vero genuit Fiolni, qui in dolio medonis dimersus est,[...]. In the introduction to Snorri Sturluson's Snorri claims again that Odin reigned in Sweden and relates: "Odin had with him one of his sons called Yngvi, who was king in Sweden after him; and those houses come from him that are named Ynglings." Snorri here does not identify Yngvi and Frey though Frey occasionally appears elsewhere as a son of Odin instead of a son of Njörd. See Sons of Odin. In the Skáldskaparmál section of Snorri Sturluson's Edda Snorri brings in the ancient king who is the father of nine sons whose names are all words meaning 'king' or 'lord' in Old Norse and nine other sons who are the forefathers of various royal lineages, including "Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended". But rather oddly Snorri immediately follows this with information on what should be four other personages who were not sons of Halfdan but who also fathered dynasties and names the first of these as "Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended". In the related account in the Ættartolur ('Genealogies') attached to Hversu Noregr byggdist, the name Skelfir appears instead of Yngvi in the list of Halfdan's sons. For more details see Scylfing (The Yngling Saga section of Snorri Sturluson's also introduces a second Yngvi son of Alrek who is a descendant of Yngvi-Frey and who shared the Swedish kingship with his brother Álf. See Yngvi and Alf.)

The element Ing(o)- was widely used in Germanic names from an early period; it is not clear whether it originally referred to the Ingvaeones, or to the god Ing directly. Inguiomer was a relative of in the 1st century; Ingundis was a wife of Chlothar I and Ingoberga the wife of Charibert in the 6th; other combinations such as masculine Inguin, Ingulf, Ingobald, feminine Inghildis, Ingedrudis, Ingoflidis, as well as the short forms Ingo (masculine) and Inga (feminine) are recorded in the early medieval period (7th to 9th centuries).[4] In Scandinavia and Germany, names in Ing survived into modern usage, e.g. Ingmar, , , Ingrid, Ingegerd.